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It was a survival technique. Torres Torres can be distinguished as Arhauco, as opposed to another of the indigenous groups in Colombia, by his traditional Arhauco dress. Cloaked in long white robes and a signature Arhauco cone-shaped hat, he also carries a handwoven bag that he will keep with him for the rest of his life. This is the bag an Arhauco boy is given by women in the community when he becomes a man to hold his coca leaves and his poporo, the device used to chew the leaves. Nabusimake is a lush, isolated valley in the Sierra Nevada mountains that is bursting with diversity. This is where the Arhuaco community resides. A walk through the mountains reveals rare birds, like the endangered condor, and towering trees with extensive canopies, like ceiba de leche and the wax palm tree. But the Sierra Nevada was not always as peaceful as the day Torres Torres sat at a local market reflecting on the past, having recently gained the ability to sell his coca leaf products. These mountains have been home to many indigenous groups, including the Arhauco, Wiwa, Kogi and other peoples, for thousands of years. The coca plant is very different from the famous processed drug, cocaine. The coca leaf does not produce psychoactive effects, containing very little of the alkaloid needed to make cocaine and lacking many chemicals for its distillation into the drug. The leaf instead acts as a mild stimulant, producing effects similar to coffee. The coca leaf has been used extensively as a sacred plant in rituals, medicine, food, religion, social interactions, and other aspects of life in the Andean Region of South America for at least 8, years. The poporo is a representation of a woman. Woman are the only ones allowed to grow and harvest the coca leaves, and the poporo is the woman that will be with them all their life. Indigenous communities have since fought for and won recognition of their cultural right to use and grow the coca leaf, and remain the only persons permitted to legally grow the leaf in Colombia. However, this prompted illegal armed groups to pressure indigenous groups heavily for their sacred coca leaf during the cocaine boom. As Torres Torres recalled, the illegal armed groups took the leaves and pressured the Arhauco and other indigenous groups into selling the leaves cheaply to the groups to make cocaine. When I tried to make an agreement with them so that they would leave our region, I was targeted. The remaining illegal armed groups still rely heavily on the illegal drug trade for sustaining themselves financially, alongside kidnapping and blackmailing. Following the signing of the Colombian peace deal after years-long private negotiations and contentious public debate, many illegal armed groups left the Sierra Nevada region for good and underwent a reintegration with society, though a few small illicit bands remain in the area. The paramilitaries would not allow indigenous communities to bring food from the city into the mountain for fear that the guerillas would get it. The illegal groups controlled how many and which crops the indigenous people could grow, including food crops, and also managed the crops for their own benefit. Since the enactment of the peace accord, indigenous communities have regained full control of their coca plants, without the aggressive pressure of the illegal armed groups. Some indigenous community members have decided to sell their cultural products, including the coca leaf, after the signing of the peace deal. Ywawika also known at Jwawika was founded in , one year after the signing of the peace deal. But the societal stigma surrounding the coca leaf remains, despite its lack of psychoactive effects. Coca products can mostly be found in niche markets and fairs throughout Colombia. However, not everyone agrees that the coca leaf should be commercialized. But Torres Torres believes selling coca more widely will remove the stigma surrounding the leaf, having traveled to the United States, the Czech Republic, and other parts of Europe to try to sell his coca leaf products. So when we put the leaf on our tongue we are connected to the gods and we can transmit messages through the spiritual world and also the physical world to keep the equilibrium of our physical bodies. A new threat has arisen, however. Without the illegal armed groups in the newfound zone of peace in the Sierra Nevada Santa Marta, miners no longer have anything to fear. Although lengthy protest from indigenous communities elicited a government vow to ban the mining, the situation remains uncertain under a new presidency. If you want to post a public comment, you can do that at the bottom of the page. Consumed traces the life cycle of a variety of common consumer products from their origins, across supply chains, and waste streams. Margaux Maxwell 23 Jan Colombia. Comments Share article Share this article If you liked this story, share it with other people. Page link. But the coca leaf still faces stigmatization given its association with the illegal narcotic cocaine. See All Key Ideas. Mike Gaworecki Editor. See Topics. To wipe or to wash? Rolling towards circularity? Ashoka Mukpo 22 Aug Consumed series. Free and open access to credible information. Latest articles All articles. In Costa Rica, sustainable tourism is no longer enough for conservation. Michele Bertelli 21 Oct Deforestation plunges but environmental threats remain as Colombia hosts COP Lucas Berti 21 Oct New study upends common belief that birds escape winter to save energy. Abhishyant Kidangoor 21 Oct Juan Mayorga 21 Oct Aimee Gabay 21 Oct Cambodian logging syndicate tied to major U. Gerald Flynn 21 Oct All articles.