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Received: October, Approved: December, Clean fallowing has been criticized in the recent past due to the fact that it causes accelerated soil erosion, emission of CO 2 to the atmosphere and reduction in farm income. In an effort to reduce fallowing in Pothwar, Pakistan, field experiments were carried out from through at three locations Rawalpindi, Chakwal and Fateh Jang. Wheat Triticum aestivum was planted in all the subplots during winter. All the treatment plots had equivalent volumetric water content at wheat planting. Consequently, the wheat biomass and grain yields were also statistically equivalent under all the applied treatments. The average yields were 7. Key words: fallow, tillage, mungbean, soil water content, wheat, gross margins. Los rendimientos promedio fueron 7. The farmers perform around 10 plowings during a single fallow period to control weeds and conserve moisture. Excessive plowing not only accentuates the erosion problem, but also increases CO 2 released to the atmosphere which in turn adds up to global warming. The strategy suggested to face this problem is to grow cover crops and perform conservation tillage practices during summer period Lai, When used as cover crops, legumes reduce the surface evaporation and soil erosion; besides, they improve soil quality by increasing organic matter content, structure, water holding capacity and nutrient availability Buresh and Dedatta, ; Lawrence et al. Cereals cropped in sequence with legumes derive N benefits from them, compared with cereal monoculture. However, there is a risk that the summer legume may use soil moisture and leave the soil drier for the ensuing wheat. Conservation tillage systems produce equal or even higher crop yields in many regions along with saving time, fuel, money and soil. Some studies showed no difference between conventional and reduced tillage Schillinger, ; Lampurlanes et al. Thus, crop residues, soil type and properties, type and depth of tillage and various climatic conditions could modify the effects of tillage practices on various soil properties Singh and Malhi, Therefore, this study was carried out in Pothwar plateau, Pakistan, in order to evaluate double cropping summer grain legume with wheat and minimum tillage system as an alternative to excessively tilled clean fallowing. Locations, climatic conditions and soils. Main plot treatments were tillage systems which included conventional cultivator CC , moldboard plowing MB and minimum tillage MT. The CC treatment was standard farmer practice for the area and involved sweep cultivation to a depth of 15 cm, MB was applied to a tillage depth of 25 cm and MT had no tillage applied prior to planting. Weed control in MT was done by repeated applications of glyphosate to ensure weed free conditions. Wheat straw was applied 4 Mg ha to MU treatments after tillage and tilled lightly into the soil. Mungbean was sown 20 kg seed ha as a grain legume crop. Mungbean grain yield data was recorded by harvesting samples from a 1 m 2 area at maturity. No K fertilization was necessary. Wheat was manually harvested with a sickle in May. Soil moisture content at wheat plantation was determined to a depth of 1 m using a soil core. Gross margins and efficiency coefficients were calculated to determine the profitability of treatment combinations. The gross margin is gross income less the variable costs incurred in achieving that income. Variable costs were those which were directly attributable to the enterprise: e. The gross margin was not equivalent to gross profit because it did not include fixed or overhead costs such as depreciation, interest payments or permanent labor, all of which had to be met regardless of enterprise size Scott, The efficiency coefficient was calculated by dividing gross income with the total variable cost incurred for achieving that income. It was assumed that sowing, fertilizer spreading and harvesting were carried out through family labor. Estimated time for one time tillage was 2 h with cultivator and 3 h ha with MB. All input costs and output prices used in the economic calculations were those recorded during the experiment Table 2. The experimental design was a split plot and an analysis of variance was performed to analyze the data. These results agree with those reported by Gill et al. Moreover, the weed control in the case of CC and MB was carried out by repeated cultivation, which furthered an early decomposition of the chopped straw. Lopez et al. Equal moisture capture and storage by different management practices have also been reported by Fuentes et al. These results are in agreement with findings by Mohammad et al. Gross margins and efficiency coefficients. The highest GM Rs. At Chakwal site, the highest GM Rs. The best return on investment does not necessarily correlate with gross margin, since costs were different for each treatment in our study. Thus, in order to select the treatments with the best return per rupee invested, the efficiency coefficient was calculated Figure B : 1 at Rawalpindi site the efficiency coefficients were 4. The analyses of the results indicate that the grain yields were statistically similar between treatments. However, the legum e elicited a better economical combination across the three tillage systems, higher gross margins and efficiency coefficients at the three locations, as well as additional income during summer. The application of mulch did not provide an adequate return on investment because of the high input cost of wheat straw. However, application of wheat straw as mulch is not economically adequate. Anderson, J. CABI Publishing. Wallingfold, UK. Brady, N. C, and R. Nature and Properties of Soils. Pearson Education, Inc. Delhi, India. Chaudhry, M. Ali, and R. Effect of mulching on moisture conservation and growth of wheat crop under rainfed condition. Second National Congress of Soil Sci. Cooke J. Ford, R. Dumsday, and S. Effect of fallowing practices on the growth and yield of wheat in southeastern Australia. Eltiti, A. Soil Tillage in Agroecosystems. CRC Press. Fuentes, J. Flury, D. Huggins, and D. Soil Till. Gee, G. W Bauder. Hydrometer method. In: Klute, A. Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 1. Madison, Wisconsin, USA. Gill, S. Akhtar, and Z. Soil water use and bulk density as affected by tillage and fertilizer in rainfed wheat production system. Gomez, K. Statistical Procedures for Agricultural Research. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. GOP Government of Pakistan. Soil Series Key and Soil Classification. Lahore, Pakistan, pp: Kou, S. In: Sparks, D. Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 3. Soil Sci. Lal, R. Soil carbon sequestration to mitigate climate change. Lampurlanes, J. Angas, and C. Latta, J. Field Crops Res. Lawrence, J. Ketterings, and J. Effect of nitrogen application on yield and quality of silage corn after forage legume grass. Lopez, M. Arrue, and V. Mohammad W, S. Shah, S. Shehzadi, S. Shah, and H. Wheat and oat yields and water use efficiency as influenced by tillage under rainfed conditions. Soil Environ. Mrabet, R. Differential response of wheat to tillage management systems in a semi arid area of Morocco. Munyinda, K. Karamanos, and I. Yields of wheat in rotation with maize and soybeans in Zambia. Nelson, D. Total carbon, organic carbon and organic matter. Nizami, M. Shafiq, A. Rashid, and M. Rashid, A. Soil Science. Roades, J. Salinity, electrical conductivity and total dissolve solids. Ryan, J. Plant Anal. Sahi, F. Khan, and S. Soil problems and management in Potwar. Proceeding of symposium on plant nutrition management for sustainable agricultural growth. Schillinger, W. Scott, F. Singh, B. Response of soil physical properties to tillage and residue management on two soils in a cool temperate environment. Thomas, G. Soil pH and soil acidity. Servicios Personalizados Revista. Similares en SciELO. Abstract Clean fallowing has been criticized in the recent past due to the fact that it causes accelerated soil erosion, emission of CO 2 to the atmosphere and reduction in farm income. Sampling and data collection Soil moisture content at wheat plantation was determined to a depth of 1 m using a soil core. Economic analysis Gross margins and efficiency coefficients were calculated to determine the profitability of treatment combinations. Statistical analysis The experimental design was a split plot and an analysis of variance was performed to analyze the data.

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