Buying Ecstasy Djibouti

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Buying Ecstasy Djibouti

The Bulletin reproduces herewith the main features of information on the question of khat transmitted by the French authorities to the Commission on Narcotic Drugs. In order to throw more light on the problem, it seemed desirable to describe the situation which prevails at Djibouti. An increase in the general disease rate in that city has led the health authorities to conduct a survey which has revealed that the consumption of khat could become a significant social danger. Doctors Guedel, Lafaurie and Marguet, who were in charge of this survey, give the following description of the physiological effects of the consumption of this drug in their report. The following effects were observed in a khat user, the observations being related to his behaviour when in the company of his friends, and using as appropriate the words of the addict or of his family:. Mental effects : 'We may take such typical cases as a labourer who works all day in the sun in a workyard or a messenger who has shuffled around from one office to another carrying documents. These men, upon leaving their place of work, suddenly become animated and with a set look join the procession of khat addicts and hurry to the shopkeeper on Avenue They become imaginative, discuss matters and respond quickly; other things are forgotten; then their eyes are wide open and their sight slightly blurred, as if they had a veil before their eyes. The blood that mounts to the head brings thoughts with it, and the khat user can go on thinking all night without feeling sleepy; sleep seems totally unnecessary, and there is no desire to go to sleep. There is a feeling of strength, heavy weights can be easily lifted; movements are effortless and the whole body experiences a sensation of well-being. Moreover, he becomes thirsty as he chews; his throat is parched, he talks and perspires, which make him all the more thirsty. Cardio-vascular effects : 'The blood circulates faster, especially in the head and eyes; it can be felt circulating in the veins and the heart pumps abundantly. Effects on the sexual functions : ' When a man Chews khat, he becomes sexually excited and seeks the company of women. But khat has an inhibiting effect on the male, its use generally causing temporary impotence or otherwise impeding the full accomplishment of the sexual act. As they do not eat, they grow thin, have stomach ache, and sometimes have to be taken to hospital at night because the pain is too great. The tonic phase of khat is followed by the usual depressive phase, which is common in the case of all nerve stimulants. Those who chew khat only after the morning's labours work harder in the afternoon and are stronger, quicker and more energetic. On the other hand, those who chew at night stay up late; they generally take more than the others and that prevents them from sleeping all night. The depressive phase begins in the morning when it is time for them to go to work. They do so reluctantly, cannot bear to talk; sometimes they seem to have grown alarmingly thin, and on occasion they have to be sent to the doctor, who diagnoses the complaint by the brownish-green furry aspect of the tongue. It is quite certain that a fairly large number of people have acquired the habit of taking khat for enjoyment. Some of them do not return home for dinner. Sadly they wait for their khat. However, that temporary condition is dependent on the addict's power to obtain the drug at a moment's notice; neither the symptoms nor the duration of the condition are comparable with those experienced by drug addicts while deprived of their drug. The desire for khat is not as strong as that for alcohol or tobacco. The condition is characterized by sadness, bad temper, lethargy, general debility accompanied by physical and mental slackness, and a disinclination to effort, which may last for several hours or days without resulting in any organic disturbance or any serious mental disorder. The fact that there is no addiction to khat has been confirmed by observations in hospital wards. Most of the hundreds of sick persons who were studied during the survey and treated at the Djibouti hospital for various complaints were khat users who were physically run down and had suddenly been deprived of the drug. After several days in the hospital they began to put on weight in a striking manner and did not seem at all affected by the withdrawal of the drug. They gained weight on a diet of nothing but rice and meat, and their skin became smooth. Patients questioned by us did not complain of being deprived of the drug; they were glad to be out of the way of temptation and to be able to sleep, eat and put on weight. Deprivation of khat, therefore, is not associated with any morbid condition. No drug withdrawal psychosis is created. There is no real craving. On the other hand, there is a neurosis among khat users associated with the knowledge that they have it in their power to indulge in the drug, which seems to be a sort of ecstasy preceding actual consumption. As is well known, khat is a highly perishable substance which is preferably consumed during the first few days after harvesting. It was formerly imported to Djibouti by rail, but since the end of the war it has been almost exclusively imported by air. The drug comes almost exclusively from Ethiopia. A plane brings an average of almost kg of khat every day to Djibouti and also supplies to Aden, from where it is distributed throughout the neighbouring countries. Most of the khat transported by this route is consumed by the population of Djibouti. Very small quantities are delivered to a few villages near the city which can be quickly reached by road. It is primarily the extension of air transport service to Djibouti which has enabled the majority of the 18, inhabitants of the city to become khat users. After , imports reached a level of approximately 21, kg per month i. The peak year was , a year of prosperity in which a record total was paid out in wages. The present slight decline actually conceals a steady increase in khat consumption among the population. There is less money available to buy khat, but a larger number of people are consuming it. A study of khat movements from producer to consumer reveals that it undergoes sudden price rises at certain stages. A bunch weighing g is bought for 20 French Somali francs from the Ethiopian producer, and eventually costs the consumer almost francs. Prices vary from one day to the next, viz. The average price can be considered to be francs per bunch, which we shall take as a basis in estimating the amount of wages spent on khat. Every month, inhabitants of Djibouti buy more than 80, bunches at francs each, which means that a city of 18, persons including women and children spend nearly The whole khat problem can be resolved into a problem of nutrition. The per capita food budget is naturally hard to estimate. It varies greatly between individuals, depending on their race, social position, dependents and habits. For the population as a whole, it can be determined only approximately on the basis of the average monthly wage. On the basis of this calculation, it is astonishing to note that the The medical consequences of this situation give rise to concern. The incidence of disease is so high that hospital beds are permanently occupied by inhabitants of the city. Out of beds in the medical services which are occupied by men, are occupied by persons suffering from tuberculosis. The number of tubercular patients is considerably higher among the men than among the women. Among the women, the incidence of tuberculosis and pernicious anaemia is about the same. The clinical picture among the children fluctuates, the most common cause of hospital admissions being the early phase of cachexy, or general debility. Khat is clearly the cause of this state of affairs, mainly because it stays the pangs of hunger, as happens in the case of alcoholics, who similarly do not suffer from hunger and fall an easy prey to tuberculosis. Khat users eventually become physically run down because they eat only occasionally, go without sleep and use up their nervous energy. One day, the entire family will be taken to hospital, the father going to the tubercular ward and the mother and child to an adjoining ward for patients suffering from anaemia and debility caused by malnutrition. When he arrives at the hospital, the khat user has a pink tongue, covered with the brownish fur deposited by the drug; he may not be well nourished, but at least he has an average count of red corpuscles, whereas his wife suffers from anaemia and avitaminosis. The amount spent on khat by wage-earners represents a big proportion of the family budget. This large percentage means, in the first place, that the wage-earner and his family do not receive adequate nourishment. It also has repercussions on the wage problem. Every fluctuation in the retail price of khat automatically leads to wage changes, which are made under some other pretext. A consequence which is perhaps les sapparent is the degeneration of family life. The husband spends long hours in a cafe or house chewing khat with his friends; his wife is left to shift for herself and bring up her children as best she can. In addition, when the husband comes home late at night the effects of khat have done their work and his virility is generally impaired. In the long run, this type of impotence may lead to a chronic condition requiring medical treatment. As a result, there are frequent and repeated divorces, and marriages hang by a thread. Paternal authority, in such cases, is greatly undermined. Adolescent boys take to the khat habit at a very early age, and recently a certain number of women have also become addicts. On the social level, certain major trends are apparent: Work output is undeniably reduced and this results in a vicious circle; low output means low wages. Similarly, it is surprising to see the lack of initiative and interest which many of these people display in self-improvement. This is all the more surprising because these people are quite intelligent and are far from being intellectually ungifted. It is not unlikely that this situation can be traced to the fact that they devote their leisure time to the consumption of khat, with the resulting impairment of their will-power. Together with low work output and disinclination to self-improvement, there is also, among the male part of the population, a state actually bordering on mass neurosis. The individual is obsessed by a frantic desire for khat which seems to inhibit aspirations toward higher aims; it makes the man a slave to his vice. In view of the situation which has been brought about by khat at Djibouti, as objectively described above, the French Government had to consider whether it should continue to regard khat as simply a habit-forming substance. To answer that question, it referred to the definitions approved by the Expert Committee on Addiction-Producing Drugs in its seventh report. It was found that khat does not fall clearly within the terms of either of the two definitions of drug addiction and drug habituation. In fact, in the light of the description of the situation prevailing in Djibouti, it can be said that khat falls within the definition of' habituation given in the first three paragraphs:. There is a desire but not a compulsion to continue taking the drug for the sense of improved well-being which it engenders. There is some degree of psychic dependence on the effect of the drug, but absence of physical dependence and hence of an abstinence syndrome. On the other hand, although there may be some doubt with regard to the theoretical definition of the effects of khat, it is obviously necessary to take energetic steps combat this social evil without delay. In view of the urgency of the question, the French Government decided, even before the meeting of the Commission on Narcotic Drugs, to prohibit the use of this plant. The following decree was passed on 2 April and published in the Journal officiel of 5 Apri1 The provisions of this decree shall be applicable in Algeria, in the Overseas Territories and in Cameroons. United Nations. Office on Drugs and Crime. Site Search. Topics Crime prevention and criminal justice. At night they sleep well and regain their strength during the depressive phase. In fact, in the light of the description of the situation prevailing in Djibouti, it can be said that khat falls within the definition of' habituation given in the first three paragraphs: There is a desire but not a compulsion to continue taking the drug for the sense of improved well-being which it engenders. There is little or no tendency to increase the dose. Article R. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.

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Upon signature: Understanding: '1. Article 1 - Definition of Illicit Traffic. With regard to the reservation to article 6 made by Viet Nam upon accession:. With regard to the reservation with regard to article 6 made by Viet Nam upon accession:. With regard to the interpretative declarations made by the United States of America:. With regard to the reservations and declarations made by Colombia upon ratification:. The Government of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea has designated the following authorities under the provisions of article 7 8 and 17 7 , respectively. Home Page. Main Menu. Vienna, 20 December Entry into force. Registration : 11 November , No. Status : Signatories : Parties : In addition to the Convention, the Conference adopted the Final Act and certain resolutions which are annexed to the Final Act. Kitts and Nevis 19 Apr a St. Lucia 21 Aug a St. Declarations and Reservations. Unless otherwise indicated, the declarations and reservations were made upon ratification, accession, acceptance, approval, formal confirmation or succession. Algeria Reservation: The People's Democratic Republic of Algeria does not consider itself bound by the provisions of article 32, paragraph 2, the compulsory referral of any dispute of the International Court of Justice. The People's Democratic Republic of Algeria declares that for a dispute to be referred to the International Court of Justice the agreement of all the parties to the dispute is necessary in each case. Andorra Reservation: With respect to the option provided in paragraph 4 of article 32, the Andorran State does consider itself bound by the provisions of paragraphs 2 and 3 of this article. With respect to paragraph 2, the Andorran State considers that any dispute which cannot be settled in the manner prescribed in paragraph 1 of the aforementioned article will be referred to the International Court of Justice only with the agreement of all parties involved in the dispute. Declaration: Since the Andorran legal system already embodies almost all the measures referred to in the Vienna Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances, accession to the aforementioned Convention will entail only minor changes in the Andorran State's legal system, which will be taken into account in the future legislative activity. From the point of view of the rights and obligations arising from accession to this Convention, without renouncing the specific characteristics of its domestic legislation, in particular with respect to the protection of individual freedoms and the rights of bona fide third parties, and to the preservation of national sovereignty and the common good, Andorra undertakes to assume the obligations among States arising from the Vienna Convention and to cooperate, through its judicial authorities and on the basis of reciprocity, with the other States which have accepted the provisions of the aforementioned Convention. Austria Declarations: 're. The same applies to all other references of the Convention to domestic law, its fundamental principles or the national constitutional order like they are contained in art. If the decision has not been rendered by a court, a declaration of the authority requesting legal assistance has to be furnished, stating that all necessary preconditions are fulfilled, according to the law of the requesting state. Bahrain 13 , Bahrain 13,14 Reservation: The State of Bahrain, by the ratification of this Convention, does not consider itself bound by paragraph 2 of article 32 in connection with the obligation to refer the settlement of the dispute relating to the interpretation or application of this Convention to the International Court of Justice. Belize Reservation: 'Article 8 of the Convention requires the Parties to give consideration to the possibility of transferring to one another proceedings for criminal prosecution of certain offences where such transfer is considered to be in the interests of a proper administration of justice. Moreover, under the Constitution of Belize, the control of public prosecutions is vested in the Director of Public Prosecutions, who is an independent functionary and not under Government control. Bolivia Plurinational State of. Bolivia Plurinational State of Reservation made upon signature and confirmed upon ratifica tion: The Republic of Bolivia places on record its express reservation to article 3, paragraph 2, and declares the inapplicability to Bolivia of those provisions of that paragraph which could be interpreted as establishing as a criminal offence the use, consumption, possession, purchase or cultivation of the coca leaf for personal consumption. For Bolivia such an interpretation of that paragraph is contrary to principles of its Constitution and basic concepts of its legal system which embody respect for the culture, legitimate practices, values and attributes of the nationalities making up Bolivia's population. Bolivia's legal system recognizes the ancestral nature of the licit use of the coca leaf which, for much of Bolivia's population, dates back over centuries. At the same time, the Republic of Bolivia will continue to take all necessary legal measures to control the illicit cultivation of coca for the production of narcotic drugs, as well as the illicit consumption, use and purchase of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances. Brunei Darussalam. Brunei Darussalam Reservation: 'In accordance with article 32 of the Convention Brunei Darussalam hereby declares that it does not consider itself bound by paragraphs 2 and 3 of the said article China Declaration made upon signature and confirmed upon ratification: Under the Article 32, paragraph 4, China does not consider itself bound by paragraphs 2 and 3 of that article. Colombia Colombia 15 Upon signature: Colombia formulates a reservation to article 9, paragraph 1, of the Convention, specifically subparagraphs b , c , d and e thereof, since its legislation does not permit outside co-operation with the judiciary in investigating offences nor the establishment of joint teams with other countries to that end. Likewise inasmuch as samples of the substances that have given rise to investigations belong to the proceedings, only the judge, as previously, can take decisions in that regard. Upon ratification: Reservations With respect to article 5, paragraph 7, of the Convention, Colombia does not consider itself bound to reverse the onus of proof. Colombia has reservations in connection with article 9, paragraphs 1 b , c , d and e , inasmuch as they conflict with the autonomy and independence of the judicial authorities in their jurisdiction over the investigation and judgement of offences. Declarations: 1. No provision of the Convention may be interpreted as obliging Colombia to adopt legislative, judicial, administrative or other measures that might impair or restrict its constitutional or legal system or that go beyond the terms of the treaties to which the Colombian State is a contracting party. It is the view of Colombia that treatment under the Convention of the cultivation of the coca leaf as a criminal offence must be harmonized with a policy of alternative development, taking into account the rights of the indigenous communities involved and the protection of the environment. In this connection it is the view of Colombia that the discriminatory, inequitable and restrictive treatment accorded its agricultural export products on international markets does nothing to contribute to the control of illicit crops, but, rather, is a cause of social and environmental degradation in the areas affected. Further, Colombia reserves the right to make an independent evaluation of the ecological impact of drug control policies, since those that have a negative impact on ecosystems contravene the Constitution. It is the understanding of Colombia that article 3, paragraph 7, of the Convention will be applied in accordance with its penal system, taking into account the benefits of its policies regarding the indictment of and collaboration with alleged criminals. A request for reciprocal legal assistance will not be met when the Colombian judicial and other authorities consider that to do so would run counter to the public interest or the constitutional or legal order. The principle of reciprocity must also be observed. It is the understanding of Colombia that article 3, paragraph 8, of the Convention does not imply the non-applicability of the statutory limitation of penal action. Article 24 of the Convention, on 'more strict or severe measures', may not be interpreted as conferring on the Government powers that are broader than those conferred by the Political Constitution of Colombia, including in states of exception. It is the understanding of Colombia that the assistance provided for under article 17 of the Convention will be effective only on the high seas and at the express request and with the authorization of the Colombian Government. Colombia declares that it considers contrary to the principles and norms of international law, in particular those of sovereign equality, territorial integrity and non-intervention, any attempt to abduct or illegally deprive of freedom any person within the territory of one State for the purpose of bringing that person before the courts of another State. It is the understanding of Colombia that the transfer of proceedings referred to in article 8 of the Convention will take place in such a way as not to impair the constitutional guarantees of the right of defence. Further, Colombia declares with respect to article 6, paragraph 10, of the Convention that, in the execution offoreign sentences, the provisions of article 35, paragraph 2, of its Political Constitution and other legal and constitutional norms must be observed The international obligations deriving from article 3, paragraphs 1 c and 2, as well as from article 11 are conditional on respect for Colombian constitutional principles and the above three reservations and nine declarations making the Convention compatible with the Colombian constitutional order. Cuba Declaration: The Government of the Republic of Cuba declares that it does not consider itself bound by the provisions of article 32, paragraphs 2 and 3, and that disputes which arise between the Parties should be settled by negotiation through the diplomatic channel. Cyprus Upon signature: '\[Signature is effected\] subject to ratification, at the time of which reservations in respect of specific provisions of the Convention may be made and deposited in the prescribed manner. Danish authorities cannot authorize another State to take legal action on behalf of the Kingdom of Denmark. France Reservations: The Government of the French Republic does not consider itself bound by the provisions of article 32, paragraph 2, and declares that any dispute relating to the interpretation or application of the Convention which cannot be settled in the manner prescribed in paragraph 1 of the said article may not be referred to the International Court of Justice unless all the parties to the dispute agree thereto. Similarly, the Government of the French Republic does not consider itself bound by the provisions of article 32, paragraph 3. Germany 5. Germany 5 Declaration: It is the understanding of the Federal Republic of Germany that the basic concepts of the legal system referred to in article 3, paragraph 2 of the Convention may be subject to change. Holy See. The Holy See, acting also in the name and on behalf of Vatican City State, specifically reserves the right to agree in a particular case, on an ad hoc basis, to any convenient means to settle any dispute arising out of this Convention. This trafficking has already become so widespread and so highly organized as to involve both the developed countries and those on the road to development. Through its Representatives, the Holy See has followed the various phases of the drawing-up of the Convention text, a process that has been long and laborious. In adhering to this Convention, the Holy See does not intend to prescind in any way from its specific mission which is of a religious and moral character. Iran Islamic Republic of. Iran Islamic Republic of Upon signature: 'The Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran wishes to express reservation to article 6, paragraph 3, of the Convention, since this provision is incompatible with our domestic law. Ireland 1 February ' Israel Declaration: 'In accordance with paragraph 4 of Article 32, the Government of the State of Israel declares that it does not consider itself bound by the provisions of paragraph 2 of and 3 of this Article. Jamaica Kuwait Reservation: With reservation as to paragraphs 2 and 3 of article 32 of this Convention. Lao People's Democratic Republic. The Lao People's Democratic Republic declares that to refer a dispute relating to interpretation and application of the present Convention to arbitration or the International Court of Justice, the agreement of all parties concerned in the dispute is necessary. Lebanon Lebanon 17 Reservations: 1. The Government of the Lebanese Republic does not consider itself bound by the provisions of article 32, paragraph 2, and declares that disputes relating to the interpretation or application of the Convention which are not settled by the means prescribed in paragraph 1 of that article shall be referred to the International Court of Justice only with the agreement of all of the Parties to the dispute. Similarly, the Government of the Lebanese Republic does not consider itself bound by the provisions of article 32, paragraph 3. The Government of the Lebanese Republic has reservations regarding article 5, paragraph 3, regarding article 7, paragraph 2 f , and regarding article 7, paragraph 5, of the Convention. Malaysia Declaration: 'The Government of Malaysia does not consider itself bound by paragraphs 2 and 3 of article 32 of the said Convention, wherein if there should arise between two or more Parties a dispute and such dispute cannot be settled in the manner prescribed in paragraph 1 of article 32 of the Convention, Malaysia is not bound to refer the dispute to the International Court of Justice for decision. Myanmar Myanmar 18 Reservation: 'The Government \[of Myanmar\] further wishes to make a reservation on article 32, paragraphs 2 and 3 and does not consider itself bound by obligations to refer the disputes relating to the interpretation or application of this Convention to the International Court of Justice. Netherlands Kingdom of the. Netherlands Kingdom of the Upon signature: Understanding: '1. In applying these articles, \[it\] would therefore have to rely on the chapeau of article 1, allowing for a contextual application of the relevant definition. With respect of article 3, paragraph 6, \[the Government of the Nethesions cover offences established both under paragraph 1 and paragraph 2. In view of the provisions of paragraph 4 d and paragraph 11 of the same article, \[the Government of the Netherlands\] understands that the measure of discretionary legal powers relating to the prosecution for offences established in accordance with paragraph 2 may in practice be wider than for offences established in accordance with paragraph 1. With respect to article 3, paragraphs 7 and 8, it is the understanding of \[the Government of the Netherlands\] that these provisions do not require the establishment of specific rules and regulations on the early release of convicted persons and the statute of limitations in respect of offences, covered by paragraph 1 of the article, which are different from such rules and regulations in respect of other, equally serious, offences. Consequently, it is \[the Government's\] understanding that the relevant legislation presently in force within the Kingdom sufficiently and appropriately meets the concerns expressed by the terms of these provisions. Panama Reservation: The Republic of Panama does not consider itself obligated to apply the measures of confiscation or seizure provided for in article 5, paragraphs 1 and 2, of the Convention to property the value of which corresponds to that of the proceeds derived from offences established in accordance with the said Convention, in so far as such measures would contravene the provisions of article 30 of the Constitution of Panama, under which there is no penalty of confiscation of property. Peru Upon signature: Peru formulates an express reservation to paragraph 1 a ii of article 3, concerning offences and sanctions; that paragraph includes cultivation among the activities established as criminal offences, without drawing the necessary clear distinction between licit and illicit cultivation. Accordingly, Peru also formulates an express reservation to the scope of the definition of illicit traffic contained in article 1 in so far as it refers to article 3, paragraph 1 a ii. In accordance with the provisions of article 32, paragraph 4, Peru declares, on signing the Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances, that it does not consider itself bound by article 32, paragraphs 2 and 3, since, in respect of this Convention, it agrees to the referral of disputes to the International Court of Justice only if all the parties, and not just one, agree to such a procedure. Philippines San Marino San Marino 20 Declaration: \[The Republic of San Marino declares\] that any confiscation activity under article 5 is subject to the fact that the crime is considered as such also by San Marino legal system. Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia 13 Declarations: 1. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia does not regard itself bound by article 32, paragraphs 2 and 3, of the Convention; 2. This ratification does not constitute recognition of Israel and shall not give rise to entry with it into any dealings or to the establishment with it of any relations under the Convention. South Africa. South Africa Declaration In keeping with paragraph 4 of article 32, the Republic of South Africa does not consider itself bound by the provisions of paragraphs 2 and 3 of Article 32 of the Convention. Sweden Declaration: 'Regarding article 3, paragraph 10, Swedish constitutional legislation on extradition implies that in judging whether a specific offence is to be regarded as a political offence, regard shall be paid to the circumstances in each individual case. Switzerland Reservation concerning article 3, paragraph 2 : Switzerland does not consider itself bound by article 3, paragraph 2, concerning the maintenance or adoption of criminal offences under legislation on narcotic drugs. Reservation concerning article 3 , paragraphes 6, 7 and 8: Switzerland considers the provisions of article 3, paragraphs 6, 7 and 8 as binding only to the extent that they are compatible with Swiss criminal legislation and Swiss policy on criminal matters. Syrian Arab Republic Syrian Arab Republic 13 Declaration: The accession to this Convention shall not constitute a recognition of Israel or lead to any kind of intercourse with it. United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Reservation: 'The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland will only consider the granting of immunity under article 7, paragraph 18, where this is specifically requested by the person to whom the immunity would apply or by the authority designated, under article 7, paragraph 8, of the Party from whom assistance is requested. A request for immunity will not be granted where the judicial authorities of the United Kingdom consider that to do so would be contrary to the public interest. United Republic of Tanzania. United Republic of Tanzania Upon signature: 'Subject to a further determination on ratification, the United Republic of Tanzania declares that the provisions of article 17 paragraph 11 shall not be construed as either restraining in any manner the rights and privileges of a coastal State as envisaged by the relevant provisions relating to the Economic Exclusive Zone of the Law of the Sea Convention, or, as according third parties rights other than those so recognized under the Convention. United States of America. United States of America Understandings: ' 1 Nothing in this Treaty requires or authorizes legislation or other action by the United States of America prohibited by the Constitution of the United States. Venezuela Bolivarian Republic of. Venezuela Bolivarian Republic of Interpretative declarations: 1. With respect to article 6: Extradition It is the understanding of the Government of Venezuela that this Convention shall not be considered a legal basis for the extradition of Venezuelan citizens, as provided for in the national legislation in force. With respect to article Controlled Delivery It is the understanding of the Government of Venezuela that publicly actionable offences in the national territory shall be prosecuted by the competent national police authorities and that the controlled delivery procedure shall be applied only in so far as it does not contravene national legislation in this matter. Viet Nam 21 , Yemen Yemen 12 Upon signature: \[Yemen reserves its\] right to enter reservations in respect of such articles as it may see fit at a time subsequent to this signature. Unless otherwise indicated, the objections were received upon ratification, accession, acceptance, approval, formal confirmation or succession. Austria is of the view that the reservation raises doubts as to its compatibility with the object and purpose of the Convention concerned, in particular the fundamental principle that perpetrators of drug-related crime should be brought to justice, regardless of their whereabouts. Non-acceptance of this principle would undermine the effectiveness of the \[said\] Convention. This objection does not preclude the entry into force of the \[said\] Convention between Austria and Vietnam. Belgium 27 December Belgium, member State of the European Community, attached to the principle of freedom of navigation, notably in the exclusive economic zone, considers that the declaration of Brazil concerning paragraph 11 of article 17, of the United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances, adopted at Vienna on 20 December , goes further than the rights accorded to coastal States by international law. Denmark 27 December \[ Same objection , mutatis mutandis, as the one made by Belgium. Finland 25 April With regard to the reservations made by Lebanon: \[Same objection, mutatis mutandis , as the one made by France. France 27 December \[ Same objection , mutatis mutandis, as the one made by Belgium. The Convention indicates that bank secrecy shall not be a ground for a failure to act or for a failure to render mutual assistance. The Government of France considers that these reservations therefore undermine the object and purpose of the Convention, as stated in article 2, paragraph 1, to promote cooperation in order to address more effectively the international dimension of illicit drugs trafficking. France therefore objects to it. The objection does not preclude the entry into force of the Convention between France and Viet Nam. Germany 4. It is in the common interest of states that international treaties which they have concluded are respected, as to their object and purpose, and that all parties are prepared to undertake any legislative and administrative changes necessary to comply with their obligations. Greece 27 December \[ Same objection , mutatis mutandis, as the one made by Belgium. Ireland 27 December \[ Same objection , mutatis mutandis, as the one made by Belgium. Italy 27 December \[ Same objection , mutatis mutandis, as the one made by Belgium. Luxembourg 27 December \[Same objection, mutatis mutandis, as the one made by Belgium. Consequently, the Government of the United Mexican States considers that such a declaration constitutes a reservation to which it objects. Netherlands Kingdom of the 27 December \[ Same objection, mutatis mutandis, as the one made by Belgium. Portugal 27 December \[ Same objection, mutatis mutandis, as the one made by Belgium. Spain 27 December \[ Same objection, mutatis mutandis, as the one made by Belgium. Sweden 7 March With regard to the reservations made by Lebanon upon accession: \[ Same objection , mutatis mutandis, as the one made by France. The Government of Sweden is of the view that the reservation made by the Government of Viet Nam regarding article 6, may raise doubts as to the commitment of Viet Nam to the object and purpose of the Convention. The \[Convention\] will thus become operative between the two States without Viet Nam benefiting from the \[reservation\]. In this context, the Government of Sweden would like to recall that under well-established treaty law, the name assigned to a statement whereby the legal effect of certain provisions of a treaty is excluded or modified, does not determine itsreservation to the treaty. Thus, the Government of Sweden considers that the declaration made by San Marino, in the absence of further clarification, in substance constitutes a reservation to the Convention. The Government of Sweden notes that the said articles of the Convention are being made subject to a general reservation referring to the contents of existing legislation in San Marino. The Government of Sweden is of the view that, in the absence of further clarification, this reservation raises doubts as to the commitment of San Marino to the object and purpose of the Convention and would like to recall that, according to customary international law as codified in the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, a reservation incompatible with the object and purpose of a treaty shall not be permitted. It is in the common interest of States that treaties to which they have chosen to become parties are respected as to their object and purpose, by all parties, and that States are prepared to undertake any legislative changes necessary to comply with their obligations under the treaties. This objection shall not preclude the entry into force of the Convention between San Marino and Sweden. The Convention enters into force in its entirety between the two States, without San Marino benefiting from its reservation. The Greek Cypriot side does not possess the right or authority to become party to international instruments on behalf of Cyprus as a whole. United States of America 23 October With regard to the reservations and declarations made by Colombia upon ratification: 'The Government of the United States of America understands the first reservation to exempt Colombia from the obligations imposed by article 3, paragraphs 6 and 9, and article 6 of the Convention only insofar as compliance with such obligations would prevent Colombia from abiding by article 35 of its Political Constitution regarding the extradition of Colombian nationals by birth , to the extent that the reservation is intended to apply other than to the extradition of Colombian nationals by birth, the Government of the United States objects to the reservation. Notifications under article 6, 7 and Unless otherwise indicated, the notifications were received upon ratification, accession, acceptance, approval, formal confirmation or succession. Argentina 16 May Article 6 Extradition : Where a treaty exists, the requirements established therein should be met. In the event that the requested person has been convicted, in addition to the foregoing, the following shall be added: g An affidavit or certified copy of the court decision of conviction; h Certification that the decision is not rendered in absentia and is final. If the judgment is rendered in absentia, assurances must be given that the case will be reopened so that the convicted person may be heard and allowed to exercise the right of defence, and that a new judgment will be issued accordingly; i Information on the length of the sentence remaining to be served; j An explanation of the reasons for which the sentence has not been completed. Sargsyan str. Barbados 23 June ' China 30 November 1. Address: No. With regard to Macao Special Administrative Region, the Public Prosecutions Office of Macao Special Administrative Region is designated as the competent authority for cooperation on surrender of fugitive offenders for the purpose of Article 6 of the Convention. Address: Ala. Cook Islands. The objects of the Act are to - a codify the law relating to the extradition of persons from the Cook Islands; and b facilitate the making of requests for extradition by the Cook Islands to other countries, and c enable the Cook Islands to carry out its obligations under extradition treaties. An offense under the Act is an extradition offence if - 1. In determining whether conduct constitutes an offence, regard may be had to only some of the acts and omissions that make up the conduct. In determining the maximum penalty for an offence for which no statutory penalty is imposed, regard must be had to the level of penalty that can be imposed by any court in the requesting country for the offence. An offence may be an extradition offence although: a it is an offence against a law of the requesting country relating to taxation, customs duties or other revenue matters, or relating to foreign exchange controls; and b the Cook Islands does not impose a duty, tax, impost or control of that kind. Tel: 29 ; Fax: 20 Tel: 28 ; Fax: 28 Cuba 23 July Article 6 Lic. Specific procedure in urgent cases: This does not exist; there is only a procedure for regular cases. Democratic People's Republic of Korea. Democratic People's Republic of Korea 31 May The Government of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea has designated the following authorities under the provisions of article 7 8 and 17 7 , respectively. Iceland 1 March ' Luxembourg 16 October Notifications pursuant to article 7 8 and 9 : Pursuant to article 7 8 , and as a replacement of the initial designation made at the time of the deposit of the instrument of ratification, the Government of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg has designated the State Attorney General as the authority with the responsibility and power to execute requests for mutual legal assistance or to transmit them to the competent authorities for execution. Pursuant to article 7 9 , the Government of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg declares that requests for mutual legal assistance must be written in French or German or be accompanied by a translation into French or German. Nicaragua 31 July The Permanent Mission of the Republic of Serbia Sri Lanka. Sweden 21 December The Government of Sweden notified the Secretary-General that, as from 1 October , the Ministry of Justice has been designated as the authority under the provisions of article 7 8 and article 17 7 of the Convention, instead of the Ministry for Foreign Affairs. The State having no such treaty shall submit its request through the diplomatic channel. Trinidad and Tobago. End Note. Upon resuming the exercise of sovereignty over Macao, China notified the Secretary-General that the Convention will also apply to the Macao Special Administrative Region. The instrument of ratification contained the following declarations: Requests for mutual legal assistance under article 7 shall be directed to the German Democratic Republic through diplomatic channel in one of the official United Nations languages or in the German language unless existing agreements on mutual legal assistance include other provisions or direct communication between legal authorities has been determined or developed on a mutual basis. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs shall be the competent authority to receive and respond to requests of another state to board or search a vessel suspected of being involved in illicit traffic article The instrument of acceptance specifies that it is for the Kingdom in Europe. The text can be found here: C. A request for immunity will not be granted where the judicial authorities of the Isle of Man consider that to do so would be contrary to the public interest. In relation to the aformentioned Territories the granting of immunity under article 7, paragraph 18, of the said Convention will only be considered where this is specifically requested by the person to whom the immunity would apply or by the authority designated, under article 7, paragraph 8, of the Party from whom assistance is requested. A request for immunity will not be granted where the judicial authorities of the Territory in question consider to do so would be contrary to the public interest. The applicatn of the Convention to the Bailiwick of Jersey is subject to the following reservation: 1 article 7, paragraph 18 Reservation 'The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland will only consider the granting of immunity under article 7, paragraph 18, in relation to Jersey, where this is specifically requested by the person to whom the immunity would apply or by the authority designated under article 7, paragraph 8 of the party from whom assistance is requested. A request for immunity will not be granted where the judicial authorities of Jersey consider that to do so would be contrary to the public interest. A request for immunity will not be granted where the judicial authorities of Guernsey consider that to do so would be contrary to the public interest. A request for immunity will not be granted where the judicial authorities of Gibraltar consider that to do so would be contrary to the public interest. The reservation reads as follows. Colombia is not bound by article 3, paragraphs 6 and 9, or article 6 of the Convention since they contravene article 35 of the Political Constitution of Colombia regarding the prohibition on extraditing Colombians by birth. The declaration read as follows: Declaration: 'The Government of Jamaica understands paragraph 11 of article 17 of the said Convention to mean that the consent of the coastal State is required as a precondition for action under paragraphs 2, 3 and 4 of article 17 of the said Convention in relation to the Exclusive Economic Zone and all other maritime areas under the sovereignty or jurisdiction of the coastal State. No objection having been recieved within the said period, the above declaration was deemed accepted for deposit upon the expiration of the day period, that is to say on 2 December According to the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, and well-established customary international law, a reservation contrary to the object and purpose of the treaty shall not be permitted. It is in the common interest of States that treaties to which they have chosen to become Parties are respected as to their object and purpose by all Parties, and that States are prepared to undertake any legislative changes necessary to comply with their obligations under the treaties. The Government of Finland therefore objects to \[this reservation\] made by the Government of Viet Nam to the \[Convention\]. This objection does not preclude the entry into force of the \[Convention\] between Viet Nam and Finland. The \[Convention\] will thus become operative between the two States without Viet Nam benefitting from \[this reservation\]. Signatories : Certified true copy United Nations, Treaty Series , vol. Bosnia and Herzegovina 1. China 2 , 3. Netherlands Kingdom of the 7. San Marino. Saudi Arabia. Syrian Arab Republic. Ukraine 9 , Viet Nam. Close Window. Declarations and Reservations Unless otherwise indicated, the declarations and reservations were made upon ratification, accession, acceptance, approval, formal confirmation or succession. Algeria Algeria Reservation: The People's Democratic Republic of Algeria does not consider itself bound by the provisions of article 32, paragraph 2, the compulsory referral of any dispute of the International Court of Justice. Andorra Andorra Reservation: With respect to the option provided in paragraph 4 of article 32, the Andorran State does consider itself bound by the provisions of paragraphs 2 and 3 of this article. Austria Austria Declarations: 're. Bahrain 13 , 14 Bahrain 13,14 Reservation: The State of Bahrain, by the ratification of this Convention, does not consider itself bound by paragraph 2 of article 32 in connection with the obligation to refer the settlement of the dispute relating to the interpretation or application of this Convention to the International Court of Justice. Belize Belize Reservation: 'Article 8 of the Convention requires the Parties to give consideration to the possibility of transferring to one another proceedings for criminal prosecution of certain offences where such transfer is considered to be in the interests of a proper administration of justice. Bolivia Plurinational State of Bolivia Plurinational State of Reservation made upon signature and confirmed upon ratifica tion: The Republic of Bolivia places on record its express reservation to article 3, paragraph 2, and declares the inapplicability to Bolivia of those provisions of that paragraph which could be interpreted as establishing as a criminal offence the use, consumption, possession, purchase or cultivation of the coca leaf for personal consumption. Brunei Darussalam Brunei Darussalam Reservation: 'In accordance with article 32 of the Convention Brunei Darussalam hereby declares that it does not consider itself bound by paragraphs 2 and 3 of the said article China China Declaration made upon signature and confirmed upon ratification: Under the Article 32, paragraph 4, China does not consider itself bound by paragraphs 2 and 3 of that article. Colombia 15 Colombia 15 Upon signature: Colombia formulates a reservation to article 9, paragraph 1, of the Convention, specifically subparagraphs b , c , d and e thereof, since its legislation does not permit outside co-operation with the judiciary in investigating offences nor the establishment of joint teams with other countries to that end. Cuba Cuba Declaration: The Government of the Republic of Cuba declares that it does not consider itself bound by the provisions of article 32, paragraphs 2 and 3, and that disputes which arise between the Parties should be settled by negotiation through the diplomatic channel. Cyprus Cyprus Upon signature: '\[Signature is effected\] subject to ratification, at the time of which reservations in respect of specific provisions of the Convention may be made and deposited in the prescribed manner. France France Reservations: The Government of the French Republic does not consider itself bound by the provisions of article 32, paragraph 2, and declares that any dispute relating to the interpretation or application of the Convention which cannot be settled in the manner prescribed in paragraph 1 of the said article may not be referred to the International Court of Justice unless all the parties to the dispute agree thereto. Germany 5 Germany 5 Declaration: It is the understanding of the Federal Republic of Germany that the basic concepts of the legal system referred to in article 3, paragraph 2 of the Convention may be subject to change. Iran Islamic Republic of Iran Islamic Republic of Upon signature: 'The Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran wishes to express reservation to article 6, paragraph 3, of the Convention, since this provision is incompatible with our domestic law. Ireland Ireland 1 February ' Israel Israel Declaration: 'In accordance with paragraph 4 of Article 32, the Government of the State of Israel declares that it does not consider itself bound by the provisions of paragraph 2 of and 3 of this Article. Jamaica 16 Jamaica Kuwait Kuwait Reservation: With reservation as to paragraphs 2 and 3 of article 32 of this Convention. Lebanon 17 Lebanon 17 Reservations: 1. Malaysia Malaysia Declaration: 'The Government of Malaysia does not consider itself bound by paragraphs 2 and 3 of article 32 of the said Convention, wherein if there should arise between two or more Parties a dispute and such dispute cannot be settled in the manner prescribed in paragraph 1 of article 32 of the Convention, Malaysia is not bound to refer the dispute to the International Court of Justice for decision. Myanmar 18 Myanmar 18 Reservation: 'The Government \[of Myanmar\] further wishes to make a reservation on article 32, paragraphs 2 and 3 and does not consider itself bound by obligations to refer the disputes relating to the interpretation or application of this Convention to the International Court of Justice. Panama Panama Reservation: The Republic of Panama does not consider itself obligated to apply the measures of confiscation or seizure provided for in article 5, paragraphs 1 and 2, of the Convention to property the value of which corresponds to that of the proceeds derived from offences established in accordance with the said Convention, in so far as such measures would contravene the provisions of article 30 of the Constitution of Panama, under which there is no penalty of confiscation of property. Peru Peru Upon signature: Peru formulates an express reservation to paragraph 1 a ii of article 3, concerning offences and sanctions; that paragraph includes cultivation among the activities established as criminal offences, without drawing the necessary clear distinction between licit and illicit cultivation. Philippines 19 Philippines San Marino 20 San Marino 20 Declaration: \[The Republic of San Marino declares\] that any confiscation activity under article 5 is subject to the fact that the crime is considered as such also by San Marino legal system. Saudi Arabia 13 Saudi Arabia 13 Declarations: 1. South Africa South Africa Declaration In keeping with paragraph 4 of article 32, the Republic of South Africa does not consider itself bound by the provisions of paragraphs 2 and 3 of Article 32 of the Convention. Sweden Sweden Declaration: 'Regarding article 3, paragraph 10, Swedish constitutional legislation on extradition implies that in judging whether a specific offence is to be regarded as a political offence, regard shall be paid to the circumstances in each individual case. Switzerland Switzerland Reservation concerning article 3, paragraph 2 : Switzerland does not consider itself bound by article 3, paragraph 2, concerning the maintenance or adoption of criminal offences under legislation on narcotic drugs. Syrian Arab Republic 13 Syrian Arab Republic 13 Declaration: The accession to this Convention shall not constitute a recognition of Israel or lead to any kind of intercourse with it. United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Reservation: 'The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland will only consider the granting of immunity under article 7, paragraph 18, where this is specifically requested by the person to whom the immunity would apply or by the authority designated, under article 7, paragraph 8, of the Party from whom assistance is requested. United Republic of Tanzania United Republic of Tanzania Upon signature: 'Subject to a further determination on ratification, the United Republic of Tanzania declares that the provisions of article 17 paragraph 11 shall not be construed as either restraining in any manner the rights and privileges of a coastal State as envisaged by the relevant provisions relating to the Economic Exclusive Zone of the Law of the Sea Convention, or, as according third parties rights other than those so recognized under the Convention. Yemen 12 Yemen 12 Upon signature: \[Yemen reserves its\] right to enter reservations in respect of such articles as it may see fit at a time subsequent to this signature. Belgium Belgium 27 December Belgium, member State of the European Community, attached to the principle of freedom of navigation, notably in the exclusive economic zone, considers that the declaration of Brazil concerning paragraph 11 of article 17, of the United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances, adopted at Vienna on 20 December , goes further than the rights accorded to coastal States by international law. Denmark Denmark 27 December \[ Same objection , mutatis mutandis, as the one made by Belgium. Finland Finland 25 April With regard to the reservations made by Lebanon: \[Same objection, mutatis mutandis , as the one made by France. France France 27 December \[ Same objection , mutatis mutandis, as the one made by Belgium. Greece Greece 27 December \[ Same objection , mutatis mutandis, as the one made by Belgium. Ireland Ireland 27 December \[ Same objection , mutatis mutandis, as the one made by Belgium. Italy Italy 27 December \[ Same objection , mutatis mutandis, as the one made by Belgium. Luxembourg Luxembourg 27 December \[Same objection, mutatis mutandis, as the one made by Belgium. Netherlands Kingdom of the Netherlands Kingdom of the 27 December \[ Same objection, mutatis mutandis, as the one made by Belgium. Portugal Portugal 27 December \[ Same objection, mutatis mutandis, as the one made by Belgium. Spain Spain 27 December \[ Same objection, mutatis mutandis, as the one made by Belgium. Sweden Sweden 7 March With regard to the reservations made by Lebanon upon accession: \[ Same objection , mutatis mutandis, as the one made by France. United States of America United States of America 23 October With regard to the reservations and declarations made by Colombia upon ratification: 'The Government of the United States of America understands the first reservation to exempt Colombia from the obligations imposed by article 3, paragraphs 6 and 9, and article 6 of the Convention only insofar as compliance with such obligations would prevent Colombia from abiding by article 35 of its Political Constitution regarding the extradition of Colombian nationals by birth , to the extent that the reservation is intended to apply other than to the extradition of Colombian nationals by birth, the Government of the United States objects to the reservation. Argentina Argentina 16 May Article 6 Extradition : Where a treaty exists, the requirements established therein should be met. Barbados Barbados 23 June ' China China 30 November 1. Cuba Cuba 23 July Article 6 Lic. Iceland Iceland 1 March ' Luxembourg Luxembourg 16 October Notifications pursuant to article 7 8 and 9 : Pursuant to article 7 8 , and as a replacement of the initial designation made at the time of the deposit of the instrument of ratification, the Government of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg has designated the State Attorney General as the authority with the responsibility and power to execute requests for mutual legal assistance or to transmit them to the competent authorities for execution. Nicaragua Nicaragua 31 July Sweden Sweden 21 December The Government of Sweden notified the Secretary-General that, as from 1 October , the Ministry of Justice has been designated as the authority under the provisions of article 7 8 and article 17 7 of the Convention, instead of the Ministry for Foreign Affairs.

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