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Buying cocaine online in Vagharshapat

By using our site, you agree to our collection of information through the use of cookies. To learn more, view our Privacy Policy. To browse Academia. Early Christianity in Contexts, edited by W. Tabbernee, Similarly, at Corinth no identifiably Christian remains predate the fifth. Natural disasters e. The limited textual and extant epigraphic sources seem, nevertheless, to attest an early Christian community at Corinth around 50— Da tempo il diritto ci appare come un fenomeno sconfinato, sul quale siamo naturalmente portati a riflettere a partire da un raffronto tra esperienze giuridiche. Nel tempo le cose sono cambiate. Construcciones y miradas, Log in with Facebook Log in with Google. Remember me on this computer. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. Need an account? Click here to sign up. Clases en America Nenetl Sanzca. Esperienze giuridiche in dialogo. Il ruolo della comparazione Alessandro Somma. Construcciones y miradas Jorge Gorostiza. Devrim HOL. Fractals Everywhere. By Michael Barnsley Anthony Barcellos. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any other means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the written permission of the copyright owner. Dominican Republic. C Gabon. El Salvador. Equatorial Guinea. Korea, North. Korea, South. Marshall Islands. Myanmar Burma. New Zealand. Papua New Guinea. San Marino. Saudi Arabia. Sierra Leone. Solomon Islands. South Africa. Sri Lanka. Vatican City. Germany 2. Liechtenstein 3. Czech Republic 4. Austria 5. Slovakia 6. Hungary 7. Slovenia 8. Croatia 9. Serbia Montenegro Kosovo disputed San Marino Wrangel I. Lawrence I. On July 9, , a massive landslide dropped 40 million cubic yards Devon Bathurst I. Nottingham I. Coats I. Seul At taw a Kenora pi s k L. Nipigon A Akimiski I. Gouin Wawa Ot Lake Superior is the largest freshwater lake in the world, covering an area of 31, sq miles 82, sq km. Huds 64 Akpatok I. Today, this would buy around 50 sq in sq cm of prime New York City real estate. Powell n or gh s. Leaving a continuous mile km track, the tornado crossed three states and killed people. Santa Rosa I. Mead Colorado Canyon, exposing rock strata over Plateau 2 billion years old. Each rocket was ft m high, weighed around tons tonnes and generated 7,, lbs 34 MN of thrust at launch. Chihuahua er Go a aj 2 Si B I. Cedros I. However, research has shown that they are in fact Bull Sharks that have swum miles km up the San Juan River from the Caribbean Sea. The locks took four years to build and required 2 million cubic yards 1. Great Abaco Cat I. M Santa Clara Acklins I. It is 28, ft m , or just over 5 miles 8 km , below sea level. The first coffee seedlings were brought to Colombia in by Jesuit missionaries; today, Colombia produces over , tons tonnes of coffee beans every year. Suriname I 2 Sinnamary Kourou W. It is composed of sand and silt sediments that are up to 10, ft m thick. The population of greater Sao Paulo is close to 22,,, over twice the entire population of Portugal, the country that originally colonized Brazil in the 16th century. The lagoon is miles km long and up to 40 miles 64 km wide, with an area of more than sq miles 10, sq km. The huge opencast pit is 2. Until recently, some places had received no rain for over years. Today the area has one of the largest Welsh populations outside of Wales. Of the five vessels and men that set out, only one ship and 18 survivors returned to Spain after the three-year voyage. Magellan himself was killed in the Philippines. Once thought to be a ge mythical occurrence, these giant waves are now a id R recognized phenomenon and represent a major n a di hazard to even the largest ships. With production running at around 1. Construction involved the excavation and dredging of 97 million cubic yards 74 million cubic metres of material. I R A N E an G ul For thousands of years the Nile has supported f cultivation in the Aswan region, despite it being one of the driest places on Earth, with an average of only 0. The Somali language did not become a written language until The system is some 4, miles 6, km long and averages 30—40 miles 48—64 km wide. The basic unit of currency, the ouguiyal, is divided into five khoums. They are the largest bird on Earth. An adult male can stand 8 ft 2. Changing climatic patterns caused the lake to shrink and desert now covers much of its previous area. It crosses the equator twice, which means that at least part of its catchment area is always experiencing a rainy season. They are powerful predators, averaging 5 feet 1. Balkan disputed Mts. However, , sq miles 1,, sq km of this is a massive ice sheet so heavy that the central land area has sunk to form to a basin more than ft m below sea level. Seraing Verviers e us e M Antwerpen Echternach is the home of the only religious dancing procession remaining in the Western world. Every year since the 15th century, thousands of pilgrims have marched down the streets of the town performing a ritual dance involving specific movements, music, and prayers. Peter Port Guernsey St. Every year over 1. In September , one such an Ch Plymouth h wave carried a surfer for 5. Earth was removed at the rate of tons tonnes a day until completion, seven years later. Around Five months later, after advancing only a few miles, there had been , British, , French, and , German casualties. Brandy is added to the Coimbra grape juice to fortify and Figueira da Foz strengthen the wine. British sovereignty was then formalized in by the Treaty of Utrecht, and Gibraltar eventually became a British colony in Begun in , the masterpiece is still without a roof. Gulf Lake Maggiore was already writing music by the When it is completed in , the Gotthard Base Tunnel will run for Etna began some , years ago as a submarine volcano and has since grown to a cone with a base 30 miles 48 km wide and 10, ft m high. It covers an area of 20, sq miles 51, sq km and is almost completely flat. This single act precipitated World War I, which eventually lead to the death of almost 10 million troops. It is therefore likely to be some time before Kosovo becomes universally recognized. Modern hydroelectric projects have prevented this epic journey, but efforts are underway to restore access to the lake. S e MON. Unfortunately, in BCE, this civilization came to an abrupt end, destroyed by a catastrophic event, probably a tidal wave. The canal is 4 miles 6. The central section runs along a ft- 79 m- deep cutting through solid rock. Formed in from the northern half of German East Prussia, and ceded to Russia under the Potsdam agreement, Kaliningrad oblast became a true enclave, completely separated from the rest of Russia, when Lithuania and Belarus achieved their independence in Dracula Satu Mare was born in Transylvania in in the town of Sighisoara. Petersburg, miles km to the south on the Baltic Sea, is ice-bound between December and May. They were formed over million years ago as the East European and Siberian plates moved together. From August to February , German armies laid siege to Volgograd, formerly known as Stalingrad. The Germans themselves were eventually surrounded and lost almost , men. Crossing eight time zones, the journey takes six days. The strait is three times busier than the Suez Canal and four times as busy as the Panama Canal. They were some of the earliest oilfields in the world to be exploited. The reservoir behind the dam covers an area of sq miles sq km and often requires interruptions in the flow of the Euphrates River to maintain water levels. Although less than 30 percent of the river's drainage basin is in Turkey, about 95 percent of the river's water originates in the Turkish highlands. The water within the lake is eight to nine times saltier than ocean water. It remained largely unknown until a Swiss explorer, J. Burckhardt, heard of its whereabouts from the local Bedouins in The , volume library was carried by camels trained to walk in alphabetical order. The region can produce around 11 million barrels of oil every day. K a n al y Murgap The desert of Kara Kum Garagum occupies over 70 percent of Turkmenistan, severely limiting human settlement across much of the country. This treatment was invented by the Chinese in the 11th century, and is thought to be the oldest form of vaccination. There are thought to be only a few thousand animals left in the wild. In , catastrophic flooding was responsible for the deaths of 3. The river has also changed its course at least nine times. A major renovation begun in took years to complete. One-quarter of the population was killed or seriously injured, with an estimated death toll of , people. More than Chinese scholars worked on the book for five years before it was finished. The company now produces 8. Construction began in and took 24 years to complete. The present-day emperor, Akihito, is the th in succession. All the islands are low-lying, none rising more than 6 ft 1. The cobras appear to respond to the music played by the charmer, but, like all snakes, they are deaf and only follow the movements of the charmer. The road climbs to 15, ft m at the Khunjerab Pass. The highest-ever seasonal rainfall was inches cm. In July , after a monsoon storm, it took 11 hours for one Mergui Archipelago jam to clear. The bloom, 3 ft 90 cm in diameter, attracts insects by imitating Balabac the foul smell of rotting flesh. There are over islands, yet the total land area is only sq miles sq km. Flint I. Northern Cook Is. O C One of the largest states in the world, with an area of more than 1,, sq miles 2. Burnie S t r a They have as many as four Devonport trailers, weighing more than Launceston The platypus lives in an aquatic tons tonnes in total. It is the sole remaining representative of the reptilian order Three Kings Sphenodontia, which first evolved before the Islands dinosaurs. Great Exhibition Te Kao Bay C Around CE, something in the order of 33 billion tons tonnes of pumice was ejected in a massive volcanic eruption that left a 20, sq mile 51, sq km debris field and created an enormous caldera that subsequently became Lake Taupo. N o r t h Ninety Mile Beach is in fact only about 55 miles 88 km long. Nevertheless, this still makes it one of the longest sandy beaches in the world. In , it was the first country to grant women the right to vote. When in danger, its main form of defense is to remain perfectly still, which made it an easy target for predators such as the dogs, cats, rats, and ferrets that were introduced in the 19th century. Consequently, it is in danger of extinction; in there were only birds left in the wild. P E The royal albatross colony on Otago Peninsula is the only mainland nesting site for these birds in the world. It was about to be Commonwealth Bay, George V miles km from end to Land, where wind speeds of mph end and 25 miles 40 km wide. Its main body trails tentacles up to ft 55 m in length. Nevertheless, all the material in these factfiles has been researched from the most up-to-date and authoritative sources to give an incisive portrait of the geographical, social, and economic characteristics that make each country unique. Highest range is the Hindu Kush. Mountains are bordered by fertile plains. Desert plateau in the south. Illicit opium trade is big cash earner. Natural gas pipeline planned from the Caspian Sea to Pakistan. Hot, dry summers. Cold winters with heavy snow, especially in the Hindu Kush. Under their strict Islamist regime women were denied all rights and ethnic tensions were exacerbated. The regional strife of the s has left a difficult legacy. Interior is mostly hills and mountains. Organized crime problem. Mountains receive heavy rains or snows in winter. EU membership, applied for in , is a distant prospect. The Greek minority in the south suffers much discrimination. Today, national reconciliation is key to recovery from a conflict launched by Islamic extremists in Fertile coastal region with plains and hills rises from the southeast to the Atlas Mountains. The south is very hot, with negligible rainfall. Political turmoil has led to exodus of skilled foreign labor. Limited agriculture. Most indigenous Berbers consider the mountainous Kabylia region in the northeast to be their homeland. They have been granted greater ethnic rights in recent years. The Sahara sustains just , people, mainly oil workers and Tuareg nomads with goat and camel herds, who move between the irrigated oases. It held its first full elections in Tourism is the main source of income. Mountain snows linger until March. Banking secrecy laws and low consumer taxes promote investment and commerce. France and Spain effectively decide economic policy. Dependence on imported food and raw materials. Low taxes attract wealthy expatriates. A referendum in ended years of semifeudal status, but Andorran society remains conservative. Hundreds of thousands of people died. Rainfall decreases north to south. Coast is cooler and dry. Multiparty elections in —, after the MPLA had abandoned Marxism, failed to stall the war for long. Power-sharing from ended when the MPLA won the election; a presidential poll has yet to be held. Oil and diamonds are exported. Desert in the south. Mountains in the center and north. Scientists and logistical staff work at the 40 permanent, and as many as temporary, research stations. A few Chilean settler families live on King George Island. Tourism is mostly by cruise ship to the Antarctic Peninsula. Annual tourist numbers have reached nearly 50, South Shetland Is. King George I. Bird Intl. Airport ST. Wealth disparities are small. Humidity and rainfall are low for the region. Financial services and Internet gambling are expanding. High debt. Palmetto Point 30 Long I. After 30 years of intermittent military rule, democracy returned in Economy has slowed since its recovery from crash. East are the heavily wooded plains Gran Chaco and treeless but fertile Pampas plains. Bleak and arid Patagonia in the south. Indigenous peoples are now in a minority, living mainly in Andean regions or in the Gran Chaco. The middle classes were worst hit by the economic meltdown of — Pampas have a mild climate with summer rains. After , a confrontation with Azerbaijan dominated national life. The winters are often bitterly cold. War with Azerbaijan over the enclave of Nagorno Karabakh forced , Armenians living in Azerbaijan to return home, many to live in poverty. There are close and important ties to the seven-millionstrong Armenian diaspora. Main products are wine, tobacco, potatoes, and fruit. Welldeveloped machine-building and manufacturing — includes textiles and bottling of mineral water. European settlement began over years ago. Most Australians now live in cities along the coast. In the far east are the mountains of the Great Dividing Range. The north is hot throughout the year, and humid during the summer monsoon. East, southeast, and southwest coastal areas are temperate. European colonization began in , and was dominated by British and Irish immigrants, some of whom were convicts. White-only immigration drives brought many Europeans to Australia, but since the s multi-culturalism has been encouraged and most new settlers are Asian; Cantonese has overtaken Italian as the second most widely spoken language. Wealth disparities are small, but Aborigines, the exception in an otherwise integrated society, are marginalized: their average life expectancy is around 11 years less than other Australians. The new Labor government from has overturned right-wing policies on illegal immigration and has signed up to limiting greenhouse gas emissions. Large resource base: coal, iron ore, bauxite, and most other minerals. Protectionism abandoned to open up Australian markets. Upward trend in Asian visitor arrivals has strengthened tourism. The western Alpine regions have colder winters and more rainfall. Vienna is a major cultural center. Minorities are few; there are some ethnic Croats, Slovenes, and Hungarians, plus refugees from conflict in former Yugoslavia. Class divisions remain strong. The skilled labor force is key to high-tech exports. Eurozone membership since has boosted investment. Alps and foothills cover the west and south. Lowlands in the east are part of the Danube River basin. Territorial disputes with Armenia have dominated politics since. Flat, low-lying terrain on the coast of the Caspian Sea. Continental, with bitter winters, inland. Subtropical in coastal regions. Thousands of Armenians, Russians, and Jews have left since independence. Influx of half a million Azeri refugees fleeing war with Armenia over the disputed enclave of Nagorno Karabakh. Armenians there operate with de facto independence. The status of women deteriorated after the fall of communism but they are slowly regaining their position. Pipeline to Ceyhan, Turkey, has opened up European market. Severe pollution in Baku. Hot summers and mild winters. Heavy rainfall, especially in summer. Hurricanes can strike in July—December. Financial services: banking and insurance. Some islands have pine forests, lagoons, and mangrove swamps. Fl id or Grand Bahama I. There are marked wealth disparities, from urban professionals in the banking sector to traditional fishermen on outlying islands and illegal Haitian and Cuban immigrants. More women are now entering the professions. Government priorities are tackling narcotics trafficking and money laundering. Rum Cay Long I. Acklins I. Only three of the islands are inhabited. It was the first Gulf emirate to export oil. The largest, Bahrain Island, is mainly sandy plains and salt marshes. Winters are mild. Low rainfall. The al-Khalifa family has ruled since , but transformed Bahrain into a constitutional monarchy, with limited democracy, in Bahrain is socially liberal. As oil reserves run out, natural gas is of increasing importance. Major Middle East offshore banking center, hit by global banking crisis in — It seceded from Pakistan in Poor infrastructure deters investment. Growing textile industry. During the monsoon, water levels can rise 20 ft 6 m above sea level. Half of the population live in poverty, but living standards are improving. Women are prominent in politics, but their rights are neglected. Southeast coasts are fringed with mangrove forests. Once solely inhabited by the native Arawak, Barbados was first colonized by British settlers in the s. Fertile and predominantly flat, with a few gentle hills to the north. Sunnier and drier than its more mountainous neighbors. Financial services, offshore banking, and information processing are key industries. Sugar production has dwindled. High cost of living. Increasing social mobility has enabled black Barbadians to enter the professions. Despite political stability, and good welfare and education services, pockets of abject poverty remain. It reluctantly became independent when the USSR broke up in It has few resources other than agriculture. The Dnieper and Dvina rivers drain the eastern lowlands. Vast Pripet Marshes in the southwest. Industry outmoded and mainly state-owned. Depends on Russia for energy and raw materials: tensions over natural gas prices. Winters are long, sub-freezing, but mainly dry; summers are hot. Russian culture dominates. Enthusiasm for a merger with Russia has waned. Wealth is held by a small ex-Communist elite. Fallout from the Chernobyl nuclear disaster in Ukraine still seriously affects health and the environment. Its history has been marked by tensions between the majority Dutch-speaking Flemish and minority French-speaking Walloon communities. Brussels hosts key European Union institutions. Temperatures are mild, with heavy cloud cover and rain. More rainfall and weather fluctuations at the coast. Very high levels of public debt. Bureaucracy larger than European average. Land becomes hilly and forested in the southeast Ardennes region. Formerly called British Honduras, Belize was the last Central American country to gain its independence, in The Creoles have traditionally dominated society, but high levels of emigration to the US have weakened their influence. The Afro-Carib garifuna have their own language. Corruption, and trafficking of people and narcotics, are major problems. Very hot and humid, with May—December rainy season. Oil extraction began in Sugar, textiles, lobsters, and shrimp are exported. Serious hurricane damage is a recurring problem. Low mountains in southeast. Flat swampy coastal plains. In , Benin became one of the pioneers of African democratization, ending 17 years of one-party Marxist-Leninist rule. Numerous lagoons lie just behind the shoreline. Forested plateaus inland. Mountains in the northwest. Two rainy seasons. Hot, dusty harmattan winds blow during the December—February dry season. The southern Fon have tended to dominate politics. Other major groups are the Adja and Yoruba. The northern Fulani follow a nomadic lifestyle. North—south tension is mainly due to the south being more developed. French culture, centered on Cotonou, is highly prized. Substantial differences in wealth reflect a strongly hierarchical society. Large-scale smuggling is a serious problem. France is the main aid donor. It is largely closed to the outside world to protect its culture; TV was banned until Central valleys warmer in east than west. Most people are devoutly Buddhist and originate from Tibet. The Hindu Nepalese settled in the south. Bhutan has 20 languages. Most people farm their own plots of land and herd cattle and yaks. Steep land unsuited for cultivation. Development of cash crops for Asian markets. Social issues and nationalization of natural gas sector deter investors. Major coca producer. Lack of manufacturing. Rich eastern provinces want autonomy. North and east are hot and humid. Wealthy Spanish-descended families have traditionally controlled the economy. Amerindian Evo Morales, president from , pledged to cut poverty, legalize coca, and redistribute land. Semiarid grasslands to the east; dense tropical forests to the north. Little investment. Hot summers and cold, often snowy winters. Hopes for EU integration will require further ethnic reconciliation. Lowlands in the north. Mainly deciduous forest covers about half of the total area. Beef is exported to Europe. Tourism aimed at wealthy wildlife enthusiasts. AIDS is devastating the population. Summer wet season, April—October. Winters are warm, with cold nights. Life expectancy is around 50 years. Diamond revenue has widened wealth inequalities. Hills in the east. Kalahari Desert in center and southwest. Swamps and salt pans elsewhere and in Okavango Basin. The country has immense natural and economic resources. Apart from the basin of the River Plate to the south, the rest of the country consists of highlands. The mountainous east is part-forested and part-desert. The coastal plain in the southeast has swampy areas. The Atlantic coastline is miles km long. The Brazilian plateau has far greater seasonal variation. The dry northeast suffers frequent droughts, though coastal regions are occasionally flooded by bouts of torrential rain. The south has hot summers and cool winters. Amerindians suffer prejudice from most other groups. Shanty towns in the cities attract poor migrants from the northeast. Catholicism and the family unit remain strong. Huge potential for growth based on abundant natural resources. A leading exporter of coffee, sugar, and orange juice. Social tension threatens stability. Infrastructure needs investment. It has been independent since Six-month rainy season with very high humidity. Many in the Chinese community are stateless. Since a failed rebellion in , Brunei has been ruled by decree of the sultan. Women, less restricted than in some Muslim states, usually wear headscarves but not the veil. Massive overseas investments. Major consumer of hightech hi-fi, video equipment, and Western designer clothes. Political and economic reform since then enabled it to join the EU in Danube plain in north, Thracian plain in southeast. Black Sea to the east. East winds bring seasonal extremes. Later privatization programs left many Turks landless, prompting further emigration. Roma suffer discrimination at all levels of society. Women have equal rights in theory, but society remains patriarchal. EU accession included caveats demanding further action against organized crime, human trafficking, and corruption. Expertise in software development. Industry and infrastructure are outdated. The south is largely savanna. The three main rivers are the Black, White, and Red Voltas. Beneficiary of foreign debt cancellation plans. Dry, cool weather November—February. Erratic rain March—April, mostly in southeast. The people from the west are much more ethnically mixed. Extreme poverty has led to a strong sense of egalitarianism. Most women are still denied access to education, though their absence from public life belies their real power and social influence. Great Rift Valley on western side. Heavy and frequent rainfall, mostly October—May. Highlands have frost. Small quantities of gold and tungsten. Potential of oil in Lake Tanganyika. Little prospect of lasting stability. The constitution now guarantees an ethnic balance in the government and army. Twa pygmies were not involved in the conflict. Tourists are returning. Rice is the principal crop. Forested mountains and plateau east of the Mekong. High temperatures throughout the year. Heavy rainfall during May—October monsoon. The effects are still felt, reflected in the high rates of orphans, widows, and land-mine victims. A fragile stability has lasted since elections in King Norodom Sihanouk, a key figure in politics, abdicated in Exports rubber and timber. Self-sufficient in rice. Garment industry is growing. Land disputes and corruption issues. Multiparty elections, since , regularly return that same party to power. Mountains in the west. Very diversified agricultural economy — timber, cocoa, bananas, coffee. Fuel smuggling from Nigeria undermines refinery profits. Port for Chad and CAR. Far north is beset by drought. The Bamileke is the largest, though it has never held political power. North—south tensions are diminished by the ethnic diversity. There is more rivalry between majority Frenchand minority English-speakers. Unified under British rule from , its development and expansion attracted large-scale immigration. Arctic tundra and islands in the far north give way southward to forests, interspersed with lakes and rivers, and then the vast Canadian Shield, which covers over half the area of Canada. Rocky Mountains in west, beyond which are the Coast Mountains, islands, and fjords. Fertile lowlands in the east. Winters in the interior are colder and longer than on the coast, with temperatures well below freezing and deep snow; summers are hotter. Pacific coast has the mildest winters. Lawrence lowlands, fostering some shared cultural values with the neighboring US. Important differences, however, include wider welfare provision and Commonwealth membership. Land claims made by the indigenous peoples are being redressed. Women are well represented at most levels of business and government. Deevon Devon D e von on n II. J SSt t.. JJohn tt. Unemployment rose during the recession. Mostly mountainous, with steep cliffs and rocky headlands. Clothing is the main export. No natural resources. Mid-Atlantic location ensures work maintaining ships and planes. Subject to droughts that can sometimes last for years at a time. Creolization of the culture negates ethnic tensions. Almost half of the population live on Santiago. Around , Cape Verdeans live abroad, mostly in the US. Politics has suffered frequent interruption by military coups. North is arid. Equatorial rainforests in the south. Rain occurs all year round, with heaviest falls between July and October. Recent rebellions by northern groups have displaced thousands of people. Exports include diamonds, cotton, timber, and coffee. Aid needed to support refugees. Instability and poor infrastructure hinder progress. Intermittent periods of civil war followed a military coup in Northern third is Sahara. Tibesti Mountains in north rise to 10, ft m. The northern third has only , people, mainly Muslim Toubou nomads. Instability has continued, first with tension between Muslims and southern Christians and, more recently, with rebellions in the east. It returned to elected civilian rule in after a referendum forced out military dictator General Pinochet. Almost a third of the population live in Santiago, many in large slums. There are three main indigenous groups, including the Rapa Nui of Easter Island. Hot, dry summers and mild winters in the center. Higher Andean peaks have glaciers and year-round snow. Very wet and stormy in the south. Growth in foreign investment due to PERU political stability. Atacama Desert in north. Deep-sea channels, lakes, and fjords in south. A one-party Communist state since , it has recently become a dominant force in global manufacturing. Two-thirds of the country is uplands. The rolling hills and plains of the low-lying east are home to two-thirds of the population. The north and west are semiarid or arid, with extreme temperature variations. The south and east are warmer and more humid, with year-round rainfall. Winter temperatures vary with latitude, but are warmest on the subtropical southeast coast. The rest of the population belong to one of 55 minority nationalities, or recognized ethnic groups. Many of these groups have a disproportionate political significance as they live in strategic border areas. A policy of resettling Han Chinese in remote regions is deeply resented and has led to uprisings in Xinjiang and Tibet. The government has relaxed the one-child family policy, particularly for minorities, after some small groups were brought close to extinction. Chinese society is patriarchal in practice, and generations tend to live together. However, economic change is breaking down the social controls of the Mao Zedong era. Divorce and unemployment are rising; materialism has replaced the puritanism of the past. A resurgence of religious belief has occurred in recent years. Faced with a global downturn from , Chinese stimulus packages have boosted domestic spending. It is primarily noted for its coffee, emeralds, gold, and cocaine trafficking. Blacks and Amerindians have the least political representation. Civil conflict over four and a half decades has displaced millions of people, and left over , dead. The fighting is deeply entwined with the narcotics trade. Violent crime is common. The highlands are much cooler. The equatorial east has two wet seasons. Considerable growth potential, but drugs-related violence and corruption deter foreign investors. The remainder are coral atolls. November to May is hottest and wettest period. There have also been Portuguese, Dutch, French, and Indian immigrants. Ethnic discord is rare, but regional tensions between islands are marked. The country is politically unstable and there have been frequent coups. A fragile new federal system has been in place since Wealth is concentrated within a political and business elite. Subsistence-level farming. Vanilla and cloves are main cash crops. Lack of basic infrastructure. Democracy was soon overshadowed by years of violence. Main tensions are between the Bakongo in the north and the Mbochi in the south. Two wet and two dry seasons. Rainfall is heaviest south of the equator. Timber is extracted. Foreign debt high. Substantial industrial base around Brazzaville and Pointe-Noire. Narrow coastal plain is lined with sand dunes and lagoons. High mountain ranges and lakes stretch down the eastern border. Distinct wet and dry seasons south of the equator. The north is mainly wet. War and decades of corruption have caused economic collapse. Food aid is needed to ease humanitarian crisis. The indigenous forest pygmies, victimized in the war, are now a marginalized group. Civil war from drew neighboring countries into a bloody conflict. Tentative peace in was soon undermined by rebels in the east. Its neutrality in foreign affairs is long-standing, but it has strong ties with the US. Temperate central uplands. High annual rainfall. The main exports are bananas, pineapples, coffee, and beef, but all are vulnerable to fluctuating world prices. History of high inflation. Pioneer of eco-tourism. Pledged to be carbon neutral by There is a black, Englishspeaking minority and around 35, indigenous Amerindians. Plantation owners are the wealthiest group, while one in six people live in poverty. Nonetheless, living standards are high for the region, and education and healthcare provision is good. An image of stability was rocked by civil war in — Oil is now major export. Good infrastructure. Lack of professional training. Instability deters investment. South has two wet seasons; north has one, with lower rainfall. Southern Christians harbor resentment against non-Ivorian Muslims in the north. Plantations employ millions of migrant workers including children , though thousands fled back to Burkina during the civil war. Rebels joined a transitional government in Minority rights and fighting organized crime are key issues in the quest for EU membership by Mediterranean climate along the Adriatic coast. Unemployment has been persistently high. Corruption deters foreign investment. Tourism is mainly on the Dalmatian coast. Interior is a mixture of wooded mountains and broad valleys. It became the only communist country in the Americas after Fidel Castro seized power in Three mountainous areas. Forests of pine and mahogany cover one-quarter of the country. Hot all year round, and very hot in summer. Heaviest rainfall in the mountains. Hurricanes can strike in the fall. Political dissent, however, is not tolerated. A dramatic fall in living standards since the late s has led thousands of Cubans to flee to the US, to seek asylum. There is little ethnic tension. US trade embargo, since Shortages drive a black market. Since , it has been partitioned between the Turkish-occupied north and the Greek-Cypriot south. Summers are hot and dry. Winters are mild, with snow in the mountains. Since the 16th century, a minority community of Turkish Muslims has lived in the north of the island. Over , mainland Turks have settled there since. UN-led mediation failed to reunite the island ahead of EU accession in , so the north was left out of membership. Eurozone member with best economic performance and lowest unemployment in downturn. North suffers from lack of investment and lower wages. It joined the EU in Bohemia, the western territory, is a plateau surrounded by mountains. Moravia, in the east, is characterized by hills and lowlands. Prague attracts tourists. Skilled workforce. Will join euro in at earliest. Czechs make up the vast majority of the population, while the next largest group are Moravians. The , Slovaks left after partition are now permitted dual citizenship. Ethnic tensions are few, but there is widespread hostility toward the Roma minority. A new commercial elite is emerging alongside postcommunist entrepreneurs. Greenland and the Faeroe Islands are self-governing associated territories. About islands are inhabited. Skilled workforce key to high-tech industrial success. Pork, bacon, dairy products are exported. Opted not to join the euro, though its currency is pegged. Rainfall is moderate. Cultural clashes have arisen with immigrant minorities. Almost all women now work and Denmark is a world leader in childcare provision. Marriage is becoming less common, even for couples with children. Once known as the French Territory of the Afars and Issas, independence came in Tensions between them developed into a guerrilla war in — Smaller tribal groups make up the rest of the population, and the rural peoples are mostly nomadic. Wealth is concentrated in Djibouti city. France exerts considerable influence in Djibouti, supporting it financially and maintaining a naval base and a military garrison. It achieved independence from the UK in Volcanic activity has given the land very fertile soils, hot springs, geysers, and black sand beaches. Heavy annual rainfall. Tropical depressions and hurricanes are likely June—November. The Carib Territory on the northeast of the island is home to the only surviving indigenous community in the Caribbean. Wealth disparities are not as marked as elsewhere in the region, but the alleviation of poverty has become a major plank of government policy. Some diversification: flowers, coffee, fruit. Agriculture vulnerable to hurricanes. Some offshore banking. Spanishspeaking, it seeks closer ties to the anglophone West Indies. Extensive coastal plain in the east. Tourism, remittances, and exports all rely heavily on US market. Hidden economy based on transshipment of narcotics to the US. Heavy rainfall, especially in the northeast. Mixed-race majority controls commerce and forms the bulk of the professional middle classes. White and mixed-race women are entering the professions. Great disparities of wealth exist; the black and Haitian-immigrant populations occupy the bottom of the social ladder. Invaded by Indonesia in , it became independent in following a long struggle. The Timorese are a mix of Malay and Papuan peoples, and many indigenous Papuan tribes survive. There is an urban Chinese minority, and ethnic Indonesian settlers became numerous after annexation in Preindependence violence in was politically rather than ethnically motivated. Women do not have access to the professions and levels of domestic violence are notably high. Living standards are low. Heavy rain in wet season December—March , then dry and hot, particularly in the north. Violence in damaged infrastructure. Riots in undermined stability, further deterring foreign investment. Agreement with Australia on division of oil revenue from the Timor Sea. The mountain backbone rises to ft m. Black communities exist on the coast. The strong and largely unified Amerindian movement leads the pressure for social reform; one in eight people live in extreme poverty. Recent left-wing policies have given greater rights to women, the poor, and Amerindians. US dollar offers stability, but less control. Defaulted on debt in , prioritizing social spending. Its essentially pro-Western, militarybacked regime is being challenged by Islamic fundamentalists. Tolls from the Suez Canal. Successful tourist industry, in spite of terrorist attacks. High birth-rate and rural poverty. Rainfall is negligible, except on the coast. Women play a full part in education and the economy, though this is threatened by Islamism. Rapidly growing population is a problem. Poverty is rife around Cairo. Sinai peninsula has mountains in south. Already struggling to recover from a civil war in the s, it was badly struck by earthquakes in The — civil war was fought between the US-backed right-wing government and left-wing FMLN guerrillas, over gross economic disparities, which still exist despite some reform. During the war, 75, people died, many of whom were unarmed civilians, and human rights abuses were widespread. The FMLN won the presidency in Cooler, temperate climate in highlands. Garment industry. Remittances from overseas. Five-year anti-poverty program for north from There is a central plateau. The country is located within a seismic zone, and there are more than 20 volcanic peaks. The mainland is lower, with mangrove swamps along the coast. The mainland is only marginally drier and cooler. Bioko is populated by Bubi and a minority of Creoles known as Fernandinos. Tensions between the two territories have been reignited by the discovery of oil off Bioko. Wealth is concentrated in the ruling clan; oil revenue in the last decade has made little impact on most people. Timber, cocoa, coffee. The two neighbors fought a bitter border war in — Droughts from July onward are common. Susceptible to drought and famine: dependent on food aid. Most of the population live at subsistence level. Potential for extraction of gold, copper, and oil. Red Sea location: port at Massawa. A strong sense of nationhood has been forged by war. Women played a vital role in combat. Multiparty elections, expected since , have been persistently postponed. Lake Peipus forms much of the eastern border with Russia. Harsh winters, with cool summers and damp springs. Friction between ethnic Estonians and the large Russian minority led to a reassertion of Estonian culture and language. Outright discrimination against the Russian language was only ended in Estonians are predominantly Lutheran. Families are small and divorce rates are high. Market reforms have increased prosperity; a few people have become very rich. Currency pegged to euro: hopes to join in Good productivity. Strong growth accompanied EU accession, but first EU country to enter recession in Paide FED. A Marxist regime in —, now a free-market democracy, it has suffered economic, civil, and natural crises. Highlands are warm, with night frost and snowfalls on the mountains. Oromo or Gallas are the largest group. Ethnic representation is a major political issue. Orthodox Christianity has a very ancient history in Ethiopia. Former emperor Haile Selassie inspired Rastafarianism. War-damaged infrastructure and periodic serious droughts and famines undermine growth. There is a heavy reliance on food aid. Landlocked since secession of Eritrea. Ethiopian Plateau is drained mainly by the Blue Nile. Tensions between native Fijians and the Indian minority have sparked a succession of coups. Remainder are limestone and coral formations. High temperatures all year round. Cyclones are a hazard. Coups have also caused international isolation. All sectors struggling: sugar production, gold mining, textiles, timber, and commercial fishing. Ethnic-Fijian nationalism is strong. Many Indo-Fijians left after the coup, restoring ethnic Fijians to a majority. In , the first Indiandominated government was ousted. The army led another coup in Women are lobbying for more rights. Uplands and low mountains in the north. Wood, pulp, and paper production. Short, warmer summers. Rainfall is low, and decreases northward. Families tend to be close-knit, though marriage is becoming less common. Immigration laws have been tightened since the s, but ethnic minorities growing up in city suburbs feel increasingly alienated. New rules aim to bring more women into politics. World leader in cosmetics, perfumes, and quality wines. Modernized agriculture. Tall mountain ranges in the east and southwest, with a mountainous plateau in the center. Independent since , it returned to multiparty politics in , after 22 years of one-party rule. Two-thirds of the land is covered by rainforest. Cold Benguela current cools the coast. High debt problem. Tropical hardwoods and manganese. The Fang, who live mainly in the north, are the largest ethnic group, but have yet to gain control of the government. Oil wealth has led to the growth of an affluent middle class, but one in three people still lives in poverty. Menial jobs are done by immigrant workers. Education follows the French system. The government is encouraging population growth. It was renowned for its stability until its government was overthrown in a coup in Long, sandy beaches are backed by mangrove swamps along the river. Savanna and tropical forests higher up. The largest group, the Mandinka, has traditionally held power. Islam is a strong social influence, though there is no official state religion. A small expatriate community from the UK lives on the coast. Seasonal migrants come from neighboring states to harvest groundnuts each year. Women are very active as traders. Groundnuts are the principal crop. Fish stocks are declining. Eco-tourism is promoted, though most visitors come for the beaches. Smuggling problems. Lowlands along the Black Sea coast. Georgia was converted to Christianity in CE. Armenians in the south are the poorest group. Civil conflicts in the early s against Abkhaz and Osset separatists displaced , people. Abkhazia and South Ossetia now effectively operate as separate states, backed up by Russian forces since the war. Long-established and booming wine industry. Political instability. Fast pace of reforms in late s, at cost of high unemployment. The north is mainly Protestant, while the south is staunchly Roman Catholic. Social and economic differences still exist between east and west. Turks are the largest single ethnic minority; many came as guest workers in the s—s. Immigration rules now favor skilled workers. Feminism is strong. Continental extremes in mountainous south. Worst recession for 60 years in — Aging population. It has experienced intermittent periods of military rule since independence in There are two wet seasons in the south, but the north is drier, and has just one. Oil discovered in on stream in Hardwood trees such as maple and sapele. Gold mining. The largest is the Akan, who include the Ashanti and Fanti peoples. Southern peoples are richer and more urban than those of the north. There are few tribal tensions. Family ties are strong. Women play a major role in market trading. Poverty levels have been significantly reduced. The west is covered by rainforest. Alpine climate in northern mountain areas. Fruit, vegetables, olives. Large black economy. Public debt and budget deficit remain high. The rural exodus to industrial cities has been stemmed but a third of the population now lives in Athens. Age-old culture and Greek Orthodox Church balance social mobility. Civil marriage and divorce became legal only in Its territory also includes the islands of Carriacou and Petite Martinique. Hurricanes are a hazard in the July— November wet season. Inter-ethnic marriage has reduced tensions between the groups. Extended families, often headed by women, are the norm. Wealth disparities are not marked, but levels of poverty are growing. Nutmeg, cocoa, bananas, and mace. Smuggling is a serious problem. Ronde I. Central highlands with volcanoes. Short coast on the Caribbean Sea. Tropical rainforests in the north. Damage from natural disasters. Marked wealth inequalities inhibit domestic market. More temperate in central highlands. Power, wealth, and land are controlled by ladinos Westernized Amerindians and mestizos. Catholicism is predominant, mixed with Amerindian beliefs. Literacy levels are low. The country was under military rule from to Semidesert in the north. Cash crops: bananas, coffee, pineapples, palm oil. Poor infrastructure. Conakry is especially rainy. Hot, dry harmattan wind blows from Sahara during dry season. Daily life revolves around the extended family. Women acquired influence under Marxist party rule between and , but the Muslim revival since then has reversed the trend. Private enterprise has created a business class. Since , its nascent democracy has been plagued by coups and rebellions. Rainforests and swamps are found along coastal areas. Hot, dry harmattan desert wind blows during dry season. Most people live and work on small family farms, grouped in self-contained villages. The bulk of the urban population live in Bissau, where they face economic hardship. Narcotics traffickers are taking advantage of the ongoing instability. Lack of sufficiency in rice staple. Main cash crop is cashew nuts. Major cocaine transit route from South America to Europe. Offshore oil as yet untapped. Fisheries and timber potential. Independent since , it has close ties with the anglophone Caribbean. Tension exists between the Afro-Guyanese, descended from slaves, and the Indo-Guyanese, descendants of laborers brought over after slavery was abolished. Politics is highly polarized around this split and has often spilled over into violence on the streets. Amerindian subsistence farmers are the poorest people in society and have little representation. Coast cooled by sea breezes. Lowlands are hot, wet, and humid. Highlands are a little cooler. Debt relief granted. Narcotics transit zone. Humid in coastal areas, much cooler in the mountains. A few have European roots, primarily French. The rigid class structure maintains vast disparities of wealth. The majority of the population live in extreme poverty; Haiti is one of the poorest countries in the Americas. A combination of political oppression and a collapsing economy led thousands to seek asylum in the US or the Dominican Republic. Though most are Christians, many Haitians practice Voodoo, which was recognized as an official religion in Profiteering from narcotics trade to US. Food shortages. Hurricane Mitch devastated the country in Tropical forests, swamps, and lagoons in the east. Interior is cooler and drier. Wealth inequalities are large and poverty is at the root of social tension. The army ousted the president in Violent crime is a major issue. Remittances account for a fifth of GDP. Debt relief from Mineral potential. High underemployment and corruption. It lost two-thirds of its historical territory for supporting Germany in World War I. The transition between seasons tends to be sudden. Mostly ethnic Hungarian Magyar , there are small minorities of Germans, Jews, and neighboring peoples. Roma face particular discrimination. The government is greatly concerned about the fate of ethnic Hungarians in Romania, Serbia, and Slovakia. Hungary joined the EU in Working hours are longer than in western Europe. Hard-hit in — 'global downturn. Tough spending cuts needed to keep on path to join euro. Fertile plains in east and northwest; west and north are hilly. The Danube River cuts through the country and the capital. Its spectacular landscape is largely uninhabited, aside from coastal towns. Central plateau of cold lava desert, geothermal springs, and glaciers. Around volcanoes, with numerous geysers and solfataras. Mild winters and brief, cool summers. There is high social mobility, free health care, and low-cost heating geothermal and hydropower. Aluminum smelting. Banks overexposed in — 'global downturn. As well as the Himalayas, there are two other main geographical regions, the Indo-Gangetic plain, which lies between the foothills of the Himalayas and the Vindhya Mountains, and the central-southern Deccan plateau. The Ghats are smaller mountain ranges located on the east and west coasts. Most of India has three seasons: hot, wet, and cool. Monsoon rains normally break in June, petering out in September to October. In the cool season, the weather is mainly dry. The climate in the warmer south is less variable than in the north. Nationwide awareness campaigns promote birth control but cultural and religious pressures encourage large families. Rural deprivation spurs urban migration, to live in sprawling slums. The majority of Indians are Hindu. Various attempts to reform the Hindu caste system, which determines social standing and even marriage, have met with violent opposition. Severe tensions exist between Hindus and the Muslim minority, especially in Kashmir and Gujarat. Smaller ethnic groups exist in the northeast, and many struggle for greater autonomy. Protectionism has given way to free-market economics. High-tech industries, outsourcing center. Cheap labor. Huge market, held back by poverty. Bahasa Indonesia, the national language, coexists with at least other spoken languages or dialects. Variations relate mainly to differences in latitude and altitude; hilly areas are cooler overall. Rain falls throughout the year, often in thunderstorms, but there is a relatively dry season from June to September. The land is covered with dense rainforest, especially on New Guinea, where it remains largely unexplored. There are more than volcanoes, many of which are still active. Earthquakes, eruptions, and tsunamis are hazards. The islands of Java, Bali, Lombok, Sumatra, and Borneo were once joined together by dry land, which has since been submerged by rising sea levels. Coastal lowland development distinguishes some of the large islands. Religious and interethnic hostility is a problem, with clashes between Christians and Muslims in many areas, and discrimination against ethnic Chinese leading to mob attacks on their businesses. Gender equality is enshrined in law; women are active in public life. Cheap and plentiful labor pool. Sizable state-owned sector, and state control of prices of basic goods. Large foreign debt rescheduled. Bureaucracy and corruption damage business confidence. Regional conflicts and terrorist attacks deter tourists and investors. Piracy is rife. The tsunami, which killed over , people, devastated northern Sumatra. West and north are mountainous. Coastal land bordering Caspian Sea is rainy and forested. Hot summers, and bitterly cold winters. Area around the Caspian Sea is more temperate. Female emancipation has been reversed. Student-backed demonstrations favoring greater liberalism have been suppressed. Government restricts contact with the West, blocking acquisition of vital technology. High unemployment and inflation. Sizable black market. The last 50 years have been dominated by dictatorship, war, and civil strife. The Tigris and Euphrates rivers water fertile regions and create the southern marshland. Mountains along northeast border. Given stability and aid for reconstruction, hopes of recovery rest on massive oil reserves. North has dry summers, but winters can be harsh in the mountains. Rainfall is low. Now that security is improving, Coalition forces are pulling out. After years of war and sanctions, poverty is widespread. Snow is rare, except in the mountains. Struggling to cut budget deficit. Efficient agriculture, foodprocessing, and electronics industries. Traditionally an emigrant nation, there is now net immigration. The Good Friday peace agreement over Northern Ireland was reached in The current phase of the Palestinian intifada armed struggle against Israeli occupation began in Wet season, March—November, is mild. After World War II, there was a massive increase in immigration. Sephardi Jews from the Middle East and Mediterranean are now in the majority, but Ashkenazi Jews from central Europe still dominate business and politics. Palestinians in Gaza and Jericho gained limited autonomy in but their desire, backed by most of the world, for a separate state has led to years of fierce violence. The south has two famous volcanoes, Vesuvius and Etna. Alluvial plain in the north. Strong tourism and agriculture sectors. Large public sector debt. Seasonal extremes in the mountains and on the northern alluvial plain. Strong regional identities persist, especially on Sicily and Sardinia. Family ties remain strong, though the influence of the Roman Catholic Church has lessened. It remains an influential force in Caribbean politics. Inaccessible limestone area in the northwest. Low, irregular coastal plains are broken by hills and plateaus. Hot and humid at sea level, with temperate mountain areas. Hurricanes are likely June—November. Economic and political life is dominated by a few we. Tugas yg sejarah dikumpul alfian yanda. Singer, Peter Lawrence Torcello. Mahmood Yenkimaleki. Game theory an introduction Arber Minxhozi. Dwi Siswahyudi, M.

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