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West Africa has long been a trafficking hub for Colombian cocaine. Now, the drug is coming ashore in Mozambique, alongside heroin and mandrax. Think Africa Press reports. Looking out across the sea from the town of Vilanculos on the Mozambican coast, the silhouette of a large vessel, sitting on the edge of the blue-tinted horizon, is just about visible to the naked eye. The likelihood is that it is one of the many passing cargo or container ships, which has travelled across the vast Indian Ocean from Asia. Both the convoy of small fishing boats and their larger counterpart are here to do business, but not to exchange a few Malaysian bananas for some freshly caught crabs. The drug is cheap, but potentially lethal. Strychnine, which is used in rat poison, is sometimes found mixed in with the cocaine. Mozambique's porous borders and long coastline, combined with its relative stability yet lack of governance in some areas, make it a useful transit point for drug trafficking networks. Little is known about the exact quantities of narcotics that make their way through the Southern African country. The fundamental lack of data on both drugs seized and drug-related arrests makes it difficult to assess the scale of the problem, but most agree that Mozambique's problem pales in comparison to the notorious Guinea-Bissau. Compared to the unstable West African country, which many have described as a ' narco-state ', Mozambique is a 'small player,' according to Joseph Hanlon , a Senior Lecturer in Development Policy and Practice at the Open University. This is not Guinea-Bissau. According to sources, there are five main types of drugs that enter and cross the country. These drugs often arrive in shipping containers hidden amongst legitimate goods. The narcotics are typically repackaged on shore and then smuggled overland to South Africa, the major regional market for illicit drugs, or via air to the US and Europe. Cocaine also sometimes comes in by sea, as witnessed on the shore at Vilanculos, but more typically arrives by air from Columbia and Brazil, smuggled in by drugs mules. As we can see from arrests and drug seizures at Maputo airport, these mules tend to be South African, Mozambican, Nigerian or Tanzanian. If the cocaine makes its way past security successfully, it either goes on to South Africa or continues its journey by air to Europe and East Asia. Finally, there is marijuana, which has a long history of local production and consumption in Mozambique. Use of the drug is engrained in much of Mozambican culture, and many of the country's cannabis plantations are small, family-run operations, providing a crucial source of income. The majority of trafficking operations for marijuana are understood to be controlled by members of the local Pakistani communities who are generally based in the country's northern provinces and are able to receive shipments of cannabis directly from Pakistan or other south Asian communities. As with Mozambique's other drugs, evidence suggests the marijunana trade is also growing. In , for example, In the face of the government's lack of drug-related data, much of the information available on Mozambique's role in the global narcotics trade comes from reports of drug-related arrests. According to Charles Goredema , a senior research consultant on economic crime in Africa, news of these interceptions may be promising sign. Goredema also claims that Mozambique has been part of regional drug trafficking programmes led by international agencies such as Interpol , and that it has engaged in bilateral initiatives with the likes of South Africa. However, others suggest that Mozambican government's efforts to curb its role as a transit hub may be compromised. One the one hand, authorities may simply lack the capacity and resources needed to effectively tackle the drugs trade, but on the other, there may even be a degree of complicity amongst some officials. In Africa and the War on Drugs , Neil Carrier and Gernot Klantschnig describe the extreme end of government collaboration in the drugs trade as one in which the state is 'bought by powerful drug cartels, which gain official protection for their business or in even more extreme cases co-opt state actors into active positions within the trade. Meanwhile there are also allegations of some senior government officials profiting from narcotics. According to Hanlon, figures in the Mozambican government may be linked with heroin in particular, allowing certain groups licence to trade in the drug and enjoying a cut of the profits in the process. Some observers also see the lack of high-level prosecutions related to drugs as further evidence of government inaction, if not complicity. The US claimed that 'Suleman leads a well-financed narcotics trafficking and money laundering network in Mozambique' and prohibited American corporations from doing business with him. Mozambican authorities promised to investigate following the allegations, but to this day Suleman remains a free man. Some have pointed to the fact that the businessman, who is a bit of a local hero in Maputo, lives in a mansion down the road from the president and has reportedly donated millions over the years to the ruling party, Frelimo. Back in Vilanculos, it is unlikely any unsuspecting visitor would give a second thought to the splinter group of dhows sailing out towards the horizon. But later that day, they may well come across the group's catch of the day behind closed doors and on secluded street corners. Cocaine, which unlike heroin is not regulated by figures in the Mozambican government, continues to find its way into the hands of the locals and tourists alike, creating a situation one resident described as 'terrible. Like with the other drugs traded in or via Mozambique, not a great deal is known about the cocaine trade. What seems to be agreed on, however, is that Mozambique's problem will continue to grow if steps are not taken by the international community and Mozambican government alike to learn more about the trafficking networks, address rising domestic drug use, and address corruption from the pettiest levels to the highest. This article is more than 10 years old. View image in fullscreen. Reuse this content. Comments … Sign in or create your Guardian account to join the discussion. Most viewed.

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Nigeria, Ethiopia, Tanzania, Kenya, and Uganda are the main transit countries for heroin. West Africa, that of cocaine. Morocco is the kingdom of cannabis. The African continent has experienced significant increases in drug trafficking in recent years. The reason, in addition to the growing worldwide demand, lies in the ever-increasing fragility of the majority of African states in particular Somalia, Libya, Guinea-Bissau in the control of their respective territories and, therefore, in the ability to fight the criminal groups that hold the monopoly of drug trafficking internationally. However, the demand for this drug has been increasing on the continent in recent years. Even if it remains an inhomogeneous value because the lack of certain data makes it difficult to have a clear picture of the level of use. Young people. The demand for drugs has been increasing on the continent in recent years. File swm. The basis on which to calculate the importance of Africa in drug trafficking is given by the quantities seized which, according to the UNODC itself, were too low to be true. For cocaine alone, and for West Africa alone, an average of A note that is by no means irrelevant: according to experts, it is necessary to multiply the seizures by 20 to get an idea of the real amount of drugs trafficked. Since , therefore, approximately 1, tonnes of cocaine would have passed through West Africa alone. A market equal to 57 billion euros. Heroine and the market The heroin arrives from Afghanistan, passes through strategic places such as Pakistan, India and Thailand and then reaches East Africa. This would be confirmed by the growing seizures of this substance, in a network that would link Nigeria with East African countries, such as Tanzania, Kenya and Uganda. The main hub for the passage of this narcotic is said to be Addis Ababa airport, followed by that of Nairobi. The available information indicates that Tanzanians and Mozambicans are the subjects most involved in trafficking. Methamphetamine is produced locally, especially in South Africa. Photo: Pixabay. Heroin reaching East African countries is meant to go directly to European and North American markets, although the African market, especially that of South Africa, has been expanding steadily since Previously, it was concentrated in tourist resorts, such as Zanzibar, or in cities with a large European presence, such as Johannesburg. Methamphetamine, on the other hand, is produced locally, especially in South Africa, from which it continues to Europe, with a fairly significant internal consumption. The routes of all three major drugs pass through North Africa, thus underlining the strategic function of this region at an international level. The East African routes The East African routes for cannabis pass mainly through ports located in Djibouti, Kenya, Eritrea, and Tanzania, although recent surveys indicate Somalia as the main territory of marketing of this substance, together with arms trafficking. Cocaine, on the other hand, comes mainly from Latin America. The Port of Dar es Salaam. Tanzanians and Mozambicans are the subjects most involved in drug trafficking. Even if an important commercial road has opened up, especially in perspective, on the side of the Indian Ocean, the route of methaqualone — the basis of mandrax, a sedative substance which in the s was used with hypnotic and muscle-relaxing functions — is still that of the east mostly India, but also China. However, local production has been reported in recent years in African countries that have now become producers and exporters. In , for example, a clandestine mandrax factory, run by a Zambian and four Mozambicans, was seized in southern Mozambique. The mandrax does not usually take western routes but is consumed above all in South Africa which seems to be the number one world consumer. Local production in neighbouring countries, and without great control by the police, greatly facilitates its disposal. The Western routes The history of drug trafficking that passes through West Africa — the so-called Atlantic route — is quite ancient. As early as the s, the expansion of the North American and European markets for cannabis, cocaine and heroin led to a quantum leap in Atlantic trafficking. Two major routes were then formed involving West Africa: one destined for consumption in South Africa, Asia, and Europe. The other, the typically Atlantic one, where cocaine coming from Latin America especially from Peru and Colombia, via Brazil , together with the oriental one of Afghan heroin, reached Europe and the United States. According to data from the Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime, the Latin American production of cocaine arriving in West Africa would not have suffered from the stops and controls imposed by Covid The Atlantic Route. Photo: A. This would be confirmed by the quantities seized in recent years, the highest ever on the Atlantic route. The Anti-Drug Agency discovered a record 1. The drugs were found in a warehouse in the Nigerian city. It was the largest seizure ever in the country. North African trafficking North Africa is a territory of production, use and trafficking of various types of drugs. In terms of production, cannabis is the most locally produced substance, with the largest seizures occurring in Egypt and Morocco. From Morocco, considered the largest producer of cannabis in the world, the routes to reach the European markets, the Middle East and North Africa itself would be those of the sea — via the Strait of Gibraltar — with Spain as the main destination, followed by Italy and France; then the terrestrial route to the south, passing through territories such as Mali, Egypt, Niger and Libya; and the mixed land and sea route, which starts from Morocco and reaches Algeria, Tunisia, Libya and Egypt along a west-east axis. Opium cultivations are known in Egypt and Algeria. Cocaine from South America represents a growing presence in the North African regions, in transit to Europe. Again, Morocco recorded the most significant seizures by the authorities. An example: the Moroccan authorities recovered, in November , a consignment of kg of cocaine from Colombia hidden in a boat in Temara south of Rabat, on the Atlantic coast. With regard to heroin, North Africa has a very limited production: opium cultivations are known in Egypt and Algeria, but are not, for the moment, significant. Conversely, the heroin present in the region is imported, mostly from Afghanistan, transiting through Egypt. The route passes through Makran the coastal part of Balochistan, on the Gulf of Oman , then the Arabian Peninsula, rejoining the Mediterranean via the Red Sea and the Suez Canal, the Red Sea having rediscovered its centrality for these trades. However, the domestic use of heroin in Egypt is also notable, and is, according to local authorities, the second or third most commonly used narcotic substance locally. This is also why the largest quantities of heroin were recovered in the shadow of the pyramids. Little was discovered in the other countries of the area. Among other drugs, tramadol — originating from India and Sri Lanka — passes essentially through Egypt where it is also consumed and Libya. Recently, a type of tramadol of Chinese origin has also been discovered. Italy is strategically important for its sale, especially in the ports of Genoa and Gioia Tauro, with interconnections between local and North African mafias, especially those of Libya. Map: Enact. Forced to flee Colombia, she has managed to rebuild her life in Ecuador. Now she defends the human rights of migrants and in particular of…. There was a man who had an only son. When the man died, the son was left all alone in the world. There were not many…. The latest African Youth Survey from the Ichikowitz Family Foundation, a leading African foundation promoting active citizenship across the continent, provides a comprehensive look at the…. Twitter Facebook Instagram. Southworld Dossier July African drug routes. Photo Gallery — Bangladesh. Tejgao, Railway as home e. Advocacy Angie Torres. A refugee among refugees. Now she defends the human rights of migrants and in particular of… Read more. Baobab Brazil. 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