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Activities by an organized crime group involving the illegal entry, transit or residence of migrants for a financial or material benefit. The production, transport, storage and sale of goods that are fraudulently mislabeled or fraudulent imitations of registered brands. The illicit transport, handling and sale of excise consumer goods despite a ban or outside a legal market. Excludes oil and counterfeits. The illicit trade and possession of species covered by CITES convention, and other species protected under national law. The poaching, illicit trade in and possession of species covered by CITES and other species protected by national law. Includes IUU fishing. The illicit extraction, smuggling, mingling, bunkering or mining of natural resources and the illicit trade of such commodities. The production, distribution and sale of heroin. Consumption of the drug is considered in determining the reach of the criminal market. The production, distribution and sale of cocaine and its derivatives. Consumption is considered in determining the reach of the market. The illicit cultivation, distribution and sale of cannabis oil, resin, herb or leaves. Consumption is used to determine the market's reach. The production, distribution and sale of synthetic drugs. Organized crime that results in a monetary loss via financial fraud, embezzlement, misuse of funds, tax evasion and abusive tax avoidance. Clearly defined organized crime groups that usually have a known name, defined leadership, territorial control and identifiable membership. Loose networks of criminal associates engaging in criminal activities who fail to meet the defining characteristics of mafia-style groups. Includes foreign nationals and diaspora groups. The State's role in responding to organized crime and its effectiveness. The degree to which states have put oversight mechanisms in place to ensure against state collusion in illicit activities. A country's supranational structures and processes of interaction, policy making and concrete implementation to respond to organized crime. The degree to which states are able to control their physical and cyber territory and infrastructure against organized criminal activities. Assistance provided to victims of various forms of organized crime, including initiatives such as witness protection programs. Refers to the existence of strategies, measures, resource allocation, programmes and processes that are aimed to inhibit organized crime. Human trafficking is a widespread issue in Iran, primarily involving sex trafficking, forced labour and the recruitment of child soldiers. The country is situated along one of the main human trafficking routes in the region, with young women being trafficked from Asia into Europe and the Gulf. Iranians are also trafficked to countries in the Gulf and Caucasus, as well as to Iraqi Kurdistan. Domestic trafficking is mainly an issue in larger cities such as Tehran, Shiraz and Tabriz, where organ and blood trafficking contribute to the pervasiveness and profitability of this criminal market. Millions of child labourers are estimated to be working in Iran, but due to the country's lack of transparency on the issue, especially on trafficked women and girls, accurate statistics are hard to find. Since the onset of the pandemic, the Iranian population has significantly increased its use and reliance on technology and social media platforms, thereby providing criminal groups with more opportunities to exploit vulnerable people through online channels. The human smuggling market is also pervasive in Iran. The crisis in neighbouring Afghanistan has further driven the demand for irregular migration, increasing fees and boosting financial incentives for smuggling groups. Arms trafficking is a key element of Iran's regional geopolitical strategy. The country is a major supplier of conventional weapons to countries in Western Asia, as well as North Africa and Russia. Many non-state actors in the region also use Iranian arms, ammunition and drones, and Tehran's support contributes to military capacities in Syria, Iraq, Lebanon, Sudan, Yemen, the Palestinian territories and Somalia. There have also been allegations that military equipment and drones are being transferred to Russia to be used in the war in Ukraine. While Iranian involvement in the arms trafficking market is propelling the proliferation of illicit arms sales across Western Asia, the country's domestic illicit arms market is relatively small, largely due to strict gun control laws and low firearms possession rates. A relatively minor market is found in the Baluchistan and Sistan provinces and western Iran. Iran has sizable markets for counterfeit and excisable goods. During the global pandemic, the country saw an increase in fake medicines and medical supplies and, as a result, Iran has become one of the primary transit points for counterfeit pharmaceutical products entering the EU. Most illicit trade into and out of the country occurs through official ports and border crossings, many of which are controlled by the IRGC, leading to accusations of its complicity in smuggling operations. While flora and fauna crimes are present in Iran, they are comparably smaller than other illicit markets in the country. Iran's natural geography includes a diverse range of ecosystems, making it vulnerable to a wide variety of flora crimes. Deforestation in the country is mainly caused by illegal logging and wood smuggling, encroachment on forests, exploitation of natural resources and coal mining. The critically endangered Iranian maple tree is only found in Iran's Hyrcanian forest and is threatened by illicit logging, agriculture and climate change. The pandemic has boosted the traditional medicine industry in Iran, leading to an increased demand for plant species used in alternative treatments. Orchid tubers are illegally collected and exported to neighbouring countries or to South Asia for use in traditional drinks and medicines. Home to several rare species, Iran also offers an attractive market for wildlife crime. In particular, sheep and ram subspecies are poached for meat or to be used as trophies, especially in the Masjed mountain range in Yazd province. Afghan-sourced species also transit Iran before onward travel to the Caucasus, Syria and Iraq. Iran has one of the world's largest oil reserves, and the country's oil exports have increased in recent years despite Western sanctions. Iranian oil supplies are reportedly shipped in large quantities through international waters using Dubai-based tankers, and are primarily destined for Oman, Yemen, Somalia and China. Illicit oil flows also occur on a small scale, leading to some socio-economic and environmental challenges in the country, including the destruction of wildlife and biodiversity, water pollution, degradation of critical farmland, public health concerns and the prolongation of armed conflicts. Fuel smuggling occurs largely in the border regions, especially in Baluchistan and Kurdistan, where smugglers transport Iranian oil and subsidized fuel to neighbouring countries and reap high profit margins. It is estimated that millions of litres of fuel are smuggled out of the country each day. This is allegedly facilitated by corruption among border personnel, including the IRGC. Iran accounts for a large share of heroin seizures worldwide, much of which is sourced from Afghanistan and destined for Turkey, the EU, the Gulf region and beyond. Iran is among the cheapest places in the world to buy heroin, contributing to the country having one the highest addiction rates worldwide. The heroin trade is associated with violence and has resulted in multiple clashes between Iranian border guards and traffickers over the past years. Sanctions have been placed on high ranking IRGC commanders for their alleged involvement in the heroin trade in Sistan-e-Baluchistan. As the second most consumed drug in the country, cannabis is widespread in Iran, and there is relative tolerance towards the drug compared to other narcotics. The cannabis trade has significantly grown over the past decade, resulting in large-scale domestic cultivation fields throughout the country, while small-scale production is believed take place in Tehran. Cannabis resin is also imported from Afghanistan. Iran continues to be a source, transit and destination country for methamphetamine. In recent years, increased methamphetamine production in neighbouring Afghanistan has affected Iran, with low-cost competition leading to an influx of cheaper Afghan methamphetamine into the country. These developments have contributed to the surge in methamphetamine use in Iran over the past few years. Moreover, while the synthetic drug Captagon is spreading across the region, the role of this drug within Iran remains unclear. Iran is known for its strong offensive cyber capabilities, with state-embedded criminal actors believed to be particularly active in conducting cyber-dependent crimes. The increasing reliance on digital platforms in Iran and other countries during the COVID pandemic has created a conducive environment for cybercriminals to exploit. These crimes target both national and foreign private and public sectors, including political dissent, activists, journalists, entities, critical infrastructure and organizations. In recent years, Iranian actors have been increasingly targeting government entities in countries like the US and Israel, as well as in the EU and the Gulf. Iranian actors reportedly collaborate with criminal groups in Russia and North Korea, learning new cyber-attack techniques from one another and constantly adapting their tactics. There has been a particular increase in ransomware attacks by Iranian-backed actors. Financial crime is a pervasive issue in Iran, with economic fraud, misuse of funds, embezzlement and large-scale tax evasion being the most common types of financial crimes in the country. The number of corruption and embezzlement cases in the country has tripled in recent years. The majority of these cases involve either government employees or people appointed to managerial positions at state-run economic entities, exemplified by the presence of bonyads - untaxable and opaque organizations. These bonyads have reportedly diverted trillions of dollars in public funds into the bank accounts of political elites, leading clerics and other prominent Iranians. In addition, phishing has emerged as a growing issue in Iran, with fake text messages impersonating government services and entities being used to scam unsuspecting victims. Tens of thousands of Iranians have fallen prey to these scams, costing them up to thousands of dollars each. The rise in phishing attacks has been linked to the increasing use of mobile phones and the internet, as well as a lack of awareness among the population about how to protect themselves from financial crime. Criminal activities in Iran are mainly carried out by state-embedded actors and criminal networks. In particular, the IRGC allegedly has enduring ties with criminal and terrorist organizations both within and outside the country. State-embedded actors in Iran are believed to be involved in the trafficking of people and drugs, including cocaine, heroin and synthetic drugs, as well as oil smuggling and other non-renewable resource crimes. It is unclear whether state actors are involved in human smuggling or cannabis trafficking, and there is little evidence to suggest that they control flora or fauna crimes. The line between the sale of arms by the state and arms trafficking has also been blurred in recent years. The criminal networks that operate within the country are primarily based in Tehran, as well as in the eastern and western provinces. These networks usually specialize in one or two illicit markets. Some small criminal networks collaborate with similar networks outside Iran to smuggle and traffic people and goods. Loose criminal networks involved in areas such as human trafficking or drugs may have connections to foreign networks. The level of violence perpetrated by these networks varies depending on the illegal activity they are involved in, with heroin trafficking being the most violent. Even though there is less evidence of significant-sized mafia-style groups operating in the country, mafia-like syndicates do exist in Iran and are mostly engaged in money laundering and financial crimes, among others. Iran's lack of a strong private sector and the dominance of state institutions, including the IRGC, is a major factor in driving the private sector towards illicit means of competition. These practices include tax evasion, involvement in the black market and bribery, among others. Ongoing Western sanctions against the country have further strengthened the private sector's illicit activities. The influence of foreign actors in Iran is generally kept to a minimum due to the country's opposition to foreign intervention. However, there are some examples of cross-border cooperation in the drug trade, with joint ventures between Iranian and Afghan partners, as well as smuggling activities in the Kurdish region. Iran has a governance system that is a mix of democratic and religious elements. However, the religious supreme leader has minimal checks and balances, and elected officials struggle to exercise leadership, which makes it difficult for the government to tackle issues such as corruption and organized crime. Anti-corruption efforts tend to be politicized and target opponents rather than addressing the root causes. The IRGC is thought to actively obstruct Tehran's attempts to combat organized crime, as it is reportedly complicit in certain criminal activities. In recent years, there has been growing support for moderate and reformist candidates, and uprisings and protests have emerged from traditionally pro-government communities, underscoring the regime's vulnerability. In , the government violently cracked down on protests, blocking internet access, pressuring media not to cover the protests, and arresting protesters and activists. Iran's cybercrime laws give the government full control over the internet, enabling it to enforce widespread censorship and surveillance, and systematically violating the Iranian people's rights to freely access information and freedom of expression. The government's ongoing efforts to implement strict online surveillance undermine transparency and accountability. Moreover, there have been increasing reports of nepotism, cronyism, corruption and embezzlement among members of parliament and councils throughout Iran. Iran's track record of engaging in international cooperation is limited, with few exceptions. While the country expressed its intention to increase international cooperation on extradition matters, concerns about persecution in the country have hampered such agreements. Furthermore, the government introduced a controversial so-called cyber protection bill in recent years, which is considered draconian and oppressive by human rights organizations. Additionally, Iran has strict drug laws that include the death penalty and prison sentences for people who use drugs in public. The country's laws to combat human trafficking have been widely criticized for being inadequate. The Iranian judicial system is characterized by duality, comprising the ordinary criminal courts and the Revolutionary Courts. However, there is a significant disparity between these two entities. While ordinary criminal court defendants have access to a lawyer and can appeal their cases, Revolutionary Court defendants do not have due process, are not entitled to legal counsel and are often executed without public notice. Most people become involved in the Iranian criminal justice system due to drug trafficking; over a third of all prisoners are incarcerated for drug-related offences. Prison standards in Iran are typically poor, with overcrowding a common issue. Prison officials have denied food and medical care to prisoners, and both physical and psychological torture is prevalent. Thousands of people convicted of drug-related crimes are on death row, and over the past year, Iran has had the highest execution rate in the world, including of children. Recent trials and subsequent sentences, including executions, handed down by the Iranian courts against protestors, demonstrate a concerning disregard for due process. These incidents further highlight the politicized nature of the judicial system in the country. While these entities engage in law enforcement activities, their focus tends to be on counterinsurgency. The country's law enforcement forces were leading players in the suppression of the widespread protests, and their ineffectiveness has been criticized. Corruption is widespread within law enforcement, and security services are often poorly equipped and trained. The lack of functioning equipment in law enforcement agencies has contributed to considerable setbacks in stemming the flow of drugs and tracking criminals throughout the country. Iran's borders are difficult to monitor due to their length and varied terrain. They are also home to armed opposition groups. Heroin and methamphetamine are smuggled into Afghanistan, Azerbaijan and Iraq by drug traffickers. The recent Taliban takeover of Afghanistan has raised concerns about the influx of irregular migrants, as well as fears of a potential resurgence of the Islamic State or a civil war in Afghanistan. Despite these challenges, Iran's territorial integrity remains relatively strong, and it is unlikely to change soon absent significant conflict. The country's deficiencies in fighting money laundering and terrorist financing have landed it on the FATF blacklist. Even though the country made efforts to address strategic deficiencies in its money laundering and terrorist financing systems by introducing new legislation, major strategic deficiencies persist. Iran's economy is heavily dependent on the Basij and the IRGC, which have significant control over the national economy. This can make it challenging for independent businesses to operate. The situation is compounded by corruption and criminal activity at the state level, as well as Western sanctions, which contribute to Iran's ongoing economic decline. The impact of the global pandemic has only worsened this situation, with the country being hit harder than any other country on the continent. As a result, over one-third of the population now lives below the poverty line. Although the government typically releases five-year economic planning documents, it has not made these public since the imposition of sanctions. The Iranian government does not have a cohesive or strategic approach to crime prevention. However, in recent years, the government has shifted its approach to treating drug addiction from punitive measures to a more pragmatic, health-based approach. Drop-in centres and clinics now offer harm reduction services and medical treatment to drug users, including women. The country also has a witness protection programme, but it lacks a policy and practice to protect victims and crime witnesses; international NGOs are not allowed to provide assistance in such instances. Arbitrary arrests of tribunal witnesses and their families based on undefined national security threats have occurred, leading to witnesses concealing their identities during public hearings by wearing masks, sunglasses and headscarves. There are a number of social activities aimed at reducing the incidence of crime, though their effectiveness is questionable. The main form of crime prevention in Iran remains deterrence through rather harsh punishments. The state heavily censors Iran's media, bans social media and undertakes efforts to curb the flow of information from outside the country. Although the space for civil society and media is heavily restricted, civil society organizations have been very active, particularly in drug policy and carrying out prevention programmes. There is no meaningful freedom of assembly in Iran, and authorities have been heavy-handed in their crackdown on protests criticizing the government or other sensitive subjects. Non-state actors also played a role in the protests that began in September The criminal markets score is represented by the pyramid base size and the criminal actors score is represented by the pyramid height, on a scale ranging from 1 to The resilience score is represented by the panel height, which can be identified by the side of the panel. A series of 13 discussion papers, one for each illicit market considered during the development of the Index. We're constantly working to improve the Index. By participating in this survey, you will be providing us with insights and suggestions that will help us make the Index an even better resource. This report was funded in part by a grant from the United States Department of State. The opinions, findings and conclusions stated herein are those of the Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime and do not necessarily reflect those of the United States Department of State. Capital Tehran. Income group Lower middle income. Population 87,, Geography type Coastal. GINI Index Criminal markets 7. An assessment of the value, prevalence and non-monetary impacts of a specific crime type. Human trafficking 8. Human smuggling 8. Extortion and protection racketeering 4. Arms trafficking 9. Trade in counterfeit goods 7. Illicit trade in excisable goods 8. Flora crimes 4. Fauna crimes 4. Non-renewable resource crimes 9. Heroin trade 9. Cocaine trade 5. Cannabis trade 6. Synthetic drug trade 9. Cyber-dependent crimes 8. Financial crimes 9. Criminal actors 6. An assessment of the impact and influence of a specific criminal actor type on society. Mafia-style groups 5. Criminal networks 7. State-embedded actors 9. Foreign actors 6. Private sector actors 5. Political leadership and governance 2. Government transparency and accountability 2. International cooperation 4. National policies and laws 4. A state's legal action and structures put in place to respond to organized crime. Judicial system and detention 3. Law enforcement 3. Territorial integrity 5. Anti-money laundering 2. Economic regulatory capacity 2. Victim and witness support 3. Prevention 3. Non-state actors 2. Analysis Download full profile english. People Human trafficking is a widespread issue in Iran, primarily involving sex trafficking, forced labour and the recruitment of child soldiers. Trade Arms trafficking is a key element of Iran's regional geopolitical strategy. Environment While flora and fauna crimes are present in Iran, they are comparably smaller than other illicit markets in the country. Cyber Crimes Iran is known for its strong offensive cyber capabilities, with state-embedded criminal actors believed to be particularly active in conducting cyber-dependent crimes. Financial Crimes Financial crime is a pervasive issue in Iran, with economic fraud, misuse of funds, embezzlement and large-scale tax evasion being the most common types of financial crimes in the country. Criminal Actors Criminal activities in Iran are mainly carried out by state-embedded actors and criminal networks. Leadership and governance Iran has a governance system that is a mix of democratic and religious elements. Criminal justice and security The Iranian judicial system is characterized by duality, comprising the ordinary criminal courts and the Revolutionary Courts. Economic and financial environment The country's deficiencies in fighting money laundering and terrorist financing have landed it on the FATF blacklist. Civil society and social protection The Iranian government does not have a cohesive or strategic approach to crime prevention. Read the analysis Listen the podcasts View all events. Next Skip. How to measure organized crime? Read more on globalinitiative. Give us feedback We're constantly working to improve the Index.

The Effectiveness of Harm Reduction Programs in Seven Prisons of Iran

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Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. The methodology used is Before-After testing and the sample population is incarcerated prisoners in 7 large prisons in 7 provinces with diverse geographical, criminal, and numerical factors and the population sample is estimated at 2, inmates. Heroin and opium were the two most prevalent drugs. Smoking, oral in-take, and sniffing were the three most popular methods. National surveys 1 , 2 , records and various research findings 3 — 6 , and the increase in drug offenses in Iran, have all indicated the persistence of a major social problem. Published data shows that The prison environment is conducive to high-risk behaviors and the spread of contagious diseases The lifestyle of drug addicts makes them especially vulnerable to diseases that are transmitted through blood like hepatitis or AIDS. Injection, unprotected sexual intercourse, repeated physical quarrels involving blood exchange, usually facilitate transmission of diseases 14 , importantly including the AIDS virus. Unprotected sex, sharing of syringes, sharing of needles for tattooing, body piercing, and blood bonding fraternal rituals in prison can cause the HIV virus to spread 15 , As such, governments and international organization employ different methods to control or reduce harms resulting from incarceration, addiction, and contagious diseases. Harms reduction includes all interventions programs, strategies and policies that attempt to reduce the health, social, and economic ills resulting from drug use among individuals, groups of people, or nations 17 ; and include education on the ills of consumption and the risks involved, introduction of less harmful substances as replacement, controlled programs of needle exchange, condom distribution, and hepatitis vaccination Several assessments of in-prison harm reduction program show a reduction in needle sharing and hepatitis C infection. Therapeutic programs for substance dependency include detoxification, medication-free psychotherapy, agonist treatments by the number of prisoners treated with methadone had reached 25, countrywide , and prevention and care programs for uncontrolled sexual behaviors by providing inmates with private rooms to meet their spouses , condom availability at triangular clinics, identification and treatment of sexually transmitted disease STD patients in triangular clinics, and counseling of spouses of prisoners by midwives or health workers The current study was undertaken to arrive at a scientific and comprehensive study of prison conditions in Iran and with the aim of evaluating harm reduction programs in 7 large prisons of Iran. Our approach in this research was quantitative and experimental based on hypothesis testing through statistical analysis in which phenomena were explained based on their affinity with other variables. Samples were drawn from prisoners incarcerated in 7 large prisons of 7 provinces of Karaj, Gorgan, Zahedan, Orumiyeh, Bandar Abbas, Yazd, and Kermanshah in Prison conditions differ in terms of geography, type of crime, and number of prisoners. The mean number of prisoners admitted into these 7 prisons during one week in was Considering that given the fallout of one-fifth of the prisoners after two months in the Rasht prison study , and the fact that in this study differing conditions in terms of the number of prisoners and fallout after two months were in effect, the number of samples collected were 2, Table 1. The main technique in this study was interview using questionnaires. Two questionnaires were designed. One focused on prison conditions and the other on the effectiveness of harm reduction programs. Participants were tested and interviewed upon admission and after two months of incarceration. A pilot study was carried out by asking research assistants in provinces to complete the two questionnaires for prison entrants newly admitted prisoners to the prison organization, after which the shortcomings of the question-nnaires were evaluated and discussed with the research team to amend ambiguities. In the next phase, the questionnaire was reevaluated and sent to provinces along with test kits. The study officially got under way in January In the first phase, trained, in-prison health officials interviewed newly admitted prisoners to the 7 prisons. Each prisoner and prison facility was given an identification number. In the 2nd phase, all prisoners who had remained in prisons two months after the initial phase were interviewed and drug tests were again conducted. Newly admitted subjects received preventative and care services for drug abuse and high-risk infections much like other prisoners. Two months later the second part of the questionnaire was completed for in-prison subjects and drug tests were administered using kits from the previous test. Subjects were reminded of the 2nd phase at least two months after completing the first questionnaire. To avoid discrepancies between kits manufactured by different companies, 3, ACON brand kits manufactured by Azma Kosar Company were obtained 2, for the first phase, estimated for the second phase, and extra. Completed data was entered in a software program followed by descriptive analysis and correlation of variables using SPSS 16 software. Consent forms were gathered from all participants after they had been informed about the goal of the study, the confidentiality of the information, and their rights to participate voluntary. The average age of newly admitted prisoners was 31 yr, the greater number of which belonged to the age group. Subjects were put into the two general categories of urban and rural. The Karaj Penitentiary held the larger number of urban residents and Golestan the smaller ones. Offenses such as addiction, selling and buying of drugs, embezzlement were equally distributed between urban and rural residents. Subjects with primary education or those capable of reading and writing comprised Those with secondary education had the largest share of prison admissions. Correlating between education and type of offense shows that theft was the main cause of arrest Among those with prior prison records, the number of unmarried and married subjects was equally distributed. A high percentage of those with prior prison records were employed Among subjects with prior prison records, there is a significant correlation between prison records and holding employment: Among those who had used drugs, there is also a significant correlation between drug use and employment. In other words, of those with prior record of drug use a high percentage was employed All of the prisoners were tested for addiction to Morphine, Hashish and Amphetamine. Results show that Percentage of addiction to three types of drugs in newly admitted prisoners in 7 prisons of Iran in The 4th kit test indicates that It is clear that the use of such drugs do not indicate addiction and they were not included in the study. After two months, subjects or The highest percentage of drug use in the study sample belonged to the prisons of P2 followed P1. According to testimonies, the location of consumption was in the wards and in the majority of cases during the morning. High-risk behaviors among prisoners included injection of substances, shared needled, group injections, unprotected sex, and unsanitary tattooing in prison. Of the prisoners who furnished information on IDUs in prison, only 4 0. Of subjects interviewed, 81 said that they had received treatment and harm reduction services. Golestan Prison with Services included detoxification, maintenance care, self-help group therapy, motivational interview, psychiatric treatment, needle exchange and injection equipment distribution programs, cognitive-behavioral treatment, HIV testing and counseling, disposable razor-blade distribution, and self-help services. Two months after the 1st phase, drug tests were conducted using the same kits as in the previous phase, this time on the remaining in-prison subjects. These findings deviated by a factor of 0. The highest use of drugs belonged to morphine with 8. Of the 53 subjects testing positive for morphine, 9 also used benzodiazepine and 2 used hashish. None of the subjects tested positive for 3 or all 4 tests Table 3. Frequency distribution and percentages of follow-up tests according to drug type in 7 prisons of Iran in Of those testing positive, there were subjects who did not receive harm reduction treatments, the highest being morphine and benzodiazepine users Table 4. Frequency distribution and percentages of follow-up tests for drug type and treatment programs in 7 prisons of Iran in Results of all 4 drug-types according to prison facilities show that subjects tested positive for morphine highest in West Azerbaijan To reject the null hypothesis by comparing data in the standard table, the resulting number Thus, the determining ratio 1. Going by this data, the null hypothesis is rejected in favor of H1. To put it more simply, the mean reduction in drug use in the 2nd sample compared to the 1st sample is not due to accident or sample error and is statistically significant. The current study was designed to statistically assess the effectiveness of harm reduction programs related to drug use and substance dependency in 7 large prisons of Iran. The findings showed that the intervention was effective. We can conclude that in-prison interventions lead to a reduction of drug use. Our findings are consistent with other studies of harm reduction programs 20 — Even though harm reduction programs face some challenges and criticisms 25 most Studies show that these programs are beneficial 20 , 21 , In Germany, for example, studies conducted in two prisons on counseling and distribution of sterile needle programs shows that the percentage of IDUs using shared needles decreased and reduced the transmission of diseases In this study, out of a sample of subjects who furnished information on injection in prison, only 4 subjects 0. These statistics show a partial correlation with in-prison surveys but less so than researches conducted in other countries. In a study conducted in Montreal, Canada, These programs have helped addicts to reintegrate into society and lead a more natural and creative life Questionnaires were filled to complete the data. The implementation of comprehensive harm reduction strategies in prisons has the potential to reduce harm associated with risky behaviors which is consistent with findings of this study in reducing the substance abuse and risky behaviors. But it is important that this program continued beyond the walls of the prison environment, because the majority of the prisoners will be released from prison and will reintegrate into the general population and potentially back to their high risk behaviors. Our research methodology encountered two main limitations; on one hand, since the interviewers were the staff of the prison, prisoners were not open to discuss some of the questions with them. We can assert that prisons are potentially dangerous environments for addicts. It is clear that with out further programming and appropriate measures to face this problem, there is a probability that dangers will increase. The current research was conducted in seven prisons in Iran and it shows that the programs have a significant effect on reducing the abuse of drugs among the prisoners studied. The aforementioned research findings affirm the necessity for the continuation of implementing effective intervention programs supported by strong theoretical and analytical research, leading to harm reduction and control of drug use in society. We would like to express our gratitude to the Prison Organization in Iran for funding the study. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Iran J Public Health. Iran Prisons Organization, Tehran, Iran. Received Aug 11; Accepted Oct Open in a new tab. Addiction Drug Type Morphine No. Follow-up drug test results Morphine No. Morphine Hashish Amphetamine Positive No. Similar articles. Add to Collections. Create a new collection. Add to an existing collection. Choose a collection Unable to load your collection due to an error Please try again. Add Cancel. Received in-prison treatment and harm reduction.

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