Buying Heroin Delft

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Buying Heroin Delft

For the past two years, Snelders has studied the introduction of intoxicants in Amsterdam between and , including opium, sugar, coffee and tobacco, as part of the European research project Intoxicating Spaces. Together with artists, Snelders translated the Amsterdam history of opium into this free pop-up exhibition. The exhibition, which is in English, is set up in one of the buildings in the Amstel passage at Amsterdam Central Station. Through QR codes and virtual peepholes, visitors are literally given a glimpse into history. In the year , opium was perfectly legal to buy at any pharmacy in the city. In , opium was perfectly legal to buy at any pharmacy in the city. In the s and s, drug users mostly took to the city centre to get their hands on the opiate heroin illegally. In his research project, Snelders discovered all sorts of surprising aspects of the history of narcotics. Just like with soft drugs or alcohol now, availability does not immediately mean there is a problem. The dangerous image of opium applies only to a limited extent to the substance itself, Snelders concludes. I want visitors to this exhibition to look at the history of drugs with an open mind. Originally, the plan was to organise a workshop for researchers to conclude the research project. I want visitors to this exhibition to look at this phenomenon with an open mind. Snelders has enjoyed collaborating with artists on the exhibition. They were very enthusiastic and curious. It was a bit of a puzzle sometimes to find the right angle. But I am very happy with the result. The exhibition is in English. Skip to main content Menu. Dangerous image In his research project, Snelders discovered all sorts of surprising aspects of the history of narcotics. Artists Originally, the plan was to organise a workshop for researchers to conclude the research project. More information Worlds of Opiates.

Exhibition on the Dutch history of opium

Buying Heroin Delft

Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Correspondence: Melissa H. Watt, Ph. Our study explored local impressions of the impact of tik use in a peri-urban township community in Cape Town, South Africa. We conducted individual in-depth interviews with 55 women and 37 men who were regular attendees of alcohol-serving venues. Interviews were recorded and transcribed. A content analysis approach was used to identify themes related to the impact of tik use based on levels of the socio-ecological framework individual, inter-personal and community. Tik use was reported to be a greater issue among Coloureds, compared to Blacks. At an individual level, respondents reported that tik use had adverse effects on mental, physical, and economic well-being, and limited future opportunities through school drop-out and incarceration. At an inter-personal level, respondents reported that tik use contributed to physical and sexual violence as well as increased rates of sexual risk behaviour, particularly through transactional sex relationships. Respondents described how tik use led to household conflict, and had negative impacts on children, including neglect and poor birth outcomes. At a community level, respondents linked tik use to increased rates of crime, violence and corruption, which undercut community cohesion. Our results highlight the negative impact that tik is having on individuals, households and the overall community in a peri-urban setting in South Africa. There is a clear need for interventions to prevent tik use in South Africa and to mitigate and address the impact of tik on multiple levels. It is a highly addictive synthetic psychostimulant that increases energy and feelings of euphoria, among other physiological effects Panenka et al. Methamphetamine first emerged in South Africa in the early s, fuelled by economic, social and political changes after the end of apartheid Peltzer et al. Its use has increased steadily in the past decade, showing only a slight decline in recent years Dada et al. Clinical and epidemiological research in the United States U. Methamphetamine is highly addictive, and over time many methamphetamine users become dependent Barr et al. Additionally, methamphetamine use has been associated with increased risk of mental health problems, including anxiety, depression, and psychotic symptoms, and global neuropsychological impairment, particularly of memory, attention, and executive functioning Chen et al. Studies have also documented behavioural and affective changes associated with methamphetamine use, including increased libido and impulsivity and reduced inhibition, which may lead to risky sexual behaviour and increase vulnerability to acquisition of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections Carrico et al. Beyond the individual user, methamphetamine use has been associated with problems at the inter-personal and community levels. At a larger societal level, the financial burden of methamphetamine use on communities is significant. In the U. Beyond direct health care costs, resources forgone because of reduced productivity among methamphetamine users may pose a bigger economic burden on a community. In South Africa, community-based work and substance use treatment data point to the need to understand the impact of a quickly growing epidemic of methamphetamine use, hereafter referred to as tik. Admission data from substance abuse treatment centres in Cape Town confirms the burden of tik use. During a four-year period — , the proportion of patients reporting tik as their primary substance of abuse increased steadily from 0. Based on data collected in , the mean age of patients in treatment centres for tik abuse in Western Cape was 26 years, and tik was the second most abused drug after marijuana among treatment patients younger than 20 years Pluddemann, Dada, et al. Such knowledge is important in order to inform locally appropriate intervention strategies to prevent and treat tik use and mitigate its impact on local health and development goals. The aim of this study therefore was to explore qualitatively local impressions of the impact of tik use at the individual, inter-personal and community levels in a peri-urban township in Cape Town. The qualitative data presented in this paper are part of a larger mixed-methods study that examined substance use and related risk behaviours in the context of alcohol-serving venues in one South African township. For this paper, the data were analysed to examine the perspectives around the impact of tik at multiple levels of influence. The township was established in and is currently home to over 75, residents, including a fairly even mix of both Black African and Coloured persons. The terms Black and Coloured originate from the apartheid era and refer to demographic markers that do not necessarily signify inherent characteristics. Delft has high levels of unemployment, poverty and crime, and there is little commercial infrastructure. The study recruited from twelve alcohol-serving venues in Delft. Brief community intercept surveys were conducted with individuals, approached at public places such as bus stands and markets. These surveys identified 88 sites where people go to purchase and drink alcohol. A total of 24 eligible venues were identified and twelve were purposively selected to provide representation of culture predominantly Black or Coloured patronage , size small and large venues , and geographic location in the community. The precise number of venues in the community is unknown, given that both legal and illegal venues operate in the community and frequently close and reopen. Alcohol-serving venues are important social spaces in the South African township community Eaton et al. After a week-long period of observations in the venues, fieldworkers South Africans matched by language and ethnicity to the selected venues approached individuals who were identified as regular patrons at the venues to invite them to participate in an in-depth interview. A grocery card valued at Rands approximately 15 USD was provided as compensation. The guide included questions about both personal experience with tik , as well as impressions of the impact of tik use in the community. In addition, tik use was allowed to emerge in relation to discussions about other issues e. All study procedures were approved by the ethical review boards of Duke University, University of Connecticut and Stellenbosch University. The interview audio-recordings were simultaneously translated and transcribed in English. The memos were entered into Atlas. The textual data was analysed using content analysis Patton, , which involved both inductive and deductive analytic techniques to identify the themes related to the impact of tik at multiple levels of the social-ecological framework individual, inter-personal and community Stokols, The coded text was reviewed and discussed by the first two authors and axial coding identified subcategories and highlighted representative text for each. The sample included 55 women 29 Black and 26 Coloured and 37 men 18 Black and 19 Coloured. The ages of respondents were 18 to 59 mean Respondents reported that tik is most often used by Coloured youth, both male and female. Respondents most often pointed to peers or older boyfriends among women , as introducing people to tik. Tik use was described as appealing to youth because it provided a sense of belonging and community, as well as excitement and a relief from boredom in an environment where young people may feel they lack future prospects. They explained that tik was often used in a succession of substances, following use of marijuana and alcohol, and in two cases proceeded by heroin use, which was rare in this community. Respondents recounted efforts of tik users to seek drug rehabilitation services, with mixed results. They said that residential substance treatment was available in Cape Town, but that services were private and therefore expensive. Respondents also had the impression that attempts at treatment generally failed, with people continuing to use while in treatment, or reinitiating tik use when they returned to their social environment. Narratives revealed that tik had a significant impact at three levels: 1 on the individual tik user, 2 on inter-personal relationships and households, and 3 on the community as a whole Figure 1. He just fell over. I am dead inside. I think it is the tik that made me like this. She added that it made her feel that she had lost control over her life. At the same time, a few other tik users talked about how tik actually had the effect of numbing them from the emotional pain in their lives. It goes straight to the drug dealer. Many respondents noted that tik use contributed to greater sexual risk behaviours because of both the heightened sexual energy while high, as well as the practice of exchanging sex for the drug. Tik use seemed to not only increase the number of sexual partners, but also made it less likely that condoms would be used during sexual encounters. I will remember to use a condom. Tik users were described by most as exhibiting anti-social behaviours such as unprovoked aggression, and lack of a sense of obligation and connection to others. You have no remorse. Many women who were in relationships with tik users discussed abuse and controlling behaviours by their partners. He wants to hit me and threatens that he is going to kill me. He will choke me so that no one will see the marks, but I will take a knife to stab him. Many respondents recounted stories of how their families or other families they know have been devastated by tik use. There were also accounts of tik users physically abusing other members of their household. In one case, a woman reported how her teenage son tried to burn her with a hot iron after she told him he could not sell tik from their home. Through these stories, it is clear that the aggression, lack of respect, and theft of tik users against their families can result in a breakdown of trust and cohesion of the family unit. Parents in particular were torn between their love for their son or daughter who uses tik , and their sense of hurt and anger toward their child. If that was a stranger, I would have killed him. I raised him and loved him. Narratives highlighted that tik use in the family has an additional effect of reducing the economic and social well-being of households through poverty and unemployment of the family members, and in many cases ostracizing those families from the larger social fabric. The accounts suggested that families from a range of backgrounds in the community are experiencing tik use, and despite the ubiquity of tik , families that are personally impacted by tik use are stigmatized. Several respondents talked about the impact of tik use on young children through poor birth outcomes, neglect, and exposure to drug use and violence that may produce a potential inter-generational cycle of behaviour. In this setting, because tik use is most common among young people and is associated with sexual risk behaviours, accounts of pregnancy among female tik users was not uncommon. One woman talked about how her child was born prematurely due to her tik use, and later died. Respondents explained that children of tik users are often neglected, primarily due to the long cycles of intoxication of the parents. They explained that tik users often spend money on the drug before spending money on food for their children. In many cases, grandparents take up the role of caring for children of tik users. Almost all respondents, both Black and Coloured, attributed rampant crime in the community to tik users. Reports of theft of metal, including metal gates, corrugated metal roofing, pipes and wires, was common; tik users take the metal to scrap yards to get cash to buy drugs. In addition, many respondents talked about the constant fear of being mugged by tik users who steal wallets or cell phones. In addition, another significant and commonly cited threat to the general safety of the community was gangs who controlled the distribution of tik in the community. Kids are shooting guns, and that is how many parents lose their kids to drugs. When he refused he was killed, shot. Many respondents expressed feeling helpless to respond to tik use and its consequences because of a perception of corruption in the police system that protects tik dealers. The feelings of helplessness and hopelessness that participants expressed toward responding to tik use in their community seemed to undermine a sense of community identity and cohesiveness. Tik also seemed to create and deepen divisions by race and age in the community. The lives and identities of young people seem to be most strongly impacted by the presence of tik in the community. I told them, just see how I looked when I was using, and see how you guys look now. These individuals said they felt motivated to do this because of the personal benefit they experienced rehabilitating from drug use. Our results highlight the impact that the growing tik epidemic has had on a peri-urban township in Cape Town, South Africa. Similar to other small epidemiological studies Simbayi et al. However, in a mixed-race township like the one of our study, tik also has a significant impact on the Black community, particularly as it related to crime, violence and community cohesion. The impact of tik was evident at the levels of the individual, inter-personal relationships and community, suggesting that interventions and policy approaches are needed to target multiple levels of the social-ecological framework. At the individual level, tik use in this community clearly has an impact on the lives of individual users, whose health, well-being, social integration and future prospects are impacted by their substance use. At the same time, the physiological impacts of tik e. Our data show that the impacts are perhaps most striking at the household level, where relationships appear to be typified by aggression, including intimate partner violence in many cases bi-directional , and violence towards other family members. Despite the household impact, perceived and experienced stigma against substance users may prevent families from seeking assistance for themselves or for the family member who is using tik Sorsdahl et al. Young children in the household appear to be particularly impacted by the influence of tik use, with our findings suggesting that children of tik users suffer from parental neglect and may be vulnerable to abuse. At a larger societal level, participants saw tik as closely linked to crime and violence in the community, and in turn to economic decline and social disintegration in a setting already heavily burdened by poverty and other social problems. Our findings point to the need for a collection of policy and programmatic approaches to prevent tik use and to mitigate its impact on households and community. Evaluations of drug prevention efforts suggest some effectiveness of school-based, media and family-based interventions, but highlight the need to combine these approaches to have the most impact Babor, At the same time, it is clear from our data that public health approaches in this setting must be accompanied by policy approaches that favour structural changes to provide youth with outlets for recreation and job training, where they can develop future prospects and identify alternative role models. Services for chronic tik users must begin with identification of users — done in collaboration with schools, community organizations, clinics and the community justice system — followed by linkage and retention in appropriate treatment programs. Government-funded out-patient treatment centres exist for tik users in the Western Cape, but these centres should be better promoted in the community, with barriers to access assessed and alleviated. At the community level, adequate policing, accompanied by transparency and accountability in the police sector, is sorely needed both to directly address tik -associated crime, as well as to build a sense of community in responding to the problem. At the same time, the police require training to identify tik addiction and implement appropriate referral mechanisms. In a setting of high HIV prevalence like South Africa, tik is particularly concerning because it may further exacerbate factors that put one at risk of HIV. As our data suggest, tik use is associated with sex trade, multiple partners and inconsistent use of condoms, relationships that have been demonstrated quantitatively in South Africa Meade et al. Additional qualitative research with active tik users would help to shed more light on HIV knowledge, attitudes and risk behaviours, in order to better target HIV services to this community. This study captured narratives of tik use and the impact of tik on a single township community in Cape Town, South Africa. The qualitative data is rich and allows exploration of context, but it is not without limitations. Tik was not the sole focus of the interviews, so it was not discussed with consistency across interviews. Stigma around tik use may have made it difficult for respondents to discuss personal experiences with tik use, therefore under-reporting the individual use and impact of the drug. Respondents were sampled from alcohol-serving venues, so they represent only a subset of the community. Within the venues, respondents were purposively selected due to their frequency of attending the venue, and so may not represent all venue attenders. It is impossible to ascertain whether tik use was over-represented or under-represented in this group. On the one hand, the sample was limited to individuals who were already engaging in substance use i. On the other hand, current tik users may be less likely than the general population to attend alcohol-serving venues, given their social marginalization and lack of disposable income. Future studies should explore qualitative narratives among tik users who are recruited at the community level in order to examine these topics among a broader range of users. The findings from our study highlight the need to focus on tik use in township communities in the Western Cape as an urgent matter of social development, safety and public health. Although our findings are specific to this particular region in South Africa, they offer lessons for other low-resource settings that might experience emerging and concentrated epidemics of methamphetamine. The findings highlight the potential impact of a new methamphetamine epidemic on individuals, households and communities, and the need to harness a comprehensive and multi-sectoral policy response to drug prevention and treatment, which can address the impact of use at the individual, inter-personal, and community levels. Production of this manuscript was further supported by a career development grant to Dr. We are grateful to all the men and women who participated in this study. Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Int J Drug Policy. Published in final edited form as: Int J Drug Policy. Find articles by Melissa H Watt. Find articles by Christina S Meade. Find articles by Stephen Kimani. Find articles by Jessica C MacFarlane. Find articles by Karmel W Choi. Find articles by Donald Skinner. Find articles by Desiree Pieterse. Find articles by Seth C Kalichman. Find articles by Kathleen J Sikkema. Issue date Mar. All rights reserved. The publisher's version of this article is available at Int J Drug Policy. Open in a new tab. Similar articles. Add to Collections. Create a new collection. Add to an existing collection. Choose a collection Unable to load your collection due to an error Please try again. Add Cancel.

Buying Heroin Delft