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Is Cannabis Legal in Italy?

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Cannabis is currently legal for medical and industrial uses in Italy, although it is strictly regulated, while it is decriminalized for recreational uses. In particular, the possession of small amounts of marijuana for personal use is a civil infraction. The possible sanctions for possession vary from the issuing of a diffida to first offenders, which is an injunction not to use the drug again; to the temporary suspension of certain personal documents e. Conversely, the unauthorized sale of cannabis-related products is illegal and punishable with imprisonment , as is the unlicensed cultivation of cannabis, although recent court cases have effectively established the legality of cultivating small amounts of cannabis for exclusively personal use. The licensed cultivation of cannabis for medical and industrial purposes requires the use of certified seeds; however, there is no need for authorization to plant certified seeds with minimal levels of psychoactive compounds a. The cultivation of cannabis in Italy has a long history dating back to Roman times , when it was primarily used to produce hemp ropes, although pollen records from core samples show that Cannabaceae plants were present in the Italian peninsula since at least the Late Pleistocene , while the earliest evidence of their use dates back to the Bronze Age. The mass cultivation of industrial cannabis for the production of hemp fiber in Italy really took off during the period of the Maritime Republics and the Age of Sail , and continued well after the Italian Unification , only to experience a sudden decline during the second half of the 20th century, with the introduction of synthetic fibers and the start of the war on drugs , and only recently it is slowly experiencing a resurgence. The production of cannabis for both medical and industrial purposes has seen a resurgence in Italy in recent years, as a consequence of dedicated EU regulations, and the development of new technologies and innovative applications involving cannabis plants. The national hemp cultivation area involves more than farms, mainly spread between the Regions of Tuscany , Piedmont , Veneto , Sicily , Apulia , Emilia-Romagna , Basilicata , Abruzzo , and Sardinia. In terms of imports of industrial cannabis, Italy reported in a total of 8 t of seeds for sowing, t of seeds for other uses, and 0. In regard to publicity programs , the Canapa Mundi International Hemp Expo was established in , based on an idea from its founder and pioneer of the modern Italian hemp market Gennaro Maulucci, and it is officially recognized by the Region of Lazio as an International Fair. In , a study was published regarding the trace presence of psychotropic substances such as cocaine , cannabinoids , nicotine , and caffeine , in the air of eight major Italian cities , namely Palermo , Turin , Rome , Bologna , Florence , Milan , Naples , and Verona. In addition, higher-than-average levels of cannabinoids were measured in both Bologna and Florence, and these were mainly attributed to student culture, considering that the two relatively close historic cities are both major academic hubs that attract a large number of international students every year, especially when compared with their respective small populations, both numbering between , and , residents. The popularity of recreational cannabis led in to renewed legalization efforts in Parliament , where legislation was proposed with the support of several politicians , mainly from the centre-left Democratic Party , the left-wing Left Ecology Freedom party, the anti-establishment Five Star Movement , the anti-prohibition Radical Party , and even a few from the conservative Forza Italia party, as well as members of the Anti-Mafia Directorate. Nevertheless, legalization efforts were opposed by several conservative and catholic-leaning politicians, mainly from the Northern League party and the New Centre-Right party, who argued that the consumption of cannabis constitutes a health risk and that legalization will not reduce drug addiction. The potential revenue from the sale of cannabis light in Italy was estimated to be more than 40 million euros, and by hundreds of new businesses started growing cannabis in several Regions. Nevertheless, in September , then Interior Minister and Northern League party leader Matteo Salvini issued a memo to law enforcement agencies outlining a zero-tolerance policy towards cannabis retailers. Albeit light cannabis does not generate hype as illegal marijuana, the study showed that confiscations of illegal marijuana declined with the opening of light cannabis shops. The authors also found a reduction in the number of confiscations of hashish and plants of marijuana along with a reduction of arrests for drug-related offenses. Forgone revenues for criminal organizations were estimated to be at least 90— million euros per year. On 14 February , the Regional Administrative Court of Lazio annulled a Ministerial Decree that was promulgated on 21 January , which limited the purposes of industrial cannabis production to the exclusive use of the seeds and seeds derivatives. Among the other recommendations of the WHO, there was the proposed addition of a footnote to the Schedule I section of the Convention, stating that preparations containing predominantly cannabidiol and not more than 0. The Court argued that public health is not threatened by a single cannabis user cultivating a few plants in a domestic setting and, to justify the assessment of a personal use of the plants, it pointed out the small size of the cultivation. In April , a patient with acute rheumatoid arthritis was acquitted of drug pushing after a court ruled that he was allowed to exceed the legal limits of cannabis cultivation, after running out of an adequate supply of medical cannabis due to the COVID pandemic , on the grounds that it was for his personal health use. In September , a preliminary text was approved by the Justice Committee in the Lower House that would decriminalize the small-scale cultivation of up to four female cannabis plants at home for exclusively personal use. At the same time, a ballot initiative was launched that aimed at the decriminalization of the cultivation of marijuana, as well as the repeal of penalties for cannabis possession, by amending the relevant laws through a referendum. In its first week of operation, the campaign collected thousand signatures in less than four days and reached the required thousand signatures well before the deadline set at the end of September, which would have allowed the referendum to take place as early as spring As prescribed by the law, the collected signatures were verified by the Supreme Court of Cassation on 12 January , however the Constitutional Court ruled on 16 February that the ballot question was inadmissible, thus preventing the referendum from going forward. According to a cost—benefit analysis carried out by researchers from the Sapienza University of Rome and the Erasmus School of Economics, cannabis legalization would have an overall beneficial effect in terms of both public finances and healthcare, with two possible legalization models that would lead to completely different fiscal realities. The less-likely alternative is the Dutch model , in which production and distribution would not be under the purview of the State, although the drug would still be taxed. Another significant benefit is the removal of the costs of prohibitionism , which include missed tax revenues, prosecution expenses, policing costs, and prison overcrowding , for an estimated total of million euros each year, that could instead be refocused on more serious offences and more dangerous substances. In terms of public health, the legalization of cannabis would allow for more scientific research; it would disincentivize the use of potentially hazardous, low-quality, illegal products, for which the cannabis is often processed with harmful substances to reduce costs and increase profit margins ; and it would cause a split in the black market for narcotics by distancing cannabis users from illegal pushers, who are economically incentivized to sell more dangerous drugs, such as heroin and cocaine, in addition to cannabis. Following the removal of the cannabis decriminalization proposal from the referendum of 12 June , the issue resurfaced during the campaign for the snap general election that was held on 25 September , after the resignation of the then Prime Minister Mario Draghi on 21 July Even though the Brothers of Italy party, led by the subsequently-elected Prime Minister Giorgia Meloni , did not explicitly mention cannabis legalization during their campaign, other than labeling the drug as one of the youthful deviances that need to be tackled with the promotion of healthy lifestyles , their leader had discussed the subject multiple times in the past. In contrast, the most fervently pro-legalization platform, published by Possible, pointed at the case study of Portugal which, according to a report by the IZA Institute of Labor Economics , experienced a decrease in both the number of drug-related deaths, and the number of new patients entering drug rehabilitation , following its decriminalizion of all drugs in In regard to the private sector, the non-partisan Confederation of Italian Farmers CIF association published a points document addressed to all political parties, lobbying for clear regulations regarding cannabis, among other things, as a means to support plant growers in the context of the — global energy crisis and inflation surge. In November , Italy instituted the Central Office for Narcotics, in accordance with the UN Convention and subsequent amendments, which instruct countries allowing the cultivation of cannabis for medical purposes to create a state agency for its management. The General and International Affairs GIA branch manages multilateral, training, and legislative initiatives, as well as providing technical support to the Judiciary Police. The Studies, Research, and Information SRI branch conducts research and intelligence activities, in particular monitoring national and international drug trafficking. The analysis includes local consumption statistics, trafficking routes, production and market areas, concealment methods, demographics of the people involved, and evolution of new narcotics. It also gathers and processes information from both national and foreign sources regarding drug-related confiscations , arrests , and deaths , subsequently relaying these data to the National Statistics System SISTAN , as well as using them for internal reports. Finally, the SRI branch offers support upon request in terms of providing bibliographical references for academic and research purposes. The Anti-Drug Operations ADO branch coordinates police activities against drug trafficking through intelligence, strategic, operational, and technical-logistical support both at a national and international level. The main narcotic substances obtained from the female inflorescences and resin of cannabis plants are marijuana , hashish , and hashish oil. Since , doctors in Italy have been able to prescribe cannabis products and synthetic cannabinoids for therapeutic use, with a non-repeatable prescription, while the therapeutic uses of THC, dronabinol , and nabilone are recognized since There are three methods to administer cannabis-based medicine, namely infusions that can be normally sipped, oil extracts that can be spread on bread, and decoctions , the latter being less common since their packaging is more complicated. The cost of medical cannabis is completely covered by the Healthcare system for six medical conditions, while for others it can be purchased from pharmacies at a greatly reduced price. In October , the first public clinic specifically dedicated to the prescription of medical cannabis was established in Naples by the University of Campania , to facilitate access to it by patients, who previously had to rely on either a private clinic at a cost, or a specialist familiar with cannabis-based drugs. The army production of medical cannabis increased from 20 kg The state-run production and distribution of medical cannabis is the result of a collaboration between the Ministries of Health and Defence , as well as other entities including the MAF ; the Regions; the Italian Medicines Agency ; the Superior Institute of Health ; and qualified experts. The first product is Cannabis FM2 a. Farmaceutico Militare 2 , i. Military Pharmaceutical 2 , \[ 81 \] which is similar to the Bediol strain; \[ 86 \] consists of unfertilized, dried, and milled female inflorescences; and has been available to the Regions since 14 December The origins of the Chemical-Pharmaceutical Military Institute in Florence date back to in the Kingdom of Sardinia , when the General Chemical-Pharmaceutical Laboratory was established in Turin by royal decree, as part of the Military Pharmacy Warehouse, to provide the military with the medical supplies and medications needed, as well as combating diseases like malaria , which was widespread in Italy at the time. Renamed the Chemical-Pharmaceutical Military Institute in , beside the production of medical cannabis, the institute also produces five different orphan drugs , as well as maintaining the national stockpile of antidotes in case of mass poisoning , terrorist attacks , and nuclear disasters , in collaboration with the Ministry of Health which manages a net of warehouses located in each Region. The military facility is a non-profit institute , operating on a balanced budget since and reinvesting any surplus into research and production, and collaborating with several Italian universities in several fields of research and education. The potential revenue from medicinal cannabis is estimated to be more than 1. In February , Bio Hemp Farming , which is a consortium between the Bio Hemp Trade company and the Palma d'Oro cooperative , became the first private entity in Italy to be granted authorization by the Ministry of Health to grow medical cannabis and to extract its active principles for pharmaceutical purposes. Another noteworthy application of cannabis-based medications is in dermatology ; for instance, a novel cosmetic line by the Swiss lifescience company Crystal Hemp combines CBD with resveratrol , azelo - glycine , and lactobionic acid , to regulate the production of sebum in sebaceous glands , reduce redness of the skin , and inducing exfoliation. The Ministry of Health also publishes consumption statistics for medical cannabis both at a national and a regional level, based on regional distribution requests and the authorized sale of the product, and the military facility determines its production quotas by taking into account the consumption data from the previous two years, as well as the yearly increases. As of March , it is estimated that more than 2 million patients in Italy could benefit from medical cannabis, while the total needs are estimated to be at least 2, kg 6, lb per year, according to the Estimated World Requirements of Narcotic Drugs report by the International Narcotics Control Board. In , Italy removed the need for authorization to grow certified hemp with levels of THC below 0. The cultivation of industrial hemp with minimal levels of psychoactive compounds has several commercial applications, including food, fabrics , clothing, biofuel , building materials , as well as animal feed and bedding. Other hemp-derived products include oils used in cosmetics , wax , paint , soap , detergents , paper , packaging materials, pellet fuels for a clean combustion , as well as natural resins and fabrics that can be used for clothing due to their thermal properties, and for furnitures due to their resistance. In February , a collaboration protocol was signed between Coldiretti Toscana and the Vecchiano start-up CanapaFiliera , which aims to revamp the hemp industry in Tuscany. In Italy, certified hemp plants can be used for both industrial and ornamental purposes , however food products can only be derived from the hemp seeds, since they have no THC content, while the consumption of hemp flowers and leaves is still prohibited. Furthermore, in terms of the nutritional value , hemp seeds contain all essential amino acids in optimal proportions and in an easily digestible form, as well as high levels of protein and considerable amounts of fibers , vitamins , Omega-3 , and minerals ; and the wide range of edible products includes biscuits, taralli , bread, flour, anti-inflammatory oil , ricotta , tofu , and beer. In regard to the construction industry, building materials that can be derived from hemp include mortar , plaster , finishing products, thermally insulating panels , bricks, and ecobricks , as well as hemp-cement and hemp- lime biocomposites. In , a study by the ENEA research center in Brindisi highlighted how the use of hemp-based materials for sustainable buildings resulted in slower propagation of structure fires ; higher transpiration and resistance to bacteria ; as well as improved energy performances , since their lower thermal conductivity reduces the need for air conditioning , especially in the warm temperate areas of the Mediterranean region. Another significant application of industrial cannabis is soil decontamination through phytoremediation , a process in which contaminants are absorbed by the fast-growing roots of hemp plants, which store the toxins or even transform them into a harmless substance, without the need of removing and processing large quantities of soil, as with more traditional methods. Besides their presence in the soil either as natural elements or as a result of pollution, another anthropogenic source of heavy metals in some farm lands has been their continued historical use as a predominant pesticide, and all these factors could negatively affect the consumers of cannabis-derived products. In , several test sites were established in Sardinia by the Agris Sardegna agency, as part of the multidisciplinary CANOPAES project, to evaluate the use of hemp to remove heavy metals from farm lands contaminated by both industrial and mining waste. In , a scientific study was published regarding the phytoremediation potentials of the monoecious Futura 75 and KC Dora hemp varieties, as well as the effects of the pollutants on the crop yield , after a two-year experiment carried out by the University of Catania analyzed test soils that were purposefully contaminated with different levels of three heavy metals, namely cadmium, lead, and nickel. Further environmental benefits of cannabis cultivation derive from the fact that, among the other commonly grown crops, hemp plants reportedly have one of the lowest impact on their surroundings, since in most cases they do not require herbicides , insecticides , or fungicides due to the lack of natural enemies and few harmful pests , thus resulting in a higher biodiversity in terms of the local wildlife and insects; they have a minimal need for fertilizers and necessitate far less water than cotton, so much so that the production of a single t-shirt made out of hemp requires less than 0. Despite the aforementioned lower need for pesticides with respect to other crops, hemp plants can still be threatened by a certain number of pests at different stages of their development. In regard to plant diseases, a few notable cases of fungal infection involving hemp plants were reported in Italy, which could potentially have an impact on the industrial cannabis sector. For example, in , several cases of stem canker with branches dieback were identified in hemp crops located in the Province of Rovigo , in reportedly the first known case of Neofusicoccum parvum infecting cannabis sativa plants worldwide. In , symptoms of white root rot were identified on hemp plants of the Kompolti variety, during a sanitary survey carried out at a private farm in the Province of Naples. Contents move to sidebar hide. Article Talk. Read Edit View history. Tools Tools. Download as PDF Printable version. In other projects. Legality of cannabis in Europe Legal for recreational use. Legal for medical use. Historical background \[ edit \]. Main article: History of cannabis in Italy. Recent developments \[ edit \]. Legalization efforts \[ edit \]. Cannabis light \[ edit \]. International treaties \[ edit \]. Personal use \[ edit \]. Cost—benefit analysis \[ edit \]. Paper ballots being cast for the Italian Senate and Chamber of Deputies , respectively, during the general election. Law enforcement \[ edit \]. Central Office for Narcotics \[ edit \]. Central Directorate for Anti-Drug Services \[ edit \]. Illegal drug trade \[ edit \]. Medical cannabis \[ edit \]. State-produced medical cannabis \[ edit \]. Chemical-Pharmaceutical Military Institute \[ edit \]. Private sector \[ edit \]. Consumption statistics \[ edit \]. Industrial cannabis \[ edit \]. Food and beverages \[ edit \]. Construction materials \[ edit \]. Soil decontamination \[ edit \]. Illustrations depicting the root system of a 1. Soil enrichment \[ edit \]. Plant diseases and pests \[ edit \]. See also \[ edit \]. References \[ edit \]. Archived from the original on 26 December Retrieved 14 January Archived from the original on 29 October Retrieved 27 January Rendiconti Lincei. Scienze Fisiche e Naturali. PMC PMID National farmers association Coldiretti. 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Archived from the original on 26 March Giornale di Puglia newspaper. Retrieved 17 August And some say that's a problem'. The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 13 October Defense News. Retrieved 18 January Archived from the original on 7 November Retrieved 2 November Firenze Today online newspaper. Retrieved 31 May Archived from the original on 10 April Retrieved 10 April Archived from the original on 15 February Retrieved 15 February Archived from the original on 23 February Retrieved 23 February CBC News. Archived from the original on 21 October Archived from the original on 17 November Retrieved 17 November Retrieved 20 April Journal of the International Hemp Association. Retrieved 19 January Retrieved 17 April Archived from the original on 22 June Almanacco della Scienza — National Research Council. Archived from the original on 1 April Retrieved 1 April CBS News. Archived from the original on 7 June Archived from the original on 2 July Retrieved 7 June Retrieved 3 September ISBN Archived PDF from the original on 28 May Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection. Archived from the original on 17 August Plant Disease. Caused by Seed-Transmitted Alternaria rosae in Italy'. Retrieved 19 May Portals : Cannabis Italy. Cannabis by country. Legal history Legality by jurisdiction. Legal history Timeline Medical Non-medical Legality by jurisdiction. Legality of cannabis Annual cannabis use by country Adult lifetime cannabis use by country Cannabis political parties Timeline of cannabis law. Hidden categories: CS1 Italian-language sources it CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata.

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