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Drug abuse constitutes a major sociomedical problem throughout the world. A unique subgroup with a higher potential of drug abuse are young travelers to Southeast Asia. Less than a handful of studies have focused on this population, and even fewer have been carried out on site. Our aim was to characterize the phenomenon of drug abuse among Israelis and other nationals, and to define risk factors that would predict which travelers are prone to abusing drugs. Data was collected through questionnaires that were distributed in Southeast Asia to travelers. Medical students administered the questionnaires across India, Thailand, Nepal, Vietnam, and Laos during and Questionnaires from Israelis and other nationals mostly from the United Kingdom, Sweden, Australia, and Germany were analyzed. These travelers had a mean age of We found that Israelis Males abused drugs significantly more than females did, as did secular more than religious people; however, those with an academic degree abused drugs less than others. For Much higher rates of drug abuse Logistic regression identified that prior use of drugs, Israeli nationality, travel to India, cigarette smoking, and traveling alone were significant predictors of drug abuse. There is a disturbingly high rate of drug abuse in travelers to certain Southeast Asian countries, both among Israeli and other nationals. For many youngsters, this is their first encounter with drugs, and many plan to continue abusing drugs upon their repatriation. Travelers to Southeast Asia should be a major target group for primary, preventive, antidrug campaigns worldwide. Access to content on Oxford Academic is often provided through institutional subscriptions and purchases. 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Lior Segev , Lior Segev. Oxford Academic. Google Scholar. Alona Paz. Israel Potasman. Select Format Select format. Permissions Icon Permissions. Abstract Background. Issue Section:. You do not currently have access to this article. Download all slides. Sign in Get help with access. International Society of Travel Medicine members Sign in through society site. Institutional access Sign in through your institution Sign in through your institution. Get help with access Institutional access Access to content on Oxford Academic is often provided through institutional subscriptions and purchases. If you are a member of an institution with an active account, you may be able to access content in one of the following ways: IP based access Typically, access is provided across an institutional network to a range of IP addresses. Sign in through your institution Choose this option to get remote access when outside your institution. Click Sign in through your institution. 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Buying Heroin Haifa

Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Correspondence to: Peter A. Although recent research on the link between retirement and drinking behavior among older adults suggests that retirement may also serve as a risk factor for drug abuse, the latter association has yet to be subject to rigorous research. We examined this association, as well as the possible conditioning effects of age and retirement trajectory, using a sample of retirement-eligible workers some having retired, others deferring their retirement from 3 blue collar employment sectors: e. The findings indicate a weak but significant positive association between retirement and the severity of drug abuse. Age moderated the retirement-drug abuse relationship with — among older workers -- higher rates of drug abuse found among those deferring retirement and lower rates among those actually retiring, and the exact opposite pattern found among younger retirement-eligible workers. Also, as hypothesized, the moderating effects of age on the association between retirement and drug abuse were weaker among those opting to return to work post-retirement as opposed to those fully retiring. As baby boomers age and retire, the prevalence of drug abuse among older adults i. Given that the use of illegal Schedule I drugs e. Indeed, with 1 in 4 older adults currently using prescription drugs, the potential for such abuse is substantial, particularly since these individuals typically use more prescription and over-the-counter drugs than young people, and since they often take multiple drugs that may have particularly severe interaction effects on their cognitive and physical functioning due to advancing age Blow, Yet, while researchers know a great deal about the etiology of alcohol problems in the older population e. Bacharach et al. Consequently, in the current study we examine the relationship between retirement and drug abuse. Still, others retire upon first becoming eligible either because their employers buy out their contracts or as an alternative to lay-off. Consequently, the nature of the retirement-drug abuse relationship may be contingent upon employee age, and whether these workers actually disengage from the workforce upon retirement or rather remain in the workforce and engage in other work subsequent to taking their retirement benefits. We expect age to have an attenuating effect on the retirement-drug abuse relationship for several reasons. First, among those most interested in retiring at the first opportunity i. These individuals are most likely to view retirement as a means by which to avoid being fired and thus losing their benefits. Second, those retiring at a younger age may be at increased risk of drug abuse, particularly if they have been forced into retirement e. Being younger retirees, they may also be among the rare older adults using illegal drugs, putting them at additional risk. This attenuation effect of age is likely to be reinforced to the extent that older workers defer their retirement. Retirement-eligible workers who delay retirement and continue to work i. Furthermore, being older, they may also be at heightened risk to abuse drugs as a means by which to cope with the physical demands of their job, which may become increasingly challenging as older workers age. To the extent that the severity of drug abuse problems may increase as retirement-eligible workers defer retirement and age on the job, the link between retirement and drug abuse may similarly be weakened. Consequently, Hypothesis 1 posits that: The impact of retirement on drug abuse severity will be contingent upon employee age with the effects of retirement as opposed to retirement deferral on drug abuse severity being weaker among older retirement-eligible individuals. Specifically, since the ability of younger retirees to abuse drugs is likely to be limited to the extent that they opt to remain in the workforce subsequent to retiring, and since older workers opting for bridge retirement may face concerns similar to those deferring retirement and hence be motivated to use drugs in a similar manner to them i. Consequently, Hypothesis 2 posits that:: The attenuating effect of age on the relationship between retirement and drug abuse severity will be contingent upon retirement trajectory such that this attenuation effect will be stronger among those fully retiring than among those employed on a part-or full-time basis. Drug abuse severity was measured on the basis of the DAST Skinner, , a brief screening instrument used to assess possible abuse of drugs other than alcohol in the past 12 months. We controlled for gender, marital status , and health status. As the dependent variable, the DAST, was a count variable, representing the number of questions regarding drug abuse to which the respondent answered 'yes', we tested our hypotheses on the basis of negative binomial regression analyses e. Cameron and Trivedi, ; Frone, Means, standard deviations and correlations among the variables are displayed in Table 1. The mean level of the DAST was 0. As can be seen in Table 2 , the random effect of sector was not significant in any of the models examined. Consistent with the correlation results presented in Table 1 , the results generated in these analyses draw a picture of retirement as having a generally positive association with drug abuse. It is important to note, however, that bridge retirement was not significantly different from deferring retirement with respect to its association with drug abuse severity. The fact that the interaction between age and bridge retirement as opposed to deferred retirement is not significant is consistent with our second hypothesis in which we posited that the attenuating effect of age would itself be stronger among those opting for full retirement than among those opting for bridge retirement. In order to understand the meaning of this interaction effect we decomposed the interaction graphically. As can be seen in Figure 1 with the values presented in Table 3 the attenuating effect of age is a result of two complementary phenomena noted earlier. First, age is associated with increased drug abuse severity for those deferring retirement i. Secondly, age is associated with decreased drug abuse severity among those who have retired. Consistent with our hypothesis, in the fully retired group, the older the retirees are, the fewer the drug-related problems they have, with the substantial difference between age groups 2 those aged 44—48 and 3 those between 49 and For those who are still fully employed the pattern is the opposite with those who are older experiencing more severe drug abuse than those who are younger. The most substantial difference was found between age groups 4 those between 54 and 58 and 5 those between 59 and This pattern may be explained by the potential need of older employees to self medicate the pain associated with blue-collar work in old age. Plot of moderating effect of retirement status on the relationship between age and drug abuse. This study is important because it is the first to examine the relationship between retirement and drug abuse. Our results are interesting for several reasons. First, consistent with the claim of Patterson and Jeste , we found that older adults are not immune from drug abuse: 26 percent of the sample reported having at least one problem relating to drug abuse, and over 2 percent reported a level of addiction high enough to justify formal, clinical assessment. Second, we found that, in general, being fully retired, as opposed to deferring retirement at least for approximately four years after retirement eligibility , is associated with increased drug abuse severity. However, consistent with our first hypothesis, we also found that this main effect of retirement is conditioned by age. For those who have fully retired, age is inversely related to drug abuse severity with younger retirees reporting more abuse-related problems than older retirees. This relationship is reversed for those who defer retirement and remain employed at their primary workplaces. That is, younger, retirement-eligible workers who defer retirement and continue to work reported fewer drug-related problems than their older peers reported. Finally, consistent with hypothesis 2, we found that retirement is linked to drug abuse severity only to the extent that retirees completely disengage from the workforce i. Individuals, regardless of age, opting for bridge retirement reported levels of drug abuse severity not significantly different from those reported by individuals deferring retirement altogether, perhaps because, as noted earlier, many of the same motivations to abuse drugs that exist for those deferring retirement exist for those opting for bridge retirement. Our findings give credence to the public health call for a shift in focus among treatment planners to address the special needs of an older population of substance abusers. Moreover, they suggest that the workplace might be an effective arena for intervention and counseling with older adults. Such counseling might help older workers find other means besides self-medication by which to cope with the physical and psychological strains associated with work or impending retirement. Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. All authors contributed equally. Names appear in alphabetical order. The authors thank Michael Frone for his comments on an earlier draft of this manuscript. Peter A. William J. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Addict Behav. Published in final edited form as: Addict Behav. Find articles by Samuel Bacharach. Peter A Bamberger , Ph. Find articles by Peter A Bamberger. William J Sonnenstuhl , Ph. Find articles by William J Sonnenstuhl. Dana Vashdi , Ph. Find articles by Dana Vashdi. Samuel Bacharach : Ph. Issue date Dec. PMC Copyright notice. The publisher's version of this article is available at Addict Behav. Variable N Mean Std Dev 1. DAST 0. Age category 4. Married 0. Hospitalization 0. Gender 1. Fully Retired vs. Bridge Retirement vs. Open in a new tab. Still Working deferred retirement 0. Predicted DAST means and standard deviations by age group and working status. Still working Fully retired Age category n mean std n mean std 1 -- 39—43 6 0. Similar articles. Add to Collections. Create a new collection. Add to an existing collection. Choose a collection Unable to load your collection due to an error Please try again. Add Cancel. Still Working deferred retirement.

Buying Heroin Haifa