Buying Cannabis Bandar Abbas

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Buying Cannabis Bandar Abbas

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Buying Cannabis Bandar Abbas

Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3. Poisoning is a frequent cause of referral to medical emergencies and a major health problem around the world, especially in developing countries. We aimed to review the epidemiology and pattern of adult poisoning in Iran in order to facilitate the early diagnosis and management of poisoning. The pattern of poisoning is different in various parts of Iran. Pharmaceutical compounds were the most common cause of poisoning in most parts of Iran. Pesticide-related toxicities were more common in northern agricultural regions, whereas bites and stings were seen more commonly in southern Iran. Carbon monoxide poisoning was common in cities with many motor vehicles such as Tehran and in colder climates such as in northern and western regions due to inadequately vented gas appliances such as stoves and heaters. Majoon Birjandi containing cannabis is a unique substance used in eastern Iran. Poisoning by opioids, tramadol, and pesticides organophosphate and aluminum phosphide has remained a common hazard in Iran. Poisoning-associated morbidity and mortality rates vary by region and have changed over time due to the introduction of new drugs and chemicals. Early diagnosis and proper treatment may be lifesaving; thus, understanding the general pattern of poisoning in different regions is important. In Iran, poisoning is one of the most common causes of hospitalization and the 2nd leading cause of mortality. The pattern of poisoning is dissimilar in different regions of Iran. Understanding the common pattern of poisoning in different regions can contribute to early diagnosis and treatment of poisoning. Pharmaceutical compounds, pesticides, stings, and bites are the most common causes of poisoning in Iran. Medications were the most common cause of poisoning in most parts of Iran. Pesticides were more common in northern regions, whereas bites and stings were more commonly reported in southern Iran. Poisoning by opioids, tramadol, and pesticides organophosphate and aluminum phosphide remains common in Iran. Moreover, lead poisoning due to opium use is another recently recognized hazard in Iran. In addition, medicinal plants, often considered safe, could also be toxic. Intentional or accidental exposure to poisons and drugs is a typical problem in medical emergencies and a major health problem in developed or developing countries. In developing countries with insufficient drug and chemical regulations, lack of surveillance systems and easy access to more toxic drugs or chemicals have been blamed for higher poisoning rates. Iran is a developing country with almost 80 million residents. Poison-associated morbidity and mortality rates vary by region and may change over a certain period of time as new drugs and chemicals are introduced. Understanding the pattern of intoxication in a certain region would possibly contribute to the early diagnosis and treatment of poisoning. Due to the general increase in the availability of medications, especially over-the-counter OTC products, pharmaceuticals were the most common cause of poisoning In Iran. Of the analgesics, acetaminophen is the most commonly used poison in some regions of developing countries. In studies conducted in Shiraz, Kermanshah, Isfahan, Tehran, and Razavi Khorasan Neishabour , pharmaceutical compounds were the most common causes of poisoning table 1. Intoxication with antidepressants, particularly tricyclic antidepressants TCAs , is one of the most common causes of admission to Iranian poisoning emergency departments. A very commonly prescribed group of medications consists of antiepileptic drugs AEDs. The epidemiology of AED poisoning has not yet been well evaluated in developing countries such as Iran. Although benzodiazepines, TCAs, other antidepressants, and antihypertensives were easily available in this country, 2 the main cause of poisoning varied in different parts of Iran. For instance, diazepam was found in Tehran, Mashhad, and Babol to be the most typical source of pharmaceutical drug-associated poisonings. In another study conducted in the city of Karaj, acetaminophen was found as the commonest cause of poisoning. In summary, antidepressants, especially TCAs, are the 1st and in some cases the 2nd cause of drug poisoning in the north and northwest of Iran. Poisoning with sedative-hypnotic drugs and acetaminophen is common in the north and east of Iran and multidrug toxicity is the 1st cause of drug poisoning in the center and west of Iran. Herbal medicines are extracted from different parts of various plants. Annually, many people turn to herbal medicine since they believe them to be free of side effects. Finally, there are groups of herbs that may cause specific patterns of toxicity such as pyrrolizidine-alkaloid-containing plants Comfrey, Dryopteris, Viscum, and Corynanthe and may induce hepatotoxicity. Substance abuse is a serious and complicated health problem worldwide. The pattern of drug abuse varies across the globe. There was no general population-based survey to determine the prevalence of illicit drug addiction in Iran, and it seems that the patterns of abuse vary in this country. Globally, narcotic use has extended and changed to an important health problem, especially in developing countries such as Iran. In another study by Farzaneh et al. In another study conducted in Shiraz, the majority of the participants were multidrug abusers and opium was the most commonly abused agent solely or in combination with other drugs. Methadone is a synthetic opioid generally used for opioid dependence in methadone maintenance treatment MMT protocols. Increased use of methadone has added to the prevalence of its toxicity. A centrally acting analgesic, tramadol is applied to cure moderate to severe pain. Its use has been confirmed in some countries dating back to and now it is the most prescribed opioid worldwide. In recent years, tramadol poisoning has turned into a major cause of admission to Iranian emergency departments, especially among young males who have a history of mental disorders and substance abuse. Important complications of tramadol poisoning include seizure, depression of the CNS and respiratory systems, and renal dysfunction. In another study from Ardabil, tramadol, followed by benzodiazepines, was the leading cause of poisoning. This leads to the consumption of homemade alcohol, which in turn increases the probability of toxic alcohol poisoning. Recently, it has been suggested that the number of alcohol poisoning cases is growing in Iran. Methamphetamine, a potent neurotoxin, may result in dopaminergic degeneration. In Iran, it has recently become a serious health problem. Methamphetamine was alleged to be the most common cause of new-onset seizures 86 as well as the main cause of complications and death. Majoon Birjandi is a kind of processed cannabis in eastern Iran especially Birjand and Khorasan. It is frequently abused by youngsters to induce euphoria. Given its solid nature, Majoon Birjandi is easily smuggled and stored for long periods of time. Because of its localized use, toxicologists from other parts of the country are not very familiar with it. Although cannabis tends to be regarded a safe drug, Majoon Birjandi can cause panic attack with palpitations, hallucinations, and illusions. Major effects may continue for about 6 hours. Increase in populations necessitates more agricultural products and more pesticide use. Acute poisoning with organophosphates is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality the world over. The majority of poisonings in northern Iran are due to organophosphates. In Guilan, organophosphates were reported to be the most common agents that led to poisoning. Studies on pesticides and organophosphates have been conducted in parts of Iran other than Mazandaran and Guilan provinces, as well. In the 2 studies carried out in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari and Razavi Khorasan provinces, organophosphates were the most common cause of acute chemical poisoning, with the highest morbidity and mortality. Aluminum phosphide rice tablet and zinc phosphide are solid compounds that repel stored rice pests. Patients usually ingest these compounds intentionally to commit suicide. Mazandaran and Guilan provinces are located by the Caspian Sea and are ideal for the production of rice. People in the urban areas can easily purchase cheap aluminum phosphide tablets from the black market. Suicidal ingestion of aluminum phosphide is, therefore, a common toxicity in northern Iran. Two other pesticides less frequent in Iran are 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid 2, 4-D and amitraz. Animal bites and stings are among the most common injuries worldwide. In Asia, the highest rates of mortality and morbidity due to animal bites are observed in developing countries, including Iran. Study of the scorpion faunae in Iran began in , when Androctonus Crassicauda was identified from Kashan. Iranian scorpion faunae consist of more than 44 named species from 23 genera in the 2 families of Buthidae and Scorpionidae. Nonetheless, Hemiscorpius lepturus of the Hemiscorpiidae family is the most medically significant scorpion in Iran. Crassicauda was the most frequent scorpion causing poisoning in Khuzestan. Snake bite is a significant health problem in tropical and subtropical regions. In Iran, 83 species have been identified, 45 of which are nonvenomous, 27 are venomous, and 11 are semivenomous. The recorded number of snake bites was approximately 5, to 7, annually from to with an annual death rate of 7. Another study in Kashan showed that most of the envenomations took place in summer. Spiders are the most abundant predators in ecosystems. Lead is a heavy metal that is commonly found in the environment, especially in developing countries. The effect of fluoride on human health has been studied for over years. However, at higher concentrations, it is a health hazard. In some regions of the world, plant poisoning is an important clinical problem causing morbidity and mortality. Datura Stramonium or Tatoore is a weed from the Solanaceae family and may be present at roadsides, in cornfields, and in pastures. Most victims of this poisoning are teenagers who voluntarily ingest it for hallucinogenic and euphoric effects. Due to the content of anticholinergic alkaloids, anticholinergic signs and symptoms may develop. Toxicity with this plant as well as Citrullus colocynthis Schrad Cucurbitaceae , also known as bitter apple, has been reported in the south, center, and east of Iran. There are approximately 10, mushroom species, and 50 to of them are poisonous. The most dangerous poisonous mushrooms are the Amanita species A. Phalloides contains amatoxin, which can cause acute liver failure and death. Exposure to carbon monoxide CO can be especially hazardous given that the early effects of poisoning may often go unnoticed. Air pollution can be another cause of CO poisoning. Its low cost and high availability make it an ideal method of suicide. After , there was a significant decrease in the mortality rate of this poisoning because of the introduction of new arsenic-free depilatory products. Approximately 30, poisonings occur in Tehran each year, lading to almost 12, admissions to toxicology wards, 1, admissions to toxicology ICUs, and a minimum of deaths. Hence, acute or chronic exposures to chemicals are common. There are also natural toxins such as poisonous plants and venomous animals in various parts of the country. In different studies, the most common intentional poisonings were due to sedative-hypnotics, pesticides, and opiates. Alcohol use and abuse are, therefore, probably much more frequent than what is reported. Scorpion sting and some poisonings due to spiders are common important health problems in the south and southwest regions of Iran. It is also a threat due to incompetently ventilated gas appliances like heaters and stoves. People who live in areas with cold climates such as the north and west of Iran are, thus, at risk of CO poisoning. The clinical patterns of severe poisoning vary strikingly among study centers. The accessibility of prescribed and nonprescribed drugs in the developed countries has been linked with a significantly increased number of patients needing hospital admissions for drug overdose. Instances of pesticide poisoning have occurred during the past decades, resulting in a considerable number of fatal outcomes, although ICU facilities have been increasingly available. Recently published data on Iran reveal a dramatic rise in aluminum phosphide poisoning, whereas opioid and tramadol poisoning are still a major challenge for poisoning centers and hospitals. It is understood that the most common causes of poisoning in most of these studies were pharmaceutical compounds, especially CNS drugs. The availability of pharmaceutical compounds, increase in the sale of OTC drugs, and increase in prescribing CNS drugs by physicians, especially benzodiazepines, have contributed to the increase. Also, individuals using CNS drugs are those who often suffer from psychosocial problems and depression and this can increase the tendency for suicide. For example, envenomation was the major cause of poisoning in a study conducted by Jalali et al. Similar results were reported by Kassiri et al. In a study from Guilan, organophosphates were responsible for most of the poisonings. This group of people, perhaps as a result of more socioeconomic stress and depression, are susceptible to attempt suicide. Men are the dominant group in most studies. One explanation is that men use illegal drugs more frequently and commit suicide more than women. However, in general, bachelorhood and loneliness can increase stressful factors. The mortality rate was dissimilar in different studies. Vahdati et al. One explanation for such a high rate is the type of drug used by the patients. In a study by Taghaddosinejad et al. The mortality rate in a study by Karbakhsh et al. All the patients in that study were older than 60 years, and it goes without saying that this group of people is more susceptible to the side effects of drugs. The treatment of poisoned patients has been growing more sophisticated in recent decades in Iran. In many cities, poisoned patients are managed under the supervision of trained clinical toxicologists. Drug and poison information centers DPICs work across the country under the supervision of medical universities and the Food and Drug Department of the Ministry of Health. Limitations: One of the limitations of the current study is the changing pattern of the poisoning in our country over time. As this is a review article, the studies were evaluated during a relatively long period of time 16 years. Performing studies to evaluate the poisoning trend in different periods is, therefore, recommended. Morbidity and mortality due to poisoning vary from place to place and over time. Pharmaceutical compounds are responsible for most cases of poisoning in most parts of the country. Thus, steps should be taken in order to reduce the availability of OTC drugs and decrease the prescription of unnecessary pharmaceutical compounds, especially CNS drugs. Consequently, awareness of the general patterns of poisoning in different regions would contribute to the early diagnosis and management of poisoning. This can subsequently result in reduced rates of morbidity and mortality. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Iran J Med Sci. Find articles by Samira Alinejad. Find articles by Nasim Zamani. Find articles by Mohammad Abdollahi. Find articles by Omid Mehrpour. Open in a new tab. Hashemnezhad and Fatehi Karaj Pharmaceuticals benzodiazepines years Male and females were equal Married Hosseinian Moghaddam et al. Mehdizadeh et al. Similar articles. Add to Collections. Create a new collection. Add to an existing collection. Choose a collection Unable to load your collection due to an error Please try again. Add Cancel. North of Iran 1. South of Iran 2. East of Iran 3. West of Iran 4. Most of the cases were discharged with recovery Pharmaceuticals antiepileptic, sedative hypnotic and antiparkinsonism drugs. Pharmaceuticals antiepileptic and sedative hypnotic. Female dominancy in attempted suicide Male dominancy in complete suicide.

Buying Cannabis Bandar Abbas