Buying Heroin Mayaguez

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Buying Heroin Mayaguez

The First Circuit affirmed all convictions against challenges to the sufficiency of the evidence. The court issued a subsequent related opinion or order on August 23, The court issued a subsequent related opinion or order on August 29, Some case metadata and case summaries were written with the help of AI, which can produce inaccuracies. You should read the full case before relying on it for legal research purposes. Santiago-Mendez United States v. Santiago-Mendez, No. Download PDF. Enter Your Email. Justia Legal Resources. Find a Lawyer. Law Schools. US Federal Law. US State Law. Other Databases. Marketing Solutions.

Growing opioid crisis adds to Puerto Rico’s problems

Buying Heroin Mayaguez

Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. During the last decade, the veterinary anesthetics have gained popularity as recreational drugs. Drug users were recruited from communities of the San Juan metropolitan area using a variety of ethnographic and outreach strategies. A short questionnaire developed for the study collected information on sociodemographics, xylazine use, and its consequences. The two focus groups were conducted to discuss the details related to xylazine use, its consequences, and utilization awareness. The sample comprised 63 males The mean number of years of drug use was The prevalence of xylazine use was Focus groups revealed that drug users claimed to recognize the presence of xylaxine in a mixture of speedball based on its effects, taste, the color of the drug dark brown , and its odor. In conclusion, the use of xylazine among drug users in Puerto Rico seems to be an emerging trend with potentially serious health consequences. Sentinel drug forecasting systems often fail to adequately identify and assess emerging trends in the use of illegal drugs. As a result, public health systems are rarely able to adequately mobilize local, regional, and national prevention and treatment systems in a timely manner. Xylazine is a partial alpha-2 adrenergic agonist with characteristics and toxic actions similar to the phenothiazines and clonidine. In Puerto Rico, use of animal tranquilizers as drug adulterants or recreational drugs has recently been reported in several studies, the mass media, and among health practitioners. The influence of xylazine as an emerging adulterant is of great concern not only because it is a drug whose effects are not known in humans, but because preparation practices in several studies in Puerto Rico show that even hardcore drug users might not be aware of what they are purchasing. A study by Colon and others 7 within the metropolitan area of San Juan, Puerto Rico found heroin over reporting when corroborating self-reports with drug urine tests. The authors suggest the over reporting might have something to do with the xylazine trend and that some study participants might be inadvertently consuming xylazine instead of heroin. Moreover, xylazine users were found to have a high prevalence of skin ulcers The aim of this study was to document the use of xylazine and its health-related problems among a sample of drug users in Puerto Rico. A combination of quantitative and qualitative techniques was employed to both gather and analyze data. The target population from which the sample was drawn included drug users out of drug abuse treatment residing in communities of San Juan, Mayaguez, and Aguadilla. The sample was recruited from May to August During this period, 89 drug users were contacted and recruited in 12 communities. Ethnographic mapping strategies were used to identify drug markets and other venues where drug users were known to congregate. At predetermined sites and times, outreach workers approached drug users, determined eligibility, and invited them to participate. Individuals were considered eligible if they were at least 18 years of age, had used drugs in the last 30 days, and had not been enrolled in drug abuse treatment within the last 30 days. A short questionnaire developed for the study collected information on sociodemographic characteristics, xylazine use, and health-related problems. Drug use patterns and HIV risk behaviors were measured using a revised and culturally adapted version of the risk behavior assessment. Frequency distributions and descriptive statistics were used to describe the study sample. Bivariate analyses using chi-square tests of independence were used to examine the association between xylazine use and its covariates. A multivariate logistic regression model was fitted with xylazine use as the dependent variable and age, gender, years of injection, and speedball use as independent variables. The covariates included in the logistic regression model were chosen based on the bivariate analysis. Observations and unstructured ethnographic interviews were conducted on the copping sites, shooting galleries, and other drug use venues in San Juan and Aguadilla. Two focus groups were conducted in Mayaguez with frontline drug treatment providers to explore details related to xylazine acquisition, use, health-related problems, and utilization awareness. The sample was predominantly male The main route of administration of xylazine was injection Overall, the mean number of years of xylazine use was 3. In terms of health-related problems, On the other hand, Table 3 shows a bivariate analysis of xylazine use. Ethnographic data from observations and interviews suggested that drug users, especially injectors, were well aware of a new corte adulterant that has been used with heroin known as anestesia de caballo literally translated as horse anesthesia. Although most of the participants identified this new substance as some sort of veterinarian product, mostly an analgesic, none of them, including focus groups participants, related it to xylazine. In fact, none of them knew the term xylazine. Some drug users, however, reported that they began using anestesia without knowing it. Drug users from Aguadilla reported that xylazine anestesia could be purchased either as a heroin adulterant known by the street name of Piqui-piqui or a base drug adulterated with heroin known by the street name of anestesia. In San Juan, drug users did not report such distinction. Participants in all sites reported that xylazine had turned into a dominant trend and finding heroin free of xylazine was becoming quite difficult. Results from both focus groups and ethnographic interviews revealed that drug users claimed to recognize the presence of xylazine in the drug mixture based on its effects, taste, color of the drug dark brown , and odor. Some of the participants also reported that occasionally, the drug solution crystallized during the drug preparation process. Drug users from all sites reported that since they began using xylazine, they noticed a strong odor coming from their breath, perspiration, urine, and feces. They also noticed they were spending more time sleeping since using it. Many of the drug users reported an increase in abscess, ulcerations, and other skin lesions. Figure 1 shows examples of the skin lesions observed in the study communities. Photos showing skin lesions among drug users in San Juan, Puerto Rico. This study identified that xylazine is more likely to be used by males and it seems to be mixed mostly with speedball. Xylazine as an adulterant of speedball was also previously identified in Puerto Rico by Rodriguez and collaborators. Skin ulcerations could be considered the primary health concern identified in our study sample. Several cases of human xylazine intoxication have been documented, which include initial hypertension followed by hypotension, bradycardia, 2 orthostatic hypotension, and respiratory depression. Several clinical reports have suggested that lower skin oxygenation is associated with less wound healing and higher incidence of wound infection. The continued consumption of xylazine at unknown doses could progress skin oxygenation deficit contributing to chronic skin ulceration. Our study identified overdose episodes reported by This information should not go unnoticed since several authors have documented that some cases of severe human xylazine intoxication, either intentional or accidental, have resulted in fatalities. Considering the abuse pattern identified in Puerto Rico, the CDC recommendations could apply to every person that manages xylazine on the island. Drug treatment programs should assess xylazine use at intake. Although many of the participants of our focus groups reported knowing how to recognize the presence of xylazine in a mixture of speedball, awareness should be raised among drug users of the possible presence of xylazine in drug mixtures. In case of an intoxication, Barroso and collaborators 2 and Liu et al. In some cases, endotracheal intubation may be needed. Some limitations should be considered when interpreting the results of this study. First, xylazine use was based on self-reports, and thus, its reports were subject to recall bias and denial. However, self-reported data have been used in multiple epidemiologic studies of drug use and have proven to be reliable and valid. For example, xylazine by itself may not be the only contributor to skin lesions and overdose. Despite these limitations, the findings of this study documenting the potential effects of xylazine among drug users in Puerto Rico are compelling. The findings of this study suggest the abuse of xylazine in Puerto Rico is an emerging public health problem. As reported by participants, xylazine is becoming a dominant adulterant in the drug market. Further research is needed to identify the risk factors associated with xylazine use and its health consequences. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. J Urban Health. Find articles by J C Reyes. Find articles by A M Padilla. Find articles by T D Matos. Find articles by R R Robles. Issue date Jun. Open in a new tab. Similar articles. Add to Collections. Create a new collection. Add to an existing collection. Choose a collection Unable to load your collection due to an error Please try again. Add Cancel.

Buying Heroin Mayaguez