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Psychedelic research has been associated with the Czech Republic since the early 19th century and, after a long period of involuntary dormancy, it has recently gained new opportunities to follow up on its roots and evolve. This article briefly describes the history of psychedelic research in the Czech Republic, summarizes the role of the UN Drug Conventions, and discusses the Czech and international legislation pertaining to psychedelics. Despite the assertions of the UN and occasional media disinformation about the dangers of psychedelics, recent investigations have shown that classical psychedelics are not addictive, show great promise in a broad spectrum of medical uses, and have been repeatedly proven to be safe in a clinical setting. Finally, the authors suggest a procedure for the preparation and implementation of controlled psychedelic therapy in the Czech medical and legal system. In a broader context, the hallucinogen class could also include a selective kappa-opioid agonist salvinorin A found in Salvia divinorum , dissociative anesthetics ketamine , cholinergic delirogens tropane alkaloids and their plant sources such as datura or deadly nightshade , and sometimes also cannabis marijuana and hashish. This article only discusses serotonergic hallucinogens, which will be referred to as psychedelics. Naturally occurring psychedelics have been associated with various human societies since time immemorial. The ritual use of psychedelics has been preserved to the present times mostly in native South American tribes, typically in various naturally occurring forms DMT in the hallucinogenic brew ayahuasca, psilocybin in magic mushrooms, mescaline in cacti, 5-MeO-DMT in the venom of hallucinogenic toads. During that time, the Czech Republic was one of the focal points of psychedelic research. With his wife Christina, he developed the Holotropic Breathwork method and wrote several books about spiritual emergency. Psychedelic therapy in the Czech Republic started in and ended in , making the country one of the very last to introduce the spreading ban on psychedelics, which effectively halted the research for many years. In these institutions, hundreds of research subject underwent psycholytic and psychedelic therapy and Dr. In the scientific community, however, the discussion of the potential uses of psychedelics in the treatment of a broad spectrum of psychiatric disorder has been gaining more and more attention — from depression, post-traumatic stress disorder and obsessive—compulsive disorder OCD to addictions. The Czech Republic remains in the forefront of psychedelic science even today — the Czech National Institute of Mental Health is currently conducting a clinical trial on psilocybin as a model of psychosis. Moreover, a new multicenter research sponsored by Compass Pathways will study the use of psilocybin in a new sample of patients with treatment-resistant depression. This review focuses on the legal, social, and medical status of psychedelics in research and therapy in the Czech context, aiming to illustrate the dysfunctional nature of the contemporary system of substance control and to reevaluate the current legislative position of psychedelics in light of the most recent scientific findings. Its goals include opening the discussion on the possibility of facilitating new psychedelic research and helping it reach the depths it needs to present the therapeutic and self-developmental potential of these substances to the professional public. The Parties, Being concerned with the health and welfare of mankind, Noting with concern the public health and social problems resulting from the abuse of certain psychotropic substances, Determined to prevent and combat abuse of such substances and the illicit traffic to which it gives rise, Considering that rigorous measures are necessary to restrict the use of such substances to legitimate purposes, Recognizing that the use of psychotropic substances for medical and scientific purposes is indispensable and that their availability for such purposes should not be unduly restricted, … Preamble to the Convention on Psychotropic Substances, The Code of Ethics of the Czech Medical Chamber instructs physicians that they should freely choose and perform preventative, diagnostic, and therapeutic procedures that comply with the present state of medical science and that they consider appropriate for the patient, in accordance with their professional qualification and competence provisions of Section 2 of the professional directive of the Czech Medical Chamber — The Code of Ethics of the Czech Medical Chamber. The Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms, one of the cornerstones of the Czech legal system, guarantees the freedom of scholarly research Article 15 of the Constitutional Act No. The authors of this paper are of the opinion that it is necessary to update the current legal framework, which reflects a stigmatized approach toward psychedelics, because recent studies have shown that psychedelics have a positive effect on patients with certain psychiatric disorders, particularly in cases where other treatment modalities fail. The current legal framework hampers the introduction of psychedelics into medicine in various direct and indirect ways. These conventions also govern all member states of the European Union and the list of substances includes four basic groups divided according to their safety and therapeutic utility. Classical psychedelics are listed in Schedule 1, which is, according to the UN Commission on Narcotics, defined as a group of substances that pose a great risk to society and have no therapeutic potential. International UN conventions on narcotic and psychotropic substances and their relation to the drug laws in the Czech Republic and elsewhere. Green color boxes represent conventions, laws, and regulations that are directly related to psychedelics, and yellow box the laws that are directly related to psychedelics, stem from the UN conventions on narcotic and psychotropic substances, but do not affect Czech drug legislation. The yellow list, accompanying the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, contains the current list of controlled narcotic substances, and the green list, which is based on the Convention on Psychotropic Substances, contains the up-to-date list of controlled psychotropic substances. Citation: Journal of Psychedelic Studies 3, 1; However, this benevolence has its limits, as determined by the Ministry of Health, which issues the authorization for the production, import, export, and handling of narcotic and psychotropic substances, and by the State Institute for Drug Control, which is authorized to issue certificates confirming compliance with good manufacture practice GMP standards \[GMP is a quality management system in pharmaceutical manufacturing. It works to protect the consumer market from medicinal products, which are of unsatisfactory quality or are not suitable for the intended application. Legislative framework: Act no. Conventions, laws and regulations that contain lists of narcotic and psychotropic substances. Green color boxes represent regulations that are directly related to psychedelics, yellow boxes the laws and their segments that are directly related to psychedelics but do not affect Czech drug legislation. The Government Regulation no. The US Controlled Substances Act is also based on international conventions and it contains substance lists and applicable laws that govern the handling of controlled substances. It also provides the rationale for substance scheduling. However, this system is not applicable or enforceable in the Czech Republic. Due to numerous legislative and administrative setbacks that impede the research of psychedelics and the tendency to demonize these substances in Europe and elsewhere in the world, the scientific community often lacks the pharmaceutical dosage forms necessary for research and therapy. Apart from the psychotropic substances handling permit conditions for applicants are listed in Sections 4, 8, and 9 of Act no. Moreover, the manufacturer is also required to have a certificate on GMPs for narcotic and psychotropic drugs issued by the Czech Institute for Drug Control. At this point, there is no such manufacturer for classical psychedelics in the Czech Republic negotiations with potential manufacturers located in the Czech Republic are currently underway. At present, the only way to obtain a psychedelic substance for a research project is to import it from another country that manufactures. Each individual import of Group 4 substances also requires an authorization by the Ministry of Health based on the provisions of Section 22 of the Act on Addictive Substances. Import of course substantially increases the price of the preparation and research costs in general. The Convention on Psychotropic Substances only proposes conditions under which other substances should be included in the list or reviewed by the World Health Organization WHO. These conditions are as follows:. The provisions of this act or the Government Regulation on the Lists of Addictive Substances do not specify the criteria for substance scheduling either. Consequently, in order to open discussion on the relevancy of the present classification of narcotic and psychotropic substances, we need to work with other documents that provide some commentary and elucidate the grounds for such classification. Schedule 1 includes substances with high public health risk and questionable or no therapeutic utility, while the public health risk becomes progressively lower and therapeutic utility progressively higher in Schedules 2, 3, and 4. According to its provisions, substances are classified as Schedule 1 under the following criteria:. Addiction potential, extent of therapeutic use, and safety of psychedelic substances have all been the subject of a heated discussion among professionals as well as the general public. The following passage will provide a summary of the current state of knowledge on these three aspects with a specific focus on psilocybin, one of the active substances of the psychoactive Psilocybe mushrooms. The interpretation of various terms appearing in the wording of Czech, international, and US legislation may be more intricate than it seems. Another example of substance abuse is the use of prescribed controlled substances in excess of the recommended doses. Since practically all substances, including sugar, water, and oxygen, can be considered hazardous or harmful under certain circumstances, this definition should not be central to the assessment of the safety of a substance, especially if we consider the frequency of hazardous and harmful usage patterns of legal substances or substances classified in other categories alcohol, nicotine, benzodiazepines, and inhalants. The criteria for substance classification according to the Convention on Psychotropic Substances only include the capacity to produce dependence, public health issues, and social issues. Therefore, it can be considered as a cluster of symptoms, which includes physical as well as psychological symptoms and is common to legal and illegal substances, regardless of classification. Dependence is not a disease caused merely by the effect of an exogenous substance on the organism unlike acute intoxication , but a multifactorial disorder determined by biological, psychological, social, and spiritual factors. Since the principal function of this system is to preserve the individual and the species, natural stimuli that activate the reward system include mainly food, water, and sex. Activation of the reward system is caused by an increase in the extracellular concentration of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens. In this way, the individual learns that the given stimulus provides reward in connection with a positive affective response and starts to be required in order to produce this response. Substances that have a direct effect on the mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway are thus considered to have a high addiction potential, e. Social factors affecting the development of addiction include family-related factors, social environment including the influence of society as a whole at the level of drug policy of the given country, and the acceptability of substance use in that country or culture. Finally, the spiritual aspect comprises the impact of faith and spiritual values on substance use or on the search for a spiritual framework. The factors that affect the development and continuation of addiction can be divided into risk factors and protective factors. An interesting breakthrough in the study of addiction potential in animal studies was a controversial article by Alexander, Beyerstein, Hadaway, and Coambs , which focused on the impact of society and the fulfillment of social needs on the development and perpetuation of morphine addiction in rats. Until that time, during most studies, rats were placed in cages alone, with the possibility of choosing between drinking plain water or water containing morphine. This experiment revealed that the addiction potential of the chemical is not sufficient to produce addiction. Rats locked up in isolation without social contact preferred morphine-laced water to plain water, whereas rats living in the company of others preferred plain water with occasional use of doses of morphine low enough so as not to disrupt their social role. This experiment supports the hypothesis that social isolation has a significant impact on the development and perpetuation of addiction. The biological mechanism of action of classical psychedelics is agonism at serotonin 2A receptors 5-HT2A. Even though some psychedelics also have affinity for dopaminergic receptors e. It could be stated that psychedelics act on the serotonergic system, similar to modern antidepressants, but their mechanism of action is probably very different at the receptor level. The stimulation of synaptogenesis allows for greater flexibility, promotes learning, and can therefore be a significant supporting factor during addiction recovery. In contrast with the necessity of long-term use in the case of antidepressants, psychedelics appear to be able to elicit their proneuroplastic effect after a single dose Carhart-Harris et al. Antidepressants decrease limbic response and inhibit emotional activity, effectively limiting negative but also positive emotional processing. Classical psychedelics, on the other hand, work as emotional catalysts, facilitating the initiation of processes that often in combination with psychotherapy may lead to a catharsis of suppressed feelings and emotions. Classical psychedelics have been proven to have a beneficial effect in the therapy of addiction to alcohol Bogenschutz et al. Qualitative studies and population studies demonstrate that the use of psychedelics in a predominantly recreational context is associated with a decreased incidence of mental health problems Bouso et al. Long-term use of psychedelics does not cause craving or physical withdrawal. Due to a rapid onset of tolerance or tachyphylaxis , caused by 5-HT2A receptor downregulation Roth et al. Other symptoms of addiction according to ICD such as progressive neglect of alternative interests and pleasures are not present with psychedelics — actually, we typically encounter quite the opposite — for example, Watts describes restarting previous hobbies in several cases of treatment resistant depressive patients treated with psilocybin Watts et al. The last criterion is persistent substance use despite harmful consequences. Nichols points out that the classical psychedelics produce psychedelic effects and altered states of consciousness in doses that are very far from being toxic to human organs. Furthermore, their effect on the autonomic nervous system is very mild only minor sympathomimetic effect. The harms of psychedelics will be discussed in more detail in Chapter 3C. With classical psychedelics, it is practically impossible to diagnose dependence syndrome, as they are not associated with the vast majority of these symptoms with the exception of rapid tolerance; however, the tolerance observed in substances with high addiction potential is of a different nature, building up gradually with repeated use. If we encounter dependence syndrome in users of classical psychedelics in clinical practice, it typically co-occurs with the consumption of other narcotic or psychotropic substances. In , zero mushroom users and only three LSD users were reported to ask for help in any facility for addiction treatment with none of them being first-time clients, that is, all of them previously asked for help in connection with drug addiction — out of the total of 7, applicants for addiction treatment in that year. This further supports the claim that addiction-related issues are something we normally do not encounter among psychedelic users. In the s, a number of clinical studies were conducted using LSD or synthetic psilocybin. Both compounds were manufactured and distributed by the Swiss pharmaceutical company Sandoz under the names Delysid and Indocybin, respectively. Psychedelics were considered to be essential tools for understanding the etiopathogenesis of certain mental health disorders and were assumed to have a therapeutic potential. The use of psychedelics in medicine was practically impossible for several decades due to strict regulations. The beneficial effects of psychedelics as anxiolytics and antidepressants in patients with terminal-stage cancer without clinically significant adverse effects have been proven in several studies Griffiths et al. Psychedelic therapy also appears to be beneficial in the treatment of alcoholism Bogenschutz et al. In a recent study conducted by Carhart-Harris et al. Studies conducted with healthy volunteers in controlled environment have demonstrated long-term positive changes in personal life associated with the psychedelic experience. Most of the subjects reported that it was among the most significant experiences of their lives. None of the cited studies have reported any serious adverse effects associated with the use of psychedelics, further supporting the safety of their clinical use. The results available to date clearly indicate that certain patients could benefit from psychedelics as a fast-acting treatment option with long-term effect and minimal adverse effects Santos et al. Unlike other drugs of abuse, psilocybin and LSD have a wide therapeutic window, that is, a broad range between the effective dose and the lethal dose, and they have a very low addiction potential Fish, High doses of these compounds can cause unpleasant physical reactions associated with their mild sympathomimetic effect: dizziness, tremor, nausea, drowsiness, changes in perception such as tingling, stinging, itching or burning sensation in the skin, blurred vision, pupil dilation, increased deep tendon reflexes, and mild elevation of heart rate and systolic and diastolic blood pressure. These physical symptoms vary among individuals, are relatively insignificant even in doses that elicit profound psychological effect Johnson et al. In a research conducted by the Independent Council on Drug Harms, a panel of scientists were asked to assess the harms caused by drugs to the individual as well as his or her environment based on 16 criteria. A statistical analysis of the evaluation of harms caused by legal and illegal narcotic and psychotropic substances by Scottish clinicians indicates that there is a notable imbalance in the present international system for drug classification. The results were incongruous with the present scheduling and with substance legality: e. According to the experts, legal drugs not listed among the narcotic and psychotropic substances such as alcohol, nicotine, and organic solvents are considerably more harmful than certain Schedule 1 substances such as LSD or psilocybin. Certain substances classified as Schedule 3 i. They described the experience as involving strong dysphoria, anxiety, and panic. In all cases, such acute reactions were successfully managed by interpersonal support without the need for pharmacological intervention. In the long-term, the volunteers did not show any other problems such as drug abuse, persisting changes in perception, psychosis, or problems in everyday life. On the contrary, most of them rated the experience as pleasant, enriching, and generally not endangering. Recent studies have shown that psychedelics are relatively safe even when used without medical supervision, although it is clear that recreational use without the safety of a controlled environment may certainly be more challenging. According to a study on , respondents carried out in the USA by Hendricks et al. The acute effects of psychedelics bear striking resemblance to psychosis. With that said, even though classical psychedelic use does not appear to increase the incidence of mental health disorders, it is not impossible that it may have an effect on the development of schizophrenia. This is why positive personal or family history of psychosis or psychotic symptoms secondary to a primary diagnosis e. Even though there is no conclusive proof to date, psychedelics are considered a potential non-specific trigger of this serious disorder, similar to other psychotropics the risk is considerably higher in cannabis and amphetamines or highly stressful life events. Halpern et al. It involves sacramental use of peyote as a means of communication with the Great Spirit, a supernatural entity resembling the Christian God. It is native to North America, mainly distributed in Mexico. Regular peyote users even exhibited signs of better mental health. In another study with 22 regular ayahuasca consumers at least 50 uses in the past 2 years , Bouso et al. The question remains: How is it possible that psychedelics — substances that have been used by humans for millennia, be it as medicines or tools for spiritual enlightenment — are not available in the Western society? It would therefore be advisable to take the steps necessary in order to reclassify these substances into another schedule with medicinal use. This process should start at the level of scientific research, but it also needs to incorporate the education of the general public, while both levels should use correct and consistent terminology and adhere to a common procedure in order to facilitate such changes in the future as effectively as possible. If we choose a particular psychedelic substance as a prospective medicinal product, we can align research interests with the application for marketing authorization of a new medicinal product. One option is to conduct a clinical trial of a non-authorized medicinal product pursuant to Section 51—59 of Act no. Clinical trials of non-authorized medicinal products, preclinical trials, and pharmaceutical safety trials Section 26 of Act no. In order to perform these trials, a certified supplier of the investigational product is needed as well; moreover, for Schedule 4 substances, both the research team and the supplier need a handling permit. Upon successful completion of the clinical trial, it is possible to file an application for marketing authorization of the medicinal product in a specific pharmaceutical formulation pursuant to Act no. Successfully completed authorizations can also be processed by way of the mutual recognition procedure from other member countries of the EU in accordance with Section 44 of the Act on Pharmaceuticals. This would require reclassification of the given substance into a schedule of substances available by prescription, as currently no Schedule 4 drug can be made available by prescription or sold over the counter in pharmacies. Relevant indications — such as treatment-resistant depression in this particular case it is, moreover, necessary to further specify the diagnostic criteria for this condition , OCD, anxiety associated with terminal illness, addiction, and others — should be specified in the application for marketing authorization as well. Another necessary step is to create a list of medical professions authorized to handle such medicinal products. The authors are of the opinion that the requirements should include expertise in clinical psychiatry as well as in psychotherapy due to the specifics of psychedelic treatment. These areas of expertise could be provided by multiple persons within one team. The presence of a clinical psychiatrist appears to be beneficial mainly due to the necessity of evaluating potential risks during the screening phase, but also in order to allow for pharmacological intervention in the event of serious adverse effects e. Psychedelics should be available by restricted prescription only and prescription should be limited to certified psychiatrists. The presence of an experienced psychotherapist is essential and the requirements should include a completed certified psychotherapy training of a non-directive, dynamic modality, and a specialized follow-up certification in psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy, accredited by the Ministry of Health. There is no such certification in the Czech Republic to date, but any future efforts could draw inspiration from the program of Psychedelic-assisted Therapy and Research at the California Institute of Integral Studies, which has been started in and is currently the only one of its kind in the world. Another important issue is to secure the supply of these substances, logistically as well as economically, that is, to find or establish a laboratory with the capacity to produce psilocybin for human use in accordance with applicable law, to arrange for appropriate distribution and availability in pharmacies, decide on an adequate price for the medicinal product, and possibly negotiate potential coverage with health insurance companies. At this point, more preclinical and pharmaceutical trials of psilocybin are still needed. In the context of the Czech drug legislation, there is one more option apart from the rescheduling of psilocybin: to create a subunit of medicinal psilocybin , similar to the current legal status of medicinal cannabis. In this case, marijuana remained in List no. The example of cannabis and its reclassification or, in some countries, even complete legalization for recreational purposes shows that the fact that a substance is classified as Schedule 1 — equivalent to the Czech List no. Fear of violating international conventions is unfounded and results from social pressure, political disinformation, and lack of knowledge about the applicable Czech as well as international law. Unfortunately, the newly established Workgroup for the Medicinal Use of Psychoactive Substances and Plants, part of the Government Council for Drug Policy Coordination, has not yet started to engage itself with the issue of rescheduling psilocybin and other classical psychedelics. Classical psychedelics have a broad spectrum of potential therapeutic utility, their use does not lead to the development of addiction, and their administration under medical supervision is safe. All of these evidence-based claims are incongruous with the UN classification system. Moreover, there is no evidence linking psychedelics with an increased risk of health-related or social problems. In fact, the opposite seems to be the case: psychedelics are associated with lower incidence of mental health disorders and are known to have been used by indigenous cultures as traditional medicine for centuries. The main obstacle in the way of the necessary rescheduling of certain psychedelic substances is the general ignorance or indifference of the policymakers, researchers, and society in general — in relation to both the legal framework as well as evidence-based facts about psychedelics. An analysis of legal documents relevant to the Czech context reveals that rescheduling of certain psychedelic substances, currently included in List no. The marketing authorization for psychedelics as medicinal products and their rescheduling is, however, contingent on the cooperation of many institutions Ministry of Health, State Institute for Drug Control, Government Council for Drug Policy Coordination, researchers and physicians, psychotherapists, pharmaceutical manufacturers, and others. The scientific as well as administrative staff involved in psychedelic research is required to respect the evidence-based approach, which is one of the main principles of the drug policy of the Czech Republic. In other words, it is based on scientifically verified facts and data, not on assumptions and speculation. The authors received no financial support for writing this article. The credit for assistance with its preparation belong to MUDr. The original Czech version of the article was edited and translated into English by Bc. The correctness of the legal provisions was checked by Mgr. Michal Kyjonka. The authors report no conflict of interest. They alone are responsible for the content and writing of this article. Alexander , B. Effect of early and later colony housing on oral ingestion of morphine in rats. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 15 4 , — Austin , J. Focus newsletter. The impact of the war on drugs. Baumeister , D. Classical hallucinogens as antidepressants? A review of pharmacodynamics and putative clinical roles. Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology, 4 4 , — Blewett , D. Handbook for the therapeutic use of lysergic acid diethylamide 25 individual and group procedures. Blocker , J. Did prohibition really work: Alcohol prohibition as a public health innovation. American Journal of Public Health, 96 2 , — Bogenschutz , M. Psilocybin-assisted treatment for alcohol dependence: A proof-of-concept study. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 29 3 , — Bouso , J. 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Quantifying the RR of harm to self and others from substance misuse: Results from a survey of clinical experts across Scotland. BMJ Open, 2 4. Thomas , G. Ayahuasca-assisted therapy for addictions: Results from a preliminary observational study in Canada. Current Drug Abuse Reviews, 6 1 , 30 — Univerzita Karlova, Praha, 3. The antidepressant effect of psychedelics and the role of neuroplasticity. Breaking Convention, London. Psilocybin — Summary of knowledge and new perspectives. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 24 3 , — Psilocybin administration in clinical trial: Acute effects, long-term effects and perception of music. European rating of drug harms. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 29 6 , — Psychiatrie, 20 2 , — Vollenweider , F. The neurobiology of psychedelic drugs: Implications for the treatment of mood disorders. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 11 9 , — Neuropsychopharmacology, 20 5 , — Watts , R. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 57 5 , — Winkler , P. Self-experimentations with psychedelics among mental health professionals: LSD in the former Czechoslovakia. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 46 1 , 11 — Attila Szabo - University of Oslo. E-mail address: attilasci gmail. Attila Szabo University of Oslo. Sign in Sign up. Advanced Search Help. Journal of Psychedelic Studies. Psychedelic therapy in the Czech Republic: A theoretical concept or a realistic goal? Open access. Download PDF. Check for updates. Abstract Psychedelic research has been associated with the Czech Republic since the early 19th century and, after a long period of involuntary dormancy, it has recently gained new opportunities to follow up on its roots and evolve. Figure 1. The yellow list, accompanying the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, contains the current list of controlled narcotic substances, and the green list, which is based on the Convention on Psychotropic Substances, contains the up-to-date list of controlled psychotropic substances Citation: Journal of Psychedelic Studies 3, 1; Figure 2. However, this system is not applicable or enforceable in the Czech Republic Citation: Journal of Psychedelic Studies 3, 1; These conditions are as follows: — capacity to produce dependence; — capacity to produce central nervous system stimulation or depression, resulting in hallucinations or disturbances in motor function or thinking or behavior or perception or mood; — capacity to produce similar abuse and similar ill effects as a substance in Schedules I, II, III, or IV; and — sufficient evidence that the substance is being or is likely to be abused so as to constitute a public health and social problem. Psychedelics and addiction The interpretation of various terms appearing in the wording of Czech, international, and US legislation may be more intricate than it seems. Use of psychedelics in contemporary medicine In the s, a number of clinical studies were conducted using LSD or synthetic psilocybin. Proposed Solution for the Current Situation in the Czech Republic and the World The question remains: How is it possible that psychedelics — substances that have been used by humans for millennia, be it as medicines or tools for spiritual enlightenment — are not available in the Western society? Conclusions Classical psychedelics have a broad spectrum of potential therapeutic utility, their use does not lead to the development of addiction, and their administration under medical supervision is safe. Conflict of interest The authors report no conflict of interest. Psychopharmacology of psilocybin in cancer patients ClinicalTrials. Crossref Smart , R. Export References. Your current browser may not support copying via this button. Online ISSN: Attila Szabo University of Oslo E-mail address: attilasci gmail. Long-lasting analgesic effect of the psychedelic drug changa : A case report. Ketamine-assisted psychotherapy for trauma-exposed patients in an outpatient setting: A clinical chart review study. Authors: Alan K. Pratheek Mangini. Yitong Xin. Authors: Zoe W. Joel Lopez. Sara de la Salle. Sonya Faber. Monnica T. A potential role for psilocybin in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Author: Edward Jacobs. Author: Sam Gandy. Authors: Elizabeth M. Jeffrey Guss. The oldest archeological data evidencing the relationship of Homo sapiens with psychoactive plants: A worldwide overview. Author: Giorgio Samorini. Authors: Andrew Yockey. Keith King. An ontology of psychedelic entity experiences in evolutionary psychology and neurophenomenology. Author: Michael James Winkelman. Subjective effectiveness of ibogaine treatment for problematic opioid consumption: Short- and long-term outcomes and current psychological functioning. Joseph P. Austin-Marley Windham-Herman. Marta Lynch. Martin Polanco. Our Blog Akademiai. Sign in to annotate. Delete Cancel Save. Cancel Save. View Expanded. View Table. View Full Size.

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