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These datasets underpin the analysis presented in the agency's work. Most data may be viewed interactively on screen and downloaded in Excel format. All countries. Topics A-Z. The content in this section is aimed at anyone involved in planning, implementing or making decisions about health and social responses. Best practice. We have developed a systemic approach that brings together the human networks, processes and scientific tools necessary for collecting, analysing and reporting on the many aspects of the European drugs phenomenon. Explore our wide range of publications, videos and infographics on the drugs problem and how Europe is responding to it. All publications. More events. More news. We are your source of drug-related expertise in Europe. We prepare and share independent, scientifically validated knowledge, alerts and recommendations. About the EUDA. Methamphetamine use in Europe is much lower than in other regions of the world, and is generally concentrated in Czechia and Slovakia. Three EU Member States have recent estimates of high-risk methamphetamine use, ranging from 0. According to estimates by the Czech authorities, 6. Monitoring the methamphetamine situation is complicated by the different forms of the drug available and patterns of use. Methamphetamine powder is a mixture of finely ground methamphetamine hydrochloride and other ingredients, such as lactose, dextrose or caffeine, that is taken orally or nasally, or less commonly injected. Most harms are associated with intensive, high-dose or long-term consumption, and injection and smoking present particular challenges. Hence, methamphetamine may be used in a recreational or functional context, but also in a high-risk manner. Although methamphetamine remains much less commonly used than amphetamine and cocaine in Europe, there are signs of increasing use in some countries. Information from drug consumption rooms in Barcelona and Oslo has signalled an increase in the use of methamphetamine smoking and injecting among their clients 1. Overall, there have been concerns over recent years that methamphetamine use may be spreading to other parts of Europe where it has been less common. Work to assess the impact of COVID on methamphetamine use has suggested that it may have also become more popular in some user groups. This includes some groups of people who inject drugs in Ireland and Spain, and among those involved in the chemsex scene in Portugal Chone et al. Methamphetamine does not figure prominently in data from 10 sentinel hospitals providing data on drug-related hospital emergency presentations. A slight drop was seen in acute drug toxicity presentations of methamphetamine in compared with , but the overall low number of methamphetamine reports makes this observation difficult to generalise EMCDDA, d. Methamphetamine use is associated with a range of physical and mental health problems, and the form of the drug and choice of route of administration strongly influences the harms experienced by the user. Methamphetamine causes hypertension and tachycardia and creates feelings of increased confidence, sociability and energy. It suppresses appetite and fatigue and leads to insomnia. Following oral use, the effects usually start within 30 minutes and last for many hours. As the effects wear off, users may feel irritable, restless, anxious, depressed and lethargic. Fatalities directly attributed to methamphetamine are rare, but acute intoxication causes serious cardiovascular disturbances as well as behavioural problems that include agitation, confusion, paranoia, impulsivity and violence. Chronic use of methamphetamine causes neurochemical and neuroanatomical changes. Dependence — as shown by increased tolerance — results in deficits in memory, decision-making and verbal reasoning, and some of the symptoms resemble those of paranoid schizophrenia. These effects may outlast drug use, although often they eventually resolve themselves. Methamphetamine has a higher potency than amphetamine, but the effects are almost indistinguishable when orally ingested, since methamphetamine is converted to amphetamine in the body. When methamphetamine is smoked it reaches the brain much more quickly than by oral or nasal administration. Routes of administration that result in rapid bio-availability of a drug, such as smoking or injection, tend to be associated with greater risk of developing dependence or other health problems. Injection of methamphetamine carries the same viral infection hazards e. HIV and viral hepatitis infection as other injectable drugs such as heroin. Injection also delivers the drug quickly to the brain, though not as quickly as smoking, and also leads to dependence EMCDDA, no date. Injection is the most common route of administration used by high-risk users in Czechia and Slovakia, presenting an increased risk of transmission of viral infections such as hepatitis C and HIV. In some drug markets, Norway for example, methamphetamine is present alongside amphetamine and users may be unaware which of the two substances they are using. Methamphetamine is used in recreational settings in some countries. Methamphetamine may be used to increase self-esteem and feelings of acceptance and attractiveness Haltikis et al. Use of the drug on its own or in association with other substances in a sexual context may increase high-risk sexual behaviours like having unprotected sex, multiple sexual partners and rougher sexual activities. This increase is linked to a twentyfold increase reported by Turkey in this time interval from 1 cases in to 28 cases in It has been reported that in Turkey, the use of MDMA, cocaine and cannabis significantly decreased during the COVID lockdown while the use of methamphetamine increased significantly and continued afterwards. Looking at the data from the EU Member States alone, this increasing trend is less pronounced, with an increased number of cases reported by Czechia, Germany and Austria. The number of reported methamphetamine possession or use cases dropped in most other EU Member States in However, data on drug law offences may reflect priorities, efforts and focus of law enforcement activities on certain phenomena in a given timeframe, which might explain this trend, particularly in light of the COVID pandemic. The overall number of first-time treatment entrants for methamphetamine problems remains low in most EU Member States; however, a gradual increase has been observed since in most countries with available data. Czech data between and confirm high and increasing numbers of methamphetamine clients entrants in and 1 in Slovakia remains the country with the second highest number of methamphetamine entrants entrants in and in The remaining 13 countries with available data between and show a gradual increase from clients in to in , representing a doubling during the period. Overall, about 9 clients entering specialised drug treatment in Europe in reported methamphetamine as their primary drug, of whom about 4 were first-time clients. Data from wastewater analyses conducted in European cities are useful to visualise the pattern of methamphetamine consumption across the continent; however, the coverage is not uniform across the EU see Figure Relative geographical distribution of methamphetamine metabolite as detected in European cities. The latest data confirm that methamphetamine use is still concentrated in Czechia and Slovakia, but is also established in Belgium, Cyprus, the east of Germany, Spain, Turkey and also in northern Europe Denmark, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania and Norway. In , methamphetamine use was found to be distributed more evenly over the whole week, possibly reflecting the drug being associated with more regular consumption by a cohort of high-risk users EMCDDA, c. While the use of methamphetamine in Europe is relatively low, based on wastewater measurements, the consumer market may be larger than indicated by the prevalence and treatment demand data See Box Methamphetamine market size estimate. Of the 58 cities with data on methamphetamine residues in municipal wastewater for and , 27 reported an increase, 9 a stable situation and 22 a decrease. The 5 cities with the highest loads are all situated in Czechia, followed by cities in Latvia, Slovakia, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, Turkey, Estonia and Lithuania. The source data for this graphic is available in the source table on this page. Data from a study on the analysis of drug residues in used syringes collected in needle and syringe exchange programmes in a small group of European cities ESCAPE project show that methamphetamine has been detected in used syringes in Amsterdam, Helsinki, Oslo, Paris, Prague, Riga and Vilnius see Table Positivity rate of methamphetamine detected in syringes. Data from Prague confirm information from treatment services that injection is a common route of administration. Only Paris and Helsinki have data available to enable analysis of trends in methamphetamine use. In Helsinki, a decrease in detection of methamphetamine in the syringes was noted; in Paris, a slight increase was noted between and , followed by a slight decrease in However, additional data collected in Paris from sites not participating in the ESCAPE project suggest an increased presence of methamphetamine in the total number of syringes tested, probably related to injecting in a sexual context, especially among MSM. Likewise, in Amsterdam, the relatively high positivity rate in is due in part to the sampling campaign, which included collecting syringes from MSM, a group known to be more likely to use methamphetamine than other people who use drugs. Web-based surveys can be a useful tool for collecting information on drug-related issues. They are quick and cheap to set up and can directly reach large numbers of people who use drugs. This means that they can paint a detailed and timely picture of drug use and drug markets and are a useful complement to traditional data-collection methods. Across the 21 EU countries and Switzerland that were covered in the EWSD, 48 respondents reported having used drugs in the past 12 months. Of these, 4 reported the use of methamphetamine. The responses of this group provide insights into the retail market and consumption patterns in Europe for this drug. A smaller number of respondents 1 also answered how they usually bought the drug and how it was usually delivered to them. European consumers can access methamphetamine on darknet markets. In , analysis of several major darknet markets 3 identified 1 listings of methamphetamine reported as being shipped from an EU country. The available data suggest that most of those listings were for small quantities between 0. Darknet markets are just one digital outlet, and social media and legitimate e-commerce platforms are being increasingly misused for drug sales. Factors such as convenience of use for both vendors and buyers are driving the increasing popularity of these channels. Consult the list of references used in this resource. Homepage Quick links Quick links. GO Results hosted on duckduckgo. Main navigation Data Open related submenu Data. Latest data Prevalence of drug use Drug-induced deaths Infectious diseases Problem drug use Treatment demand Seizures of drugs Price, purity and potency. Drug use and prison Drug law offences Health and social responses Drug checking Hospital emergencies data Syringe residues data Wastewater analysis Data catalogue. Selected topics Alternatives to coercive sanctions Cannabis Cannabis policy Cocaine Darknet markets Drug checking Drug consumption facilities Drug markets Drug-related deaths Drug-related infectious diseases. Recently published Findings from a scoping literature…. Penalties at a glance. Frequently asked questions FAQ : drug…. FAQ: therapeutic use of psychedelic…. Viral hepatitis elimination barometer…. EU Drug Market: New psychoactive…. EU Drug Market: Drivers and facilitators. Statistical Bulletin home. Quick links Search news Subscribe newsletter for recent news Subscribe to news releases. On this page. Signals of spreading methamphetamine use in Europe. Last update: 6 May
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