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Background: In Tajikistan, governmental policies leave the decision whether or not to sell syringes to people who inject drugs PWID to pharmacists' discretion. This exploratory study tests a theory-driven model explaining Tajikistani pharmacists' actual syringe sale practices to inform future HIV advocacy activities. Methods: Data were collected via attempts to purchase syringes without prescription and a subsequent survey among a sample of pharmacists in two cities Dushanbe and Kulob in Tajikistan in Structural equation modelling was used to assess the relationships between syringe sale practice and pharmacists' attitudinal and background factors. Results: The majority Conclusion: We demonstrated the accessibility of over-the-counter syringes in urban pharmacies of Tajikistan and emphasized the role of stigma in shaping pharmacists' syringe sale practices. Advocacy interventions should target pharmacists to reduce stigmatization of PWID and ensure access to clean syringes. Abstract Background: In Tajikistan, governmental policies leave the decision whether or not to sell syringes to people who inject drugs PWID to pharmacists' discretion. Publication types Research Support, N.

Activities in Tajikistan

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T aliban makes 10 million Afghanis daily via drug trafficking in northern Afghanistan. For years, the Taliban continue to smuggle and traffick narcotics — such as heroin — along the Kukche River in the Darqid and Khawaja Bahawuddin districts of Takhar province. This highly lucrative black market venture relies on two important branches. Armed smugglers transport heroin to the Dasht-e Qala district of Takhar, however, the Taliban facilitate the transnational nature of these particular shipments as they cross the border into Tajikistan. Heroin is not the only illicit product peddled by the Taliban. Many Afghans have died in recent years due to the use of such synthetic drugs and their intoxicating effects. Once narcotics such as these tablets are imported to Takhar, they are easily distributed across Afghanistan. The Taliban control trafficking routes and cooperate with narco-traffickers based on mutually beneficial terms. The importation of alcoholic beverages such as wine and illegal drugs such as tablet K typically occurs in the north-eastern provinces of Afghanistan because they offer fewer impediments. Only a body of water — the large Kukche River — separates the borders between Afghanistan and Tajikistan. Afghanistan is the top cultivator of opium globally and a major player in the heroin trade. Traffickers use violence and armed groups to ensure preferred corridors remain under their control. This often conflicts with the involvement of national security forces positioned to counter this broad human security threat. Furthermore, like their foreign counterparts engaged in the narco-trade, the Taliban and Tajik drug lords rely on state instability and unstable socioeconomic factors to lure individuals — such as border guards, insecure infrastructure, government officials and those in poverty — to ensure the safe passage of their contraband goods. Transnational black market schemes typically ensure the largest profits. How do officials conspire with the Taliban to garner profits? Drug smugglers and some former government officials work together with the Taliban to smuggle Afghan heroin to the vast market of Central Asia through Tajikistan. Kunduz is a key province in northern Afghanistan that connects Kabul with Takhar and Badakhshan province. As it is a strategic point, the Taliban usurped control over the region from the Afghan government three times in the past 18 years. The Taliban taxes farmers in these areas under their influence to acquire funding for military operations to ensure their presence remains. When I was with them, we collected revenue from textiles, taxed farmers, and charged small fees for some businessmen selling their products or goods in an open market. Further insight into the northern Afghan-Tajik drug trade was offered by those interviewed. We had a deal with the heroin traffickers. They gave us the goods, we transported them and made revenue to keep our resistance going. The export of heroin to Tajikistan and the import of alcohol and tablet K into Afghanistan generated the most revenue for us and the Taliban are still doing it. Taliban receives the product from Afghan drug traffickers and then coordinate with Tajik smugglers who are on the other side of the river. After they get our heroin, they ship the stuff through small boats, or in most cases, via a localized water technique called Kema that has the ability to transfer drugs. Karghan Tapeh, which is the capital of Khatlan province of Tajikistan, is the destination of these particular contraband materials. It acts as a transit point where alcohol and tablet K are loaded and transferred to the Taliban. A strong Taliban presence correlates to increased trafficking in the area. Local authorities in Takhar also confirm that the majority of regional heroin smuggling occurs along this route with help from the Taliban. Afghan officials arrest numerous smugglers attempting to transport drugs via trucks or import heroin and wine in the districts each year. After years of presence and major funding, the Taliban now have a bazaar market known as Omari Town in the districts of Darqid and Khawaja Bahawuddin. This market is unlike many others in Afghanistan because people can easily buy and sell arms, ammunition, drugs, and wine. They control more than a thousand shopkeepers. Afghan security forces have destroyed most of the shops in operation, but the market continues once they are gone. They would maximize their finances and control over surrounding districts under this scenario. For instance, the boundary with Pakistan is typically used to facilitate the transfer of guns, donations and foreign fighters. The likelihood of the peace process is significantly reduced if the Taliban continues to fund its operations through illicit resources and narcotics while negotiating with the American and Afghan governments. It is vital to cut their finances especially assistance from wealthy foreign donors and block their drug trafficking routes. As long as drug trafficking remains profitable, the Taliban will continue to buy weapons, ammunition and pay fighters, which leads to a continuous cycle of war. Bankrolling the Taliban means they will not enter peace process negotiations in good faith. Making peace at the macro-level is good, but it is imperative to pay closer attention to the sources of Taliban financing. This is important to stop the insurgency from gaining strength and subsequently challenging local governments. It is apparent that these Taliban fighters engaged in the drug trade are self-serving bandits uninterested licit employment. Simply put, they do not care about the Islamic faith and manipulate the concept of jihad to suit their narrow personal interests. Their greater mission is accomplished as long as they make money and live in luxury. A copy of this report was provided to the Afghan National Security Council and the local government in Takhar province. For full reports and inquiries, please contact Rise to Peace. The world has been evolving each day, and by that, society is quickly adapting and…. As the 21st commemoration of the September 11th terrorist attacks approaches, the solemn anniversary brings…. Homepage Rise to Peace blog. A special field report by Rise to Peace. Is the Afghan experience unique versus other drug hotspots? As it is a strategic point, the Taliban usurped control over the region from the Afghan government three times in the past 18 years The Taliban taxes farmers in these areas under their influence to acquire funding for military operations to ensure their presence remains. How does the Taliban smuggle heroin to Tajikistan? Ahmad Mohibi. Ahmad Mohibi is the Founder of Rise to Peace. View Comments. Leave a Comment. Published by Ahmad Mohibi. Related Post. Digital Extremism. Recent Posts. Rise to Peace blog Digital Extremism The world has been evolving each day, and by that, society is quickly adapting and… 2 years ago. If… 2 years ago.

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