Buying cocaine online in Costa Rica

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Buying cocaine online in Costa Rica

These datasets underpin the analysis presented in the agency's work. Most data may be viewed interactively on screen and downloaded in Excel format. All countries. Topics A-Z. The content in this section is aimed at anyone involved in planning, implementing or making decisions about health and social responses. Best practice. We have developed a systemic approach that brings together the human networks, processes and scientific tools necessary for collecting, analysing and reporting on the many aspects of the European drugs phenomenon. Explore our wide range of publications, videos and infographics on the drugs problem and how Europe is responding to it. All publications. More events. More news. We are your source of drug-related expertise in Europe. We prepare and share independent, scientifically validated knowledge, alerts and recommendations. About the EUDA. Much of our knowledge about cocaine trafficking routes results from law enforcement activity and intelligence. Information on types and quantities of drugs seized and information on the origin and destination of shipments give indications of the main routes and modes of transport. However, such information is affected by factors such as law enforcement strategies, resources and priorities, as well as temporary changes to routes and practices in response to interdiction efforts or new opportunities. Hence, caution is needed in interpreting these data. The 1 tonnes of cocaine seized worldwide in was the highest ever to be reported. As in previous years, the vast majority of the global total was seized in the Americas, followed by western and central Europe. Although small in comparison with the Americas and Europe, quantities seized in emerging cocaine markets in Africa and Asia also reached record highs in UNODC, a see Figure Global quantity of cocaine seized. The source data for this graphic is available in the source table on this page. Record levels of cocaine production have been matched by record quantities seized, especially from containers handled in the numerous ports along the transatlantic cocaine routes. Most of the cocaine seized in the EU is transported by sea, primarily in maritime shipping containers. Cocaine is shipped to the EU directly from the countries of production but also from neighbouring countries of departure in South and Central America as well as the Caribbean. Based on quantities of cocaine seized in European ports and in ports elsewhere destined for Europe see Box Detailed analysis of cocaine seized in or destined for EU , Brazil about 71 tonnes , Ecuador The latter is a relative newcomer in the top countries of origin for shipments destined for Europe, confirming that Central America now has a more significant role EMCDDA and Europol, This is likely to reflect a diversification of trafficking routes within the Americas. In total, 25 countries in the Americas reported seizures of cocaine with Europe as the intended destination in In addition to the countries previously listed, also mentioned are Paraguay There have traditionally been two main areas through which maritime and air shipments of cocaine transit en route to Europe: the Caribbean, and the West African mainland and neighbouring islands of Cape Verde, Madeira and the Canaries. While these are likely to remain significant transit areas, there are indications that North Africa continues to grow in importance and that transhipment through the Western Balkans, while remaining more limited in scope, may also have increased. From the Caribbean, cocaine is typically shipped on pleasure craft via the Azores, or by air, either on direct flights or via a variety of transit points. The quantities of cocaine seized in the West African mainland and neighbouring islands, together with those seized in Europe coming from the region appear to be small in comparison to the amounts seized at departure points in the Americas. Data reported at the international level indicate that cocaine seizures in West Africa totalled This includes a finding that more than 16 tonnes of cocaine was seized in the region that year, reversing the dearth of seizures recorded since Bird, Large seizures were also reported in This includes a shipment of 2. According to media reporting, Gambian drug authorities were searching for the owner of the consignment, a French national, in connection with the incident News24, ; Reuters, Although considerably less cocaine was seized in North Africa 1. However, developments in the last four or five years suggest that the region, particularly its coasts on the Atlantic and the Mediterranean, is a growing transit and storage hub for cocaine both arriving by sea directly from South America and coming via West Africa by land for onward transport to Europe or elsewhere, for instance the Middle East EMCDDA and Europol, ; GI TOC, The main cocaine hub of North Africa is probably Morocco. The country has traditionally seized the largest quantities of cocaine in the region, which continued in with seizures totalling 1. There are indications that the Moroccan total could be even higher. For instance, in October , more than 1. The drugs were concealed in a container on a ship that had departed from Brazil and was bound for Antwerp, Belgium, and Portbury, a middle-sized port in Bristol, United Kingdom Kundu, On a much smaller scale than Morocco, international cocaine trafficking activities in Algeria and Libya reported in the last edition of this report EMCDDA and Europol, ; Micaleff, appear to have continued in the recent period. In , Algeria reported seizing about kilograms UNODC, a , while there are indications that Libyan seizures amounted to over 44 kilograms. In December , there were two significant seizures from containers bound for Libya: one in Ecuador on a container bound for Libya and Syria kilograms , and another in Malta from a container originating in Ecuador kilograms Dixon, This area is a known hub for the transhipment of drugs at sea, particularly cannabis resin from Morocco, on ships bound for Europe or Libya, while significant quantities of cocaine have been seized in the port of Oran recently Ben Yahia and Farrah, For instance, non-routine data reported by the European Border and Coast Guard Agency Frontex on drug seizures at a number of border posts between the EU and the Western Balkans in and indicate that comparatively small amounts of cocaine enter the EU from that region. Meanwhile, Frontex data confirm the large quantities of cocaine seized in Spain, a traditional entry point for cocaine into the EU Frontex, Nevertheless, individual seizures in and could suggest that cocaine trafficking through ports in the Western Balkan region, particularly in Albania and Montenegro, may have increased. For example, kilograms was seized in the port of Durres, Albania in April Exit. Montenegrin authorities also suspect that more than 3 tonnes were smuggled through the port of Bar in the second half of Kajosevic, Furthermore, Kosovo seized a shipment of kilograms of cocaine in May after it had been smuggled through the Albanian port of Durres Halili, For the fourth consecutive year, record amounts of cocaine were seized in Europe in At Meanwhile, new records were also established elsewhere in , including Greece 1. This indicates that entry points of cocaine shipments are diversifying and that cocaine consumer markets are developing in eastern Europe including Turkey see Cocaine retail markets: multiple indicators suggest continued growth and diversification. Source: The source data for this graphic is available in the source table on this page. Data available for a few key countries indicate that even larger quantities of cocaine were seized in the EU in For instance, data on cocaine seizures in Belgium indicate that almost 92 tonnes of cocaine was seized in , almost all in the port of Antwerp. If seizures made elsewhere of shipments that were destined for Antwerp are taken into account, then close to tonnes of cocaine was seized in connection with Antwerp in Belgian Federal Police, personal communication. The preliminary data available from a few countries indicates that more than tonnes of cocaine were seized in the EU in , exceeding the previous record European total Cocaine traffickers flexibly use a wide range of innovative trafficking methods, which evolve over time in response to enforcement efforts and other factors. Although cocaine also enters the EU by air, the main route used to smuggle the drug into Europe is still the maritime route from South America to western Europe, especially taking advantage of the licit containerised trade. Maritime transport allows the smuggling of large quantities, and the nature of international commercial maritime traffic means that a vast number of routes can be and are used. In addition, smaller, private sailing boats or even semi-submersible vessels are capable of bringing in large quantities of cocaine in single shipments, entering Europe at many points see Box First two semi-submersible drug-smuggling vessels captured in Europe. Criminal networks involved in cocaine trafficking now also more frequently employ methods of transport such as mother ships, pleasure craft, fishing vessels, cruise ships and the drop-off method. Major European container ports have recorded many seizures of large cocaine shipments in recent years. In addition to targeting major ports, organised criminal networks are now increasingly shipping larger amounts of cocaine from South America to smaller ports in the EU or neighbouring countries, where security measures may be easier to circumvent. Corruption of maritime and aviation port employees and security officials throughout Europe is, in most cases, a key condition for the successful use of these facilities for cocaine importation by criminal networks. Most of the cocaine available in Europe continues to be smuggled into the largest container ports of the EU located in Belgium Antwerp , the Netherlands Rotterdam and Spain Valencia and Algeciras. The German authorities have attributed the recent increase in seizures in the port of Hamburg to the activities of Balkan and Albanian-speaking organised crime networks BKA, The use of these ports shows how criminal networks continue to exploit established commercial maritime routes between Latin America and Europe to smuggle cocaine into the EU. Taking advantage of the large volume of containerised trade in goods between the two regions, criminal networks are able to conceal large quantities of cocaine in individual shipments. As a result, the main European container ports have recorded increasing numbers of large-volume cocaine seizures in recent years. While these main container ports continue to be targeted, it is likely that law enforcement activities at these facilities have pushed some criminal networks to find alternative smuggling routes, resulting in a recent intensification of cocaine shipments to smaller ports in the EU or in neighbouring countries where security measures may be viewed as easier to evade. The available data suggest that cocaine trafficking towards the EU continued during the COVID pandemic without any apparent disruption. At least tonnes of cocaine destined for Europe was seized in Some tonnes was seized at departure ports located in Latin America, and approximately tonnes was seized at EU ports. As in previous years, the largest quantity of cocaine in the EU was seized in Belgian ports 69 tonnes , followed by Dutch 45 tonnes and Spanish ports 26 tonnes. In Latin America, the largest amount was seized at ports in Brazil 45 tonnes , Ecuador 24 tonnes and Colombia 18 tonnes see Figure Top 10 countries for quantity of cocaine destined for Europe seized at ports in A total of 60 tonnes of cocaine was seized in such secondary EU ports in see Figure Top 10 EU seizing ports for quantity of cocaine. For a description of different concealment methods, see Figure Maritime trafficking: diversification of modus operandi. The available data indicates that in Latin America, the largest quantities of cocaine destined for Europe were seized in Guayaquil, Ecuador 23 tonnes , and Santos, Brazil 21 tonnes. If all seizures departing from these ports are taken into consideration, totalling about 61 tonnes shipped from Guayaquil and 31 tonnes from Santos, it becomes clear that these two ports are used intensively by cocaine trafficking criminal networks. Analysis of concealment methods emphasises some key features that enable large quantities of cocaine to be smuggled to the EU. Criminal networks are creative and appear to be able to rapidly adapt to avoid detection, which explains why a range of modi operandi are implemented. The data indicate that the port of Antwerp is probably the main entry point for cocaine smuggled into the EU. Europol intelligence suggests that most of the cocaine entering Antwerp is destined initially for the Netherlands, where further distribution is arranged. Focusing exclusively on cocaine seized outside Europe and destined for Belgian ports in the period, a variety of modi operandi can be observed in the 10 main shipping ports see Figure Top 10 source ports for quantity of cocaine destined for Belgian ports. The reasons for this are unclear and require additional research and closer monitoring. That said, Ecuador, which shares land borders with both Colombia and Peru, two of the main cocaine-producing countries, seems to have transformed in the last decade or so from a transit country into a major trafficking hub. Furthermore, it is now also reportedly emerging as a cocaine-producing country Pichel, Such transformation is thought to have fuelled recent violence between local gangs rumoured to be used by important cocaine trafficking networks from Colombia and Mexico. A recent surge in assassinations, which nearly doubled between and , including violent prison gang riots in which hundreds of inmates died in , are reportedly linked with cocaine trafficking in the country, particularly in the port of Guayaquil. Only the top 5 ports with data available for all years are shown. Operations supported by Europol have exposed the role played by corruption in the functioning of drug markets in Europe, a factor that may have been underestimated in the past. Corruption is a crime enabler for all types of criminal activities and is a significant facilitator of drug trafficking activities. In this regard, corruption is used by traffickers to gain entry to ports, to access drugs hidden in containers, to set up or ensure control over businesses used as covers for smuggling activities, such as renting transport vehicles or storage premises, and also to facilitate money laundering, among others. Indeed, various modi operandi used to smuggle cocaine through EU ports require corruption, and recent investigations in some EU ports have provided valuable insights on the methods used by criminal networks to retrieve cocaine shipments from containers in the EU. Of course, the threat of corruption is not restricted to EU ports, since it is also used in most other ports targeted by criminal groups globally. Subsequently, criminal actors will need to introduce the drugs into the container and replace the seal that has been broken during this process with a counterfeited one. Usually, this operation takes place after customs have cleared the container. In the destination port, the criminal network will, again, need inside help and information as they usually require the targeted container to be placed in a specific location in order to facilitate access to it, for instance on the ground and with unimpeded access to the doors. Additionally, they must receive confirmation that the container has been placed in the desired location and, depending on the type of rip-off method used, extract the cocaine from the container and transport it outside the port area. Other modi operandi may also require corruption as a facilitator. Concealing cocaine within shipments of legitimate goods can also use corruption, for instance in order to be informed and take necessary action if the container has been selected for physical inspection, or to receive customs clearance without such inspection. According to a law enforcement official from Seaport Police, a unit of the Dutch Police, interviewed in the press in , acts of corruption involving staff from shipping companies were identified in the port of Rotterdam in the previous two and a half years Driessen and Meeus, An investigation that led to the seizure of An ex-governor, a harbour master, three police officers and a lawyer were among the 22 suspects arrested during this operation Eeckhaut, Workers in other large EU ports such as Le Havre, France, or Alicante, Spain, have been targeted by criminal networks and engaged to facilitate cocaine importation. Recruitment into corrupt activities is usually carried out by offering large sums of cash or other valuable assets and services, but can also be achieved using violence and intimidation Gil, Kidnappings and murders of port workers have been reported in various EU ports in recent years Auvray, ; Europol, e. Cocaine smuggling by air primarily involves the use of commercial passenger flights, cargo aircraft and general aviation private aircraft. Fairly large shipments of cocaine are smuggled directly from South America and the Caribbean to western Europe by private business aircraft, and use of this method is expected to increase in the future. Stricter border controls and more effective security checks may encourage criminal networks to use secondary international airports and small airfields see Box Private jets: the Achilles heel in the fight against cocaine trafficking by air. With some travel restrictions remaining in place and significantly reduced air passenger traffic, it is likely that the use of air couriers will remain limited compared to the pre-COVID period. In the pre-pandemic period, smaller quantities of cocaine were smuggled using commercial flights. Couriers flew from airports in South and Central America and the Caribbean to major European airports, either directly or after stopovers in countries such as Morocco, Nigeria and the United Arab Emirates. After arrival at the main EU distribution hubs, cocaine shipments are primarily trafficked by road in passenger vehicles and lorries to local markets. Intra-EU trafficking of cocaine also involves commercial flights, light aircraft and helicopters, railway, sea transport, and post and parcel services. Cocaine loads are often hidden in sophisticated concealed compartments in cars, trucks and other vehicles, sometimes with shipments of other drugs. These compartments are also used to transport cash back to the distribution hubs. In addition, Europol intelligence indicates that some European criminal networks orchestrate cocaine shipments directly from South America to Asia without the drugs ever entering the EU. In , cocaine was the most frequently seized substance from air couriers intercepted at European airports and the third most frequently detected drug at European mail centres, after cannabis and other psychotropic substances Council of Europe, The COVID pandemic accelerated an expansion in the use of post and parcel services to fulfil orders placed online. Postal and parcel services are exploited for the distribution of drugs such as cannabis, cocaine, synthetic drugs Council of Europe, , new psychoactive substances, counterfeit currency, stolen and fraudulent documents, and many other illicit commodities. The distribution of illicit goods using post and parcel services is set to increase further in line with the expected growth of online retail activity. Consult the list of references used in this resource. Homepage Quick links Quick links. GO Results hosted on duckduckgo. Main navigation Data Open related submenu Data. Latest data Prevalence of drug use Drug-induced deaths Infectious diseases Problem drug use Treatment demand Seizures of drugs Price, purity and potency. Drug use and prison Drug law offences Health and social responses Drug checking Hospital emergencies data Syringe residues data Wastewater analysis Data catalogue. Selected topics Alternatives to coercive sanctions Cannabis Cannabis policy Cocaine Darknet markets Drug checking Drug consumption facilities Drug markets Drug-related deaths Drug-related infectious diseases. Recently published Findings from a scoping literature…. Penalties at a glance. Frequently asked questions FAQ : drug…. 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Buying cocaine online in Costa Rica

In contrast to other Central American countries, the possession of drugs for immediate personal use is not a criminal offence in Costa Rica. In August the cultivation, manufacture, transport and trafficking of drugs have all been made a criminal offence under the same article, which provides for a prison sentence of between 8 and 15 years without making any distinction between the offences. The government of Costa Rica supports the launch of an open international debate on the issue, but has declared itself against decriminalisation. What are the current trends regarding drug laws in Costa Rica? In recent years the government of Costa Rica has joined other countries in the region in calling for an open international debate about the need to reform current strategies regarding drugs. Although there are still major challenges, mainly with regard to decriminalising drug use and securing the right to health for drug users, as well as protecting vulnerable groups held in prison for small-scale trafficking offences, the government of Costa Rica has achieved some progress over the last decade in seeking to harmonise domestic drug control laws with human rights legislation. Two other measures seen as positive are the approval in August of a partial reform of the Narcotics Law Law to include proportionality and gender specificity in specific crimes, and the debate going on in parliament about legalising marihuana for medicinal uses. There are two laws that regulate drug-related activities. The general health law prohibits the planting, cultivation, import, export and trafficking of drugs, but it is in Law where the crimes and penalties are defined. As its title indicates, this law not only regulates drug-related crimes but also includes provisions governing money laundering, the legitimisation of capital and the financing of acts of terrorism, as well as corruption among public servants due to these activities. The cultivation, manufacture, storage, transport, distribution and trafficking of drugs are criminal acts that are all listed together in Article 58 of this law. The punishment established for all these activities is a prison sentence of between 8 and 15 years. This is the penalty applicable to anyone who distributes, markets, supplies, manufactures, prepares, refines, processes, extracts, cultivates, produces, transports, stores or sells any of the drugs, substances or products listed in the law, or who grows the plants from which these substances or products are obtained, without being legally authorised to do so. The same punishment is imposed upon anyone who has these drugs, substances or products in their possession without proper authorisation for any of the purposes listed, and anyone who possesses or sells seeds that can be germinated or other natural products that are used to produce the listed drugs. See the National Drugs Plan here. Also during the Chinchilla government, debates held in the Legislative Assembly were critical of the treaty on joint patrols which Costa Rica has had for many years with the United States Coastguard, because it allows US warships to dock and US soldiers to disembark in Costa Rican ports, justified by the discourse of the fight against drug trafficking. The first is the fact that this law fails to differentiate between small, medium and large-scale drug traffickers and there is no proportionality in sentencing, since Article 58 lists every possible offence and considers them all serious crimes. Secondly, a bill to reform Article 77 of Law in order to include proportionality and gender specificity was approved in August With this reform, a judge is able to assess the circumstances of women who, for reasons of extreme poverty or due to coercion, bring drugs into prisons. The sentence will be more lenient for women living in poverty who are heads of household and the carers of children, older people or people with a disability, or for older women in a socially vulnerable position. Based on these criteria, judges may order that the sentence be served under an alternative arrangement such as house arrest or probation. The penalties will range from 3 to 8 years in prison rather than the prison sentences of between 8 and 20 years. This bill, which introduced proportionality for women, is now on the statute books as Law This reform represents good practice, not just because it includes the gender perspective but also because it does not establish a minimum sentence for these crimes. Legalisation of cannabis - In the last few years, several proposed laws whose purpose is to regulate cannabis use have been brought before Congress. Some of these proposals argue that the main objective is to make marihuana available for medicinal use and, at the same time, generate revenue that can be reinvested in the state and thus prevent the involvement of drug traffickers. Other proposals call for total openness to cannabis use, providing that treatment for problem use is guaranteed and encouraged, while other initiatives only go as far as legalising the domestic growing of plants. Cannabis growing is actively pursued by the police in Costa Rica. In December , Congress started to debate the legalisation of marihuana for medicinal purposes. Click here to read the bill which seeks to regulate medicinal and industrial cannabis, the proposed ' Law on the research, regulation and control of cannabis and hemp plants for medicinal, food and industrial uses ' brought before parliament by Congressman Marvin Atencio Delgado. Is it a crime in Costa Rica? The law does not set thresholds, but one court has passed sentence in appeals for annulment overturning convictions for people who were carrying up to grams of marihuana or cocaine, arguing that it was for personal use and because there was no evidence that they were committing any crime as defined in Article 58 of Law In practice, the police tend to stop and search anyone they find using drugs on the street, and the decision whether or not to seek prosecution is left to their own discretion. It is the prosecutors who take the final decision about whether there is enough evidence to bring a case to court. Breaking the law on drug control is considered a serious crime. This is why the sentences imposed are for a minimum of 8 years and are much harsher than the sentences for aggravated robbery 5 years minimum or sexual abuse of children 3 years minimum. The consequence of applying Article 58 of Law has been unlimited disproportionality, as the same sentencing criteria are used for someone who has been trafficking large quantities of drugs and someone who has been selling small quantities on the street or growing a few plants. This disproportionately harsh sentencing for drug offences is one of the main causes of prison overcrowding. In , 14, people were being held in prisons that officially have the capacity to hold 8, detainees. According to figures obtained by the Drug Control Police and the Legal Investigations Unit, 1, people were arrested for drug trafficking in , and about half of them were convicted and sentenced to prison. Those convicted for drug-related crimes account for about 15 percent of the total prison population. Women detainees account for only seven percent of the total prison population in the country, according to figures from the Ministry of Justice and Mercy Ministerio de Justicia y Gracia - MJG, Another key statistic MJG-ICD, is that at least 64 percent of these women are jailed for breaking the Law on Narcotics , with the sale, transport or concealment of drugs and possession for sale being some of the most common offences. This is equivalent to about 15 percent of the total number of women prisoners. The majority are young women aged who are single mothers. The reform introducing proportionality and gender specificity was approved in , and in August that year President Chinchilla awarded a pardon to seven women imprisoned for drug trafficking offences. More than women have benefited from the reform of the law, which is solving the problem of overcrowding in the Buen Pastor prison. As part of the process of reintegrating the women who have benefited from the programme, a network of public institutions has been set up. For more information on the prison situation in Costa Rica, see this article and this study on crime and drug use among women prisoner s. Although drug use has been totally decriminalised in Costa Rica under Article 58 of Law and Article 79 of the same law, which provides greater clarity about its decriminalisation, drug use is still considered an infringement of the psychotropic substances law and the police continue to confiscate drugs and refer cases for prosecution. The effects of this can be clearly observed in the graph below, which shows infractions of the psychotropic substances law. Graph: Statistics on the Criminal Prosecution of Adults, Judicial System Department of Planning. Are there drug courts in Costa Rica? Compulsory treatment only applies to children in Costa Rica. However, initiatives to introduce drug courts have recently been considered. The aim of the programme is to keep drug users out of prison and it is targeted specifically at people convicted of minor offences and drug users who are not involved in selling or trafficking. In the international arena the government of Costa Rica tends to be in favour of prevention and security initiatives, as well as supporting the debate on decriminalising drug use. Together with Honduras and Belize, Costa Rica has signed a declaration adding support for the petition brought by Mexico, Colombia and Guatemala which calls on the United Nations to launch a review of the current war on drugs strategy. To achieve this objective, my country is currently taking forward an inclusive consultation process in different multilateral forums, in order to ensure that all these stakeholders can participate. Various movements in favour of legalising marijuana have appeared in recent years in Costa Rica. They are making use of social networks and other online campaigning tools to promote their objectives. The CannaCosta Rica Conference , held in May, brought together a group of experts from the entire Central American region for the first time to talk about medicinal uses of cannabis and industrial hemp. Plan nacional de drogas September 26, By Giselle Amador and Ernesto Cortes. Newsletter Subscribe to our newsletter. This page was originally published in August , and last updated in June About about drug law reform in costa rica Publication type Primer. What are the current drug laws in Costa Rica? What reform proposals and reforms to the drug laws have been made recently in the country? What does the law say about drug use? What impact have the drug laws had on the prison situation in the country? Is there compulsory treatment for dependent drug users? What stance has Costa Rica taken in the current international debate on drug policy? What role has civil society played in the debate about drugs in Costa Rica? Relevant drug laws and policy documents in Costa Rica 1. See the National Drugs Plan here 3 What reform proposals and reforms to the drug laws have been made recently in the country? Several initiatives to modify Law were presented in , focusing on two different points. Publication: Newsletter banner Did you enjoy reading this content? Newsletter Subscribe to our newsletter Subscribe now. Hundreds of social struggles. Countless ideas turned into movement. Support us as we celebrate our 50th anniversary in Make a donation.

Buying cocaine online in Costa Rica