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Surfing the Silk Road’: A study of users’ experiences

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By using our site, you agree to our collection of information through the use of cookies. To learn more, view our Privacy Policy. To browse Academia. To investigate the prevalence of awareness of the online illicit drug marketplace Silk Road SR , consumption of drugs purchased from SR, and reasons for use and non-use of SR. Design and Setting. Global Drug Survey: purposive sample collected in late Online questionnaire. While reasons for Silk Road use accord with broader online commerce trends range, quality, convenience, ratings , its appeal to drug purchasers is moderated by country-specific deterrents and market characteristics. Background Cryptomarkets are digital platforms that use anonymising software e. Tor and cryptocurrencies e. Bitcoin to facilitate peer-to-peer P2P trade of goods and services. Their emergence has facilitated access to a wide range of high-quality psychoactive substances, according to surveys of users. Using encrypted online chat, we interviewed 17 people who reported using Silk Road to purchase illicit drugs. The interviews were in-depth and unstructured, and also involved the use of life history timelines to trace trajectories. Transcripts were analysed thematically using NVivo. Results For some, Silk Road facilitated initiation into drug use or a return to drug use after cessation. There was evidence that very high availability reduced the need for drug hoarding which helped some respondents to moderate use and feel more in control of purchases made online. Cryptomarket access also appeared to affect solitary and social drug users differently. Most participants described using other cryptomarkets after the closure of Silk Road, albeit with less confidence. Discussion In the context of high levels of drug access, supply and diversity occurring within a community regulated environment online, the impacts of cryptomarkets upon drug use trajectories are complex, often posing new challenges for self-control, yet not always leading to harmful outcomes. A major policy challenge is how to provide support for harm reduction in these highly volatile settings. This paper aims to answer how has the illegal drug trade changed with the rise of Dark web illicit markets. In order to do so, this paper is divided into four chapters which critically analyse a number of factors that influenced the change and gives a broad look on how it has changed. Each chapter will emphasize on factors such as anonymity, hidden and hard to track cryptocurrencies, accessibility and structure. As it can be further noted, a focus on drugs will be made in combination with an in depth analysis on the actual methods being used during the process. It will further examine the virtual structures of illicit drug markets on the Dark Web and compare them to the network structures of traditional black markets ground. The purpose behind examining these two different types of illicit structures is to understand the evolution of illicit markets in combination with the core similarities and differences as well as possible interactions between the two. The idea behind the production and use of hard to track cryptocurrency will be analyzed in combination with illicit product accessibility and the influence anonymity has had on the market. This paper argues that technological innovations such as encryption, cryptocurrencies and browsing are key factors that influence the change and transition of drug markets into the digital world. Having to grant an access to a catalog of illicit substances, option to order online whist having the product delivered to your door and all of this anonymously has attract a wide range of audience in recent years. The newly developed and ongoing dark web drug markets has greatly influenced both the decision of the buyer as well as the seller to replace the old market structure with a more secure and innovative one. Aims: This month study analysed illicit drug sales on the anonymous Tor network, with a focus on investigating whether a seller's reputation and capacity increased daily drug sales. Design and setting: The data was gathered from Silkkitie, the Finnish version of the Silk Road, by web crawling the site on a daily basis from November to September Measurements: The measurements include the sellers' reputation, the sale amounts in euros , the number of available products and the types of drugs sold. The sellers' capacity was measured using their full sales potential in euros. Fixed-effects regression models were used to estimate the effects of sellers' reputation and capacity; these models were adjusted for the types of drugs sold. Among the products sold, stimulants were most widely purchased, followed by cannabis, MDMA, and psychedelics. A seller's reputation and capacity were both associated with drug sales. Conclusion: The Tor network has enabled a transformation in drug sales. Due to the network's anonymity, the seller's reputation and capacity both have an impact on sales. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Log in with Facebook Log in with Google. Remember me on this computer. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. Need an account? Click here to sign up. Silk Road', the virtual drug marketplace: a single case study of user experiences Tim Bingham. Dissertation James Parfeniev 'How has the international drug market changed with the rise of dark-web illicit markets? It is accessible through computer encrypting software Tor and is supported by online transactions using peer to peer anonymous and untraceable crypto-currency Bit Coins. Results: The majority of participants were male, in professional employment or in tertiary education. Drug trajectories ranged from 18 months to 25 years, with favourite drugs including MDMA, 2C-B, mephedrone, nitrous oxide, ketamine, cannabis and cocaine. Few reported prior experience of online drug sourcing. Vendor selection appeared to be based on trust, speed of transaction, stealth modes and quality of product. Forums on the site provided user advice, trip reports, product and transaction reviews. Some users reported solitary drug use for psychonautic and introspective purposes. A minority reported customs seizures, and in general a displacement away from traditional drug sourcing street and closed markets was described. Several reported intentions to commence vending on the site. All rights reserved. Introduction The proliferation of web-based retailing of drugs within contemporary cyber drug markets is of increasing public health and law enforcement concern Corazza et al. E-mail addresses: mcvanhout wit. Hout , info timbingham. The site has over 24, drug related products for sale which includes cannabis, ecstasy, psychedelics, opioids, stimulants, benzodiazepines and dissociatives Christin, ; Barratt, Hout, T. Of interest is the dynamic and closed nature of the site. Christin has reported that a majority of vendors visible on the site disappear within three months of market entry, with most items available for less than three weeks. This research builds on these earlier studies and presents findings from the first successful attempt to access the site and interact with its members. Fieldwork for the study lasted four months. Requests to partake in the research were posted by the research team, along with information around the research objectives, informed text based consent, guidelines for acceptable behaviour in the discussion threads, and online referral options, should participants experience difficulties relating to their substance use. The sample was restricted to adult participants over 18 years. Participants were advised that their participation in answering threads or partaking in the online interview was voluntary at all times. They were requested not to mention any potential identifiers, and advised that these would be omitted from the final integrated data analysis. Participants willing to complete the online interview via the private messaging system were provided with open-ended questions, and advised to complete these at a convenient time and when not under the influence of mind altering substances. Data collection occurred in three ways. Systematic online observations of the site involved monitoring the site and forums, using screen shots, and postings relating to the discussion thread. The research team interacted with participants in order to answer any queries and for uploading of follow up threads. Text arising from postings and screen shots was included in the analysis. Thirdly, the data logged from the anonymous online interviews via the private messaging system formed the final integrated data set. Analysis was conducted on the final anonymised integrated data set of online observations, discussion threads, postings and interviews. In total, screenshots, 4 threads, posts and 20 completed interviews were transposed, transcribed and managed using the software program QSR NVivo 8. This integrated data set was analysed using a narrative-based analytical method which grouped the data into macro groupings, subsequent themes and appropriate categories. The identified groups, paragraphs and sentences were then broken down into several codes of key incidents, concepts and relationships Elliott, ; Riessman, Results Participants were predominantly male three females and in professional employment or tertiary education. Patterns of drug use were described as typically recreational and confined to weekend consumption. Few reported daily drug use. Online drug sourcing: a light bulb moment? Participant 2, Male aged 20—25 years. Comments were made around user concerns for poor drug quality in their locality and fears for personal safety when buying drugs on the street. Ease of product delivery in the post was described. Someone mentioned this thing called the Silk Road. A couple months later I decided to see if it actually existed. I found it. Took a lot of courage to make that first purchase, but when the mail arrived at my house, I never looked back. Here, drugs are way cheaper and way better. Participant 6, Male aged 20—25 years. I now use it because the quality of drugs is so much better. Silk Road provides lab tested substances in which I know the quality. I can make a rational decision on what quantity to use to best minimise harm. Participant 13, Male aged 20—25 years. Silk Road: an online candy store? Observational site data recorded that members have technical knowledge around internet security. I then go to the vendor page, add the drug to my shopping cart, and input my encrypted address. Then I confirm the order and I wait. Participant 9, Male aged 20—25 years. Others had not purchased yet, and were accessing the site forums for information on products. Buyer loyalty to certain vendors appeared based on experience of several successful transactions, with receipt of quality products. Observational site data revealed member comments on higher prices for certain drug products, in comparison with local street averages in their locality. All my fears about quality are gone. The Silk Road is a paradise for responsible drug dealers. You have to be patient and you have to be smart to get there and use it. You have to learn the ropes. Participant 14, Male aged 26—30 years. A few reported products which did not arrive or were intercepted by customs and excise, and experiences of poor quality products. Favourable comparisons were made with online pharmacies dispatching fake and contaminated products. This type of market significantly lowers the chances of a scam or buying contaminated products. Like Amazon or eBay, I have a market of sellers to choose from and product reviews to satisfy my own requirements before I purchase. Participant 19, Male aged 26—30 years. Participant 20, Male aged 31—35 years. Participant 1, Female aged 26—30 years. Varied comments were made around the security mechanisms in place, with some participants concerned for user anonymity in the future, and fears for computer hacking. The majority of participants reported intentions to continue using the site in the future, with several intending to set up vendor accounts. Participant 1, Male aged 26—30 years. The Silk Road online community Observational data revealed an active online forum community. Comments were made around member education and know how, with forum participants appearing well read and well informed around drug use, with members sharing advice, stories, experiences and general chit chat. Site forum postings included member support for those requiring assistance in quitting their drug habit. The whole philosophy behind the place is that if you want to put heroin in your body, go ahead. Participant 4, Male aged 20—25 years. This occurred irrespective of whether members were purchasing or only accessing the forums. Participant 3, Male aged 26—30 years. No participants reported engaging with forum members in real life. Participant 7, Female aged 31—35 years. Drug use outcomes and settings The majority of participants described very positive experiences with products purchased on the site, with comments made around product quality and speedy delivery. This appeared largely due to fears of law enforcement investigation. Observational site data revealed that members strive to protect their anonymity for fear of prosecution. This appears indicative of the high number of recreational users accessing the site. I want to experience that love and joy and happiness with my friends. Participant 5, Male aged 20—25 years. Many participants described using products alone for introspective and psychonautic purposes. Mixed perspectives around potential harm were recorded. Participant 16, Female aged 41—45 years. Several participants described using a similar approach to that of Alexander and Ann Shulgin Negative experiences of drugs bought on the site were few, with those participants describing instances where drug potency caused nausea, vomiting and severe intoxication. Given the illicit nature of online drug trading, the chosen form of observational and anonymous online research was deemed most appropriate, as this virtual community is essentially a hidden and suspicious research population, requiring a sensitive and confidential approach. It took time to build credibility and trust on the site. Recruitment bias may exist in the lack of researcher ability to adequately assess whether participants were 18 years or older, and whether participants were under the influence of mind altering substances at the time of participation. This was done in order to incorporate variant drug user perspectives and meanings, and maintain the dialogue between participants within an online negotiation process Mendelson, This coupled with time needed to wait for product delivery appears to exclude more vulnerable groupings of drug users i. Prior investigations have emphasised that members are not required to assume a drug user identity in order to communicate about their drug use Barratt, Indeed, online forums can create new pseudo individual and group identities by channeling physical and social experiences, establishing psychological connections between members and offering opportunity for social advancement Robinson, ; Fernback, Whilst their horizon of drug taking appeared expanded due to the vast array of products available, participants on the whole remained loyal to traditional street drugs, with customer portfolios including MDMA, ketamine, cannabis, LSD and cocaine. Participants appeared well versed in reviewing products, but hesitant to purchase untested novel psychoactive drugs. Dosing was tentative but informed and gauged on prior drug taking experiences, reviewing of trip reports of similar analogues, and member forum conversations around optimum use, expected experiences and settings. Similar observations have been described in underground drug cultures Becker, ; Tart, , ; Lilly, ; Zinberg, ; Jay, ; Miller, The study is of interest to a variety of stakeholders, including drug policy makers, law enforcement, customs and excise, postal service providers, scientists and researchers, clinical, health and social professionals and those involved in computer security. Further research is needed to investigate vendor perspectives on these shifts in online drug market activity. Involving the virtual subject. Ethics and Information Technology, 2, — Barratt, M. Addiction, , — Beyond recruitment? Participatory online research with people who use drugs. 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Buying coke online in Taba