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Download this report in PDF format. The market in Colombia for coca, the plant whose leaves can be used to produce cocaine, is in a state of historic collapse, bringing with it an acute humanitarian crisis in already impoverished rural territories. The unusually sharp and prolonged drop in coca prices has several causes. WOLA has identified 12 possible explanations, some more compelling than others. Regardless of the reason, the crisis is sure to be temporary as world cocaine demand remains robust. The Colombian government, and partner and donor governments including the United States, should take maximum advantage of this window of opportunity before it closes. The humanitarian crisis offers a chance for Colombia to fill vacuums of civilian government presence in territories where insecurity, armed groups, and now hunger are all too common. Putumayo, Colombia. Photo: Adam Isacson. Starting in the first half of , buyers of coca leaves and coca paste the product of early stages of processing coca leaves into cocaine stopped coming to the Catatumbo region of northeastern Colombia, near the Venezuelan border. Throughout the year, and into , the coca market continued collapsing all around the country. More than , households in Colombia population 52 million make a living by cultivating coca, which as of was planted in , hectares , acres of territory, according to the UN Office on Drugs and Crime UNODC. Adding people who make a living less directly from the crop—pickers, sellers of farm supplies, and others—increases the estimated total to , households. Under those circumstances growing coca is a survival strategy, as the illegal crop earns an above-average price paid in cash and is easier to transport in zones with few roads and poor access to markets. The coca price crash means that these families are hurting badly. Their income slashed, they are petitioning mayors, governors, and the central government for emergency assistance as they go literally hungry. Farmers are burying their coca paste, or trading it for food. Such dramatic market crashes are rare for a commodity whose illegality, and resulting scarcity, usually prop up prices. Something similar happened in , after the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia FARC guerrilla group demobilized: reports from some regions, like Catatumbo, pointed to coca growers going hungry and burying their product as the cocaine market struggled to adjust—which it did in a matter of months. The current coca-price crisis is more prolonged, and it has no single cause. Though WOLA staff have not performed field research in coca-growing zones during the current crisis, our consultation with partners and review of local media and NGO reports have identified 12 potential reasons why prices fell. These possible causes have to do with overproduction, disruptions in relations between buyers and sellers, changed demand patterns, peace and conflict dynamics, and recent policy changes. Most are hypotheses, and some have only slim evidence presented to sustain them. Some are more compelling than others, and most are more applicable to specific region s, rather than nationwide. Overproduction—an increase in supply outpacing any increase in demand—is the most frequently cited cause for the price drop. The U. In , Colombia stopped eradicating coca by spraying herbicides from aircraft, but has taken a long time to replace fumigation with efforts to govern coca-growing zones and help farmers transition to other crops. Suddenly, there was no actor with the ability to set and stabilize prices. With supplies glutted by overproduction, this hypothesis contends, the bubble burst and prices fell to earth. The coca boom came to a sudden end, unevenly across regions, in Coca overproduction is not just a Colombian phenomenon. And coca fields and labs keep turning up in Venezuela , Ecuador , Honduras , Guatemala , and Mexico , contributing to robust supplies that could continue depressing prices. Several often-cited reasons for the coca price drop have to do with shifts in who is buying, and who is facilitating relationships between buyers and sellers. Some of these officers were suspected of involvement in corruption or human rights abuses. Removing corrupt top brass may have affected the cocaine supply chain. Other indicators, however, challenge this hypothesis. If Petro replaced officers who were permissive with the drug trade with more law-abiding colleagues, one would expect cocaine seizures and arrests of top drug traffickers to have increased since August That has not happened: neither measure has increased. Catatumbo, Colombia. These groups confront each other frequently, increasing uncertainty in coca markets. Supplies of inputs like fertilizer were also disrupted by the pandemic and the February Russian invasion of Ukraine which further drove up the price paid for inputs. The cost of producing coca paste increased beyond its selling price. These enclaves do away with the need to introduce precursor chemicals, and to buy leaves and paste, from farmers in more remote areas. Outside the enclaves, farmers are more likely to be facing reduced demand and falling prices. The price of an ounce of gold is about two-thirds higher today than it was in the mids. As happened the last time that precious-metals prices hit a peak, in the early s, criminal groups are turning to illegal mining, which does great damage in environmentally fragile zones but tends to run less risk of interdiction by authorities. Reports from disputed territories around Colombia point to competing armed and criminal groups prohibiting coca and coca-paste purchases in order to deny income to rivals. That leaves coca growers with no buyers. Reports from Cauca and Catatumbo point to the National Liberation Army ELN guerrilla group beginning to discourage coca cultivation and cocaine production. The request was to discourage both coca trade and coca cultivation in the regions where they operate, as a show of good will. If that truly happened, groups involved in negotiations may be complying, at least partially, in some regions. That presents a golden, fleeting opportunity for the state to enter these zones and establish a new relationship with abandoned populations. The Petro government, in cooperation with international partners, must rise quickly to the occasion and help farmers integrate into the legal economy. In the short term, that means delivering humanitarian aid to populations facing a food security emergency. That can open the door to longer-term efforts to establish and consolidate a civilian state presence in these ungoverned areas, to end their historic abandonment. Civilian state presence would mean greater access to education and health care. It would mean massive titling of land, a long standing demand. It would mean technical assistance and access to credit. It would mean introducing the judicial system to settle disputes and to bring accountability for corruption and human rights violations. And it would mean protecting local leaders who seek to have a say in how their communities are governed. Cauca, Colombia. Some have relied too heavily on the military and neglected the civilian part of the government. Some were too small and underfunded. Most started in one presidential administration, only to shut down in the next. Bringing the state into many remote regions at once is a complicated and ambitious endeavor. The present crisis, however, makes it easier. Though they distrust the government after years of neglect and broken promises, populations will be more welcoming now at a time of urgent need. State-building and humanitarian assistance efforts can also be linked to ongoing negotiations with armed groups: if these groups truly intend to demobilize, the future peace of their regions of influence demands that they cease to be obstacles. Nor do they have to. And even where prices are not recovering, some residents of ungoverned zones are turning to illegal mining, joining armed groups, or displacing elsewhere. The window of opportunity is closing. In the medium and long term, the Petro government is about to roll out a long-awaited new drug policy. This is likely to include a reinvigorated crop-substitution aid program along the lines of what the peace accord foresaw, but ended up with broken promises of assistance to tens of thousands of families who eradicated their coca. So far, the Petro government has not moved fast. Nor is it clear what the strategy for executing this eventual policy will look like. The government will have to move at a quicker tempo. Once the new policy emerges, the U. Sign up with your email to receive exclusive reports and expert research directly to your inbox every week. Your privacy is important to us; your information will be kept confidential and secure. Photo: Adam Isacson The buyers have stopped coming Starting in the first half of , buyers of coca leaves and coca paste the product of early stages of processing coca leaves into cocaine stopped coming to the Catatumbo region of northeastern Colombia, near the Venezuelan border. Coca paste prices dropped 30 percent in a year. Why have coca prices plummeted? Photo: Adam Isacson The current coca-price crisis is more prolonged, and it has no single cause. Overproduction Overproduction—an increase in supply outpacing any increase in demand—is the most frequently cited cause for the price drop. Cultivation is up elsewhere, too Coca overproduction is not just a Colombian phenomenon. Disruption among buyers and sellers Several often-cited reasons for the coca price drop have to do with shifts in who is buying, and who is facilitating relationships between buyers and sellers. Photo: Adam Isacson These groups confront each other frequently, increasing uncertainty in coca markets. Criminal groups are moving away from cocaine and into precious-metals mining The price of an ounce of gold is about two-thirds higher today than it was in the mids. Peace and conflict dynamics Armed groups prohibiting sales in territory influenced by rival groups Reports from disputed territories around Colombia point to competing armed and criminal groups prohibiting coca and coca-paste purchases in order to deny income to rivals. Photo: Adam Isacson A goodwill gesture from armed groups involved in negotiations Reports from Cauca and Catatumbo point to the National Liberation Army ELN guerrilla group beginning to discourage coca cultivation and cocaine production. Photo: Adam Isacson The window of opportunity is closing. Love our content? Unlock even more!

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I was aware of the reputation. How could I not be? But after five years in recovery it no longer felt like a concern. First stop Bogota. A vibrant mishmash of red-tiled colonial buildings with painted balcony balustrades. Narrow streets swoop up green mountains decapitated by clouds. A few people smoking crack in the street. That always grabs my attention. Then, curious red brick neighbourhoods that could have been transplanted from Oxford. They sprouted in rebellion against Spanish influence, after the 19th century wars for independence. He told me of a park with lots of parties and drugs and great opportunities to be robbed. I worried this was too ambiguous, and then wondered whether this was strategic ambiguity, that sneaky part of me leaving the door ajar without overtly leading him on. I felt a thrill of excitement, my skin tingling. What new experiences awaited in that light-flooded valley? He paused for a moment then reached into the glove compartment and handed me a box of injectable oxycodone ampoules. At this point my body became a travelling circus. My stomach launched into all sorts of acrobatics, somersaults, soaring trapeze stunts, fireworks going off down my spine, my breath hot and heavy like a fire breather, elephants stomping a foreboding death march across my brain, and my mind teetering on a tightrope above it all, its little arms outstretched, flailing to stay balanced and not tumble into the chaos below. I handed them back like a hot potato. Words that could have been said? Eventually, my urge to maintain polite conversation — the least consequential of all the urges and competing priorities clashing inside me — overrode everything. Just a few hours of fun, then leave it all behind and see the city, do what I came here for. The pharmaceutical protagonist of these fantasies, inches from my knees, was easy to cast. Then the rational voice kicked in: half a day? Yeah right. But… things are different now; after five years, you know enough about this beast to keep it in check. A one off would be fine. Just one more time. You can take it or leave it, which means you can definitely take it then leave it. Finally I hauled myself out of that debate and marvelled at how two voices, so distinct and persuasive, can co-exist in the same mind. We arrived at the hostel and the fantasies remained, for now, unconsummated. But the deviant part of my mind saw it as an investment. Now the sensible thing would have been to delete his number and forget all about it. And that idea certainly occurred to me. Yes, just in case. Upstairs in my room, two very wise courses of action occurred to me: delete his number, call someone. Neither were followed. Instead I chose a moderately wise course of action that kept the fantasies at bay until my eyes closed for the night — distract the shit out of myself. Arriving at Botero Plaza, my eyes shimmied across the curving chessboard facade of the Palacio Cultural. Plump Botero statues bulged from plinths. But despite this visual feast, my attention was quickly consumed by people smoking crack around the perimeter. He theatrically brandished a colossal crack pipe, leaning back at 45 degrees, Matrix style. He went to light it, but performed yet another improbable feat; he paused, and brandished the pipe some more like a traffic conductor, before finally taking a hit. Beside him stood a woman, tranquil, calmly lighting her pipe over and over, without changing her posture or expression. My mind slipped into theirs and I wondered what they were feeling. My stomach lurched. Back on the bus I summoned the most vivid, euphoric snippets of speedball memories, like a butcher selecting the finest cuts of meat, savouring them until that circus started up again. Then I realised what was happening and how dangerous that was, and conjured the most miserable moments of those days, like a horror film connoisseur on a YouTube binge, seeing my old self sick and lonely, in a wonderful city surrounded by friends, yet unable to experience anything except cravings and misery. That shut the circus down. Funny that the best thing I could do for myself was tap into my worst memories. Imagining things induces similar neurological and physiological responses to actually experiencing them, which is why imaginal exposure can be such a valuable intervention for phobias, and safe-place imagery so helpful for PTSD. We can wreak havoc with our imagination, but we can also harness it to cultivate more helpful states. Sitting on that bus, I did both, over and over. A dizzying cycle of self-sabotage and self-preservation. He was reassuringly unconcerned. They come from nowhere, and if you let them, they disappear back where they came from; fucking nowhere. Research suggests a new thought arises every 4. What the hell should we do with them? Metacognitive perspectives suggest that our relationship with our thoughts matters more than their contents. The way we think about our thoughts determines the impact they have. Problematic metacognitive patterns in addiction include believing that you must control your thoughts and that thoughts are dangerous, which are significant predictors of relapse. I recalled my work with OCD, and the thought-action-fusion fallacy, which leads people to believe that thinking about something makes it more likely to occur. But you can think really hard about sitting down, whilst remaining standing. Having these thoughts after five years of recovery did not mean I was destined to enact them, or that something was going fundamentally wrong. The thoughts meant nothing at all, as long as I let them. The campaign waged by that craving voice boils down to a single message: it feels so good. There is nothing new there. And sadly, in a way that is true. Nothing can feel as good as that intense flash of euphoria. One of the challenges of recovery is to accept slow burning pleasures instead. When you forgo the sublime intensity of narcotics, you need to find excitement elsewhere. And by God, Colombia was the right place to do that. Communa 13, with its brick buildings stacked precariously on a steep hillside, was one of the most violent parts. In , police raided Communa 13, killing nine people and wounding scores more. But since then, local projects and community centres have brought it back to life. The installation of nearly m of escalators has plugged it into the city. Buildings bloom with murals. Street dancers and rappers get crowds bouncing. The anthill alleys are cramped but not oppressive. It feels more vivid for the compression, human friction sparking festivity. But it also got me pondering my own complicity with the violence they were recovering from. Are western drug users responsible in part for the trail of destruction from Colombian coca fields to western mirrors and crack pipes? Speaking to the UN in September shortly after his election victory, Petro said :. The sickness of society will not be cured by spilling glyphosate in the jungle. The jungle is not responsible. Society educated towards endless consumption, stupid confusion between consumption and happiness is what makes it possible for the pockets of the rich to be filled. Those responsible for drug addiction are not the forest. It is the lack of rationality of world power. Decreasing drug consumption does not need wars. It needs for all of us to build a better society with more solidarity, with more affection, where the intensity of life will save people from addiction. Art by Rhys James artbyrhysjames. I walked into the Botero Museum and started laughing like a delighted child. One painting shows a plump little conical nubbin of a Catholic bishop walking through a forest in a flamboyant pink frock, with a pink umbrella no rain and his pink cape trailing far behind. He is ludicrously, determinedly extravagant and inelegant against the effortless elegance of the towering trees behind. He is ridiculous. In a way that combination of levity and love is a guide to our relationship with ourselves. Laugh at the sincerity of our weird little pursuits, but love ourselves for the persistence of our pursuit, even in the face of this absurdity. Another painting, El Estudio, shows a colossal nude model, a vast expanse of buttocks dominating the foreground at eye level. The miniscule head of the painter peers at her from behind the canvas. His gaze is solemn and diligent, but the scaling mismatch renders his task and his solemnity absurd. How could he have enough paint? Standing in front of those inflated buttocks, I experienced an awe-inspiring sense of deflation like de Botton in the Sinai Mountains. I felt small and insignificant, like the pea-headed painter, and that downsizing left me floating free like a peanut shell dropped from a cliff top. I was drunk without drinking, and that is a good place to be in recovery. Forgoing those pleasures was a pleasure in itself. After an easy ride in recovery of late, the temptation to say yes reminded me of the thrill of saying no. Bobbing on a boat out at sea, I rolled backwards into another world. Instantly unplugged are the parts of your mind that process the past and the future and self and others. You are nobody. Just a floating awareness of coral brains covered in winding labyrinths and wrinkled purple pancake stacks. Architecturally adventurous alien cities. Flailing claws hint at crustaceans. A moray eel protrudes like a leathery hand puppet. Accusatory eyes. Accusing who? Not me. There is no me. Social anxiety does not exist here. Back on the surface the heavens had opened. I squeezed onto a bus into town. He looked up and smiled at me watching him watching. I felt alive. This is how I want to use this soggy bundle of neurons to pleasure myself, I thought. Keep mainlining reality. View all posts by Joel Lewin. The artwork by Rhys James adds a nice touch to the piece. Like Like. Enjoyed reading about your journey in the physical and mind. Skip to content. When I said I was going to Colombia some eyebrows were raised. Do you like drugs? Lots of heroin. When bad memories are medicine Arriving at Botero Plaza, my eyes shimmied across the curving chessboard facade of the Palacio Cultural. It was time to call my sponsor. Intensity of experience The campaign waged by that craving voice boils down to a single message: it feels so good. But… nothing feels so good. Speaking to the UN in September shortly after his election victory, Petro said : The sickness of society will not be cured by spilling glyphosate in the jungle. Share this: Twitter Facebook. Like Loading Next Dancing sober: the final frontier. Published by Joel Lewin. Leave a comment Cancel reply. Comment Reblog Subscribe Subscribed. Sign me up. Already have a WordPress. Log in now. Loading Comments Email Required Name Required Website.

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