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Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. E-mail: jk pronexus. The designer drug 1- 4-methylphenyl methylaminopropanone 4-methylmethcathinone, mephedrone is reported to possess psychostimulant, entactogenic and hallucinogenic effects. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of acute administration of mephedrone on extracellular levels of dopamine DA and 5-HT in the nucleus accumbens of awake rats and compare these effects with those induced by 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine MDMA, ecstasy and amphetamine. Microdialysis sampling was performed while simultaneously recording locomotor activity in rats and the monoamines were determined by HPLC with electrochemical detection. Locomotor activity was increased most by amphetamine, whereas both mephedrone and MDMA showed about three times lower and shorter-lasting effects. The neurochemical and functional properties of mephedrone resemble those of MDMA, but it also shows an amphetamine-like effect in that it evokes a rapid release and elimination of DA in the brain reward system, a feature that may contribute to its potent re-inforcing properties. Keywords: 4-methylmethcathinone; cathinones; phenethylamines; 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine; microdialysis; dopamine; 5-HT; serotonin; legal highs; psychostimulants. Mephedrone 1- 4-methylphenyl methylaminopropanone, 4-methylmethcathinone, 4-MMC is a substituted phenethylamine, structurally a cathinone derivative that possesses powerful psychostimulant, entactogenic and hallucinogenic effects see Europol—EMCDDA, ; Schifano et al. During the last 2 years, mephedrone has been banned in most of the EU countries. However, the unified international legislation and control of mephedrone as a substance of abuse is still missing. The users of mephedrone have described its psychomimetic effects being comparable to amphetamine, cocaine and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine MDMA, ecstasy causing euphoria, elevated mood, stimulation, enhanced appreciation for music, decreased hostility, improved mental function and mild sexual stimulation Europol—EMCDDA, A recent web-based survey from responders revealed that mephedrone users consider its effects best compared with those of MDMA Carhart-Harris et al. However, mephedrone is associated with a high risk of triggering repetitive and uncontrolled drug intake subsequent to its initial administration. Excessive intake of mephedrone leads to acute intoxication, displaying the clinical features of acute sympathomimetic toxidrome Wood et al. Based on the spectrum of psychostimulant effects described by the drug users and the chemical similarity of mephedrone to substituted methcathinone and methamphetamine it has been speculated that mephedrone may act via increased release and re-uptake inhibition of 5-HT serotonin and dopamine DA Schifano et al. However, there are no data available to provide neurochemical evidence for the in vivo effects of mephedrone on DA and 5-HT transmission in the brain areas implicated in drug reinforcement. Indeed, cathinone was shown to exert similar effects to amphetamine, increasing locomotor activity Kalix, and extracellular DA levels in the nucleus accumbens NAcc and caudate-putamen of rats Pehek et al. Both animal and human studies revealed that the acute re-inforcing effects of drugs, as well as their incentive and reward seeking behaviour, are anatomically linked to the NAcc and mesolimbic DA system see Koob and Volkow, All drugs were dissolved in saline and administered s. Male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing — g were used in the study. The microdialysis experiments were carried out on awake rats following the protocol described elsewhere Kehr, ; Kehr and Yoshitake, All efforts were made to minimize animal suffering and the number of animals used for the study. The middle scalp incision of 2—3 cm was made and the flaps were kept aside using the homeostatic forceps. After exposure of the skull, a hole for a probe and two holes for the fixing screws were drilled using a fine trephine drill. The guide cannula for a microdialysis probe Eicom Corp. The guide cannula was fixed firmly to the skull surface using dental cement. Following 5—7 days of recovery, a microdialysis probe Eicom CX-I; 0. After the initial stabilization period of 2—3 h, the microdialysis samples were collected in 20 min intervals. At the end of the experiment, the animals were killed by an overdose of isoflurane and dislocation of the neck. The brains were removed and examined for correct placement of the probe the probe track in the rat brain. This arrangement allowed for simultaneous recordings of locomotor activity and microdialysis sampling. The data were collected by counting and summarizing the overall activity number of beam crossings in 5 min intervals and further pooled into 20 min bins, thereby matching the frequency of microdialysis sampling. The mobile phase was a mixture of methanol and 0. The chromatograms were recorded and integrated by use of a computerized data acquisition system Clarity DataApex, Prague, Czech Republic. The chromatograms were recorded and integrated by use of the computerized data acquisition system Clarity DataApex. Mean basal levels were compared by use of one-way anova followed by Newman—Keuls multiple comparison test. Differences between the groups of treatment and interaction of treatment and time were analysed by repeated measures two-way repeated measures anova followed by Bonferroni's post-test. A typical placement of the guide cannula and the microdialysis probe in the NAcc is illustrated in Figure 1. As seen, the membrane of the microdialysis probe was positioned preferentially in the NAcc shell but protruded also to the core part of the nucleus. The basal levels of monoamines and metabolites did not significantly differ within the respective treated groups. A representative placement of the microdialysis probe in the nucleus accumbens. The membrane of the microdialysis probe is targeting preferentially the shell but protruded also to the core part of the nucleus. Adapted from Paxinos and Watson Effects of a single s. The arrow indicates the time of drug or vehicle administration. The increased concentrations of DA and 5-HT returned rapidly within the next — min to the basal levels. Following administration of mephedrone at the higher dose, the DOPAC levels were significantly reduced by A similar decrease by The columns represent the AUC 0— min values calculated as the differences in relative changes in DA and 5-HT over a 3 h period between the drug- and vehicle-treated groups. Locomotor activity of vehicle- and drug-treated rats was monitored simultaneously during the microdialysis sampling period Figure 5. The mephedrone-induced motor activation showed a peak level of MDMA caused a similar, not significant motor activation Amphetamine induced a robust and long-lasting locomotor activation with a maximum of The overall value of locomotor activation AUC 0— min by amphetamine was 4. The drug or vehicle was administered at time 0 min arrow. Cathinone derivatives and, in particular, mephedrone has gained wide popularity as a research chemical and a party drug in several European countries see Europol—EMCDDA, including Sweden Gustavsson and Escher, , England Brandt et al. The users of mephedrone have compared its powerful psychostimulant, entactogenic and hallucinogenic properties to other abuse substances of this class including amphetamine, methamphetamine, cocaine and ecstasy Europol—EMCDDA, ; Winstock et al. In a survey among dance drug users in the UK Winstock et al. However, the use of mephedrone is associated with a high risk of overdose, leading to uncontrolled and often fatal drug intoxication Gustavsson and Escher, ; Dickson et al. The major finding of the present study is that mephedrone causes significant, rapid and dose-dependent increases in both 5-HT and DA levels in the NAcc. The overall effects of mephedrone injected at a higher dose on the 5-HT levels were comparable to the effects induced by the same dose of MDMA. In addition, mephedrone but not MDMA, still potently increased the accumbal DA release to a level that was comparable to the effect induced by amphetamine. Amphetamine had only a minor effect on extracellular 5-HT concentrations. The effects of MDMA and amphetamine on the release of DA and 5-HT in the rat NAcc observed in this study are in good agreement with earlier reports on the effects of these two drugs given at similar doses. Thus, a single i. However, in another paper, Kurling et al. Auclair et al. Microdialysis data provide valuable information on the in vivo pharmacodynamics of neurotransmitter release; however, the data do not allow a direct evaluation of a potential mechanism of action of drugs such as mephedrone. Strategies based on increased 5-HT transmission, for example, by use of amphetamine analogues that release both DA and 5-HT Rothman et al. In a recent study, Baumann and colleagues Baumann et al. Although the microdialysis data on DA release in NAcc did not correlate with the in vitro predictions, the authors found good correlations between extracellular DA levels and locomotor activity. The increases in 5-HT release in NAcc were proportional to the decreased DA release and decreased locomotion, the most significant effect was observed for the p-methylamphetamine PAL analogue Baumann et al. These data support the findings in our study, demonstrating that substituted phenethylamines mephedrone and MDMA markedly increase 5-HT release, but lower DA release and reduce locomotor activity when compared with the effects of amphetamine. In this respect, it could be predicted that mephedrone and MDMA are weaker re-inforcers than amphetamine or cocaine. On the other hand, it was reported that some users compulsively redose mephedrone, consuming their whole supply during a session Europol—EMCDDA, This conclusion is in agreement with our data showing that mephedrone, given at a same dose as MDMA, is a more potent DA releaser than MDMA, whereas the elimination rate of mephedrone-induced DA release in the NAcc was almost 10 times faster than that of induced by MDMA and two times faster than that induced by amphetamine. The calculated elimination rates of extracellular DA and 5-HT levels correlate well with the pharmacokinetic profiles of MDMA and amphetamine reported elsewhere. There are no pharmacokinetic data available on mephedrone. Six mephedrone phase I metabolites have been identified in rat urine and seven in human urine Meyer et al. The initial metabolic step for both species is N-demethylation of mephedrone to normephedrone. It is not known whether normephedrone possesses any psychomimetic properties. This possibility cannot be excluded, particularly when considering an analogous N-demethylation of methamphetamine to its active metabolite amphetamine see Schep et al. Here, the rats self-administered at about 0. However, further studies are necessary to demonstrate whether mephedrone can induce self-administration in rats. From a comparison of the time courses of locomotor activation induced by mephedrone, MDMA and amphetamine it was concluded that the overall effect of mephedrone was equipotent to MDMA; however, the mephedrone-induced motor activation diminished about three, and six times faster than that induced by MDMA and amphetamine, respectively. Amphetamine caused a marked increase in locomotor activity that lasted for about min; this finding is in good agreement with data reported elsewhere Cadoni and Di Chiara, ; Kurling et al. On the other hand, the amphetamine-induced locomotion could be almost completely abolished by the blockade of 5-HT 2A receptors in the ventral tegmental area of the rat Auclair et al. These data indicate a complex interplay between NA and 5-HT and their respective receptors in controlling the release of DA in the NAcc induced by various psychostimulant drugs. In conclusion, the present data demonstrate for the first time that acute administration of mephedrone induces a rapid release of both 5-HT and DA in the NAcc of awake rats and this effect is accompanied by a short-lasting increase in locomotor activity. These results support the notion that mephedrone resembles the key neurochemical and functional properties of MDMA, confirming the similarities between mephedrone and MDMA effects reported by drug users. In addition, mephedrone-induced release and rapid elimination of DA in the NAcc were similar to the effect of amphetamine given at a dose relevant to its addictive properties. However, further studies are needed to elucidate the detailed mechanisms behind the reported risk of a compulsive binge intake of mephedrone and the risk for tolerance development. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Br J Pharmacol. Find articles by J Kehr. Find articles by F Ichinose. Find articles by S Yoshitake. Find articles by M Goiny. Find articles by T Sievertsson. Find articles by F Nyberg. Find articles by T Yoshitake. Open in a new tab. Similar articles. Add to Collections. Create a new collection. Add to an existing collection. Choose a collection Unable to load your collection due to an error Please try again. Add Cancel.

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Thank you for visiting nature. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript. It is well documented that N -methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine MDMA, ecstasy releases brain serotonin 5-HT; 5-hydroxytryptamine , noradrenaline NE; norepinephrine , and dopamine, but the consequent effect on brain functioning remains elusive. In this study, we characterized the effects of MDMA on electrically evoked responses in the ventral CA1 region of a rat hippocampal slice preparation. N -methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine MDMA has unique psychoactive properties that differ from psychostimulants or hallucinogens Nichols, ; Nichols et al, In humans, acute MDMA produces positive mood changes, enhances empathy toward others, and increases social interaction Downing, ; Peroutka et al, ; Dumont and Verkes, In spite of its well-documented potential to cause neurotoxic damage to serotonergic axons in the forebrain Battaglia et al, ; O'Hearn et al, , MDMA has gained wide popularity as a recreational drug Parrott, and has been promoted as a psychotherapeutic tool Grinspoon and Bakalar, ; Doblin, ; Check, At present, mechanisms by which acute MDMA affects brain processes underlying emotional and affective behavior are largely unknown. For example, neither receptors mediating psychotropic effects of MDMA, nor the brain regions involved have been identified. Acute effects of MDMA in humans and in experimental animals have generally been attributed to release of monoamine neuromodulators and in particular to serotonin transporter SERT -dependent brain serotonin 5-HT, 5-hydroxytryptamine release Bengel et al, ; Parrott, ; Green et al, ; Morton, Although most studies suggest that MDMA mainly targets brain serotonergic system, some of them indicate the possible involvement of the noradrenergic system. The ventral hippocampus anterior hippocampus in primates is one of the brain structures which is potentially important to generation of acute psychoactive effects of MDMA. It is densely innervated by serotonergic and noradrenergic axons Oleskevich et al, ; Oleskevich and Descarries, ; Schroeter et al, , projects to other limbic regions, eg prefrontal cortex, amygdala, hypothalamus, and nucleus accumbens Kelley and Domesick, ; Van Groen and Wyss, ; Verwer et al, and is involved in mood- and emotion-related behaviors Bannerman et al, ; Dolcos et al, ; Richardson et al, ; Herman and Mueller, In the CA1 hippocampal region, 5-HT and NE exert multiple effects on excitability of both pyramidal cells and interneurons Madison and Nicoll, ; Colino and Halliwell, ; Andrade, ; Hoffman and Johnston, as well as on synaptic transmission Segal, ; Mlinar et al, ; Otmakhova et al, Furthermore, in the CA1 hippocampal region, 5-HT and NE affect synaptic plasticity Corradetti et al, ; Villani and Johnston, ; Thomas et al, ; Katsuki et al, ; Gelinas and Nguyen, and are involved in the action of antidepressant drugs Mongeau et al, In this study, we sought to characterize electrophysiological effects of acute MDMA application in the CA1 region of the ventral hippocampus in vitro. In addition, we attempted to identify monoamine neuromodulators and their receptors that mediate the MDMA effects. Experiments were done on transversal slices of ventral hippocampus. Rats were anesthetized with halothane and decapitated with a guillotine. Before transferring to the recording chamber, a single slice was temporarily transferred to a Petri dish, where the CA1 region was disconnected from the CA3 region by a surgical cut. The slice was then placed on a nylon mesh, completely submerged in a recording chamber and superfused on both sides with oxygenated ACSF. The flow rate of 1. All drugs were applied via bath perfusion. In a minority of experiments, stimulation was done by a constant current stimulation unit NL, Digitimer through a monopolar tungsten electrode. In some experiments, two recording electrodes were placed in the stratum pyramidale on opposite sides of the stimulation electrode, enabling recording of two separate PS in each slice. Alternatively, PS were recorded simultaneously from two slices with one stimulating and one recording electrode per slice. Stimulus intensity was held constant throughout the experiment. The PSA was measured as the length of the vertical line from the minimum of the PS to the line that joined the two positive peaks of the field response recorded in the stratum pyramidale. The control group sham was pretreated the same way but with the omission of PCPA. The slices were sonicated with a Labsonic dismembranator , B. Antagonists applied individually or in a mixture, by themselves did not provoke significant effects. These concentrations of reuptake inhibitors ensured full block of the respective transporter with neglectable effects on other monoamine transporters and receptors Sanchez et al, Two-tailed nonparametric tests were used for statistical analysis. The significance of change caused by a drug superfusion compared to the baseline values was assessed by Wilcoxon matched-pair test. Differences between experimental groups were estimated by the Mann—Whitney test and Kruskal—Wallis test with Dunn's multiple comparison post hoc test. In individual experiments, effects of min MDMA application were measured such that control values corresponded to those of the mean response obtained by averaging the last 20 data traces before MDMA application, and values in MDMA corresponded to the mean response obtained by averaging five data traces recorded during the 30th min of MDMA application. Dotted lines indicate position of a cut made to separate CA1 and CA3 regions. The lag before the onset of the effect was approximately 6. Data points are rebinned over 1-min intervals for clarity. Initial parts of the traces including the first PS of the burst are shown on the expanded scale in the inset. The error bars correspond to SD. We therefore carried out a set of experiments in slices prepared from animals depleted of 5-HT. Since 5-HT 6 and 5-HT 7 receptors also produce excitatory effects in CA1 pyramidal cells through activation of adenylate cyclase, selective antagonists for these receptors, as well as for the inhibitory 5-HT 1A receptor, were included in our study. The possible contribution of other 5-HT receptors was not assessed because their activation does not produce direct, electrophysiologically detectable effects on CA1 pyramidal cells Andrade, Since the fEPSP slope, recorded at the level of afferent synapses, principally reflects synaptic transmission while PS also depends on postsynaptic neuronal processing, these results indicate that MDMA modulates signal processing in the CA1 region without affecting synaptic input from the CA3 region. Therefore, we sought to determine whether the observed MDMA effect was mediated by the release of endogenous monoamines or by direct activation of pyramidal cell receptors. In these experiments, the MDMA-induced PSA increase was significantly reduced when compared to the control experiments, but was significant, indicating that 5-HT release contributes, but is not solely responsible for MDMA action in the CA1 region of the ventral hippocampus. The involvement of the noradrenergic system was tested in experiments in which MDMA was applied in the presence of the NRI, nisoxetine. In these experiments the effect of MDMA, although on the average smaller, was not significantly different from control, suggesting a lack of involvement of the noradrenergic system. However, in experiments in which both SERT and NET were blocked by co-application of citalopram and nisoxetine, MDMA produced no significant effect, suggesting that release of both neuromodulators contributes to the observed effect. The lag of several minutes before the onset of MDMA effect in the absence of pharmacological pretreatment Figure 2 is also consistent with an indirect mode of MDMA action. To additionally test whether the observed effect of MDMA has a nonserotonergic component, we carried out experiments on brain slices obtained from animals in which 5-HT was depleted by PCPA-pretreatment. Our results further extend the findings of these studies, demonstrating the contribution of NE release to functional MDMA effects. Activation of several subtypes of 5-HT and NE receptors expressed in CA1 pyramidal cells may increase intrinsic neuronal excitability Mueller et al, ; Madison and Nicoll, ; Mongeau et al, ; Andrade, That this is not the case was revealed in the experiments in which both receptors were blocked by co-application of their antagonists. In these experiments Figure 7b , application of MDMA caused small, but significant PSA reduction, suggesting involvement of at least one additional receptor. The reversal was not due to depletion of endogenous neuromodulators since the second application of MDMA, following a 2-h washout, was still able to induce an effect similar to that of the first application Figure 3a and b. Presently, available data do not indicate the causes of this discrepancy. The MDMA-induced long-lasting ESP in pyramidal cells observed in the present study likely translates to an increase in ventral hippocampal activity in vivo. Ventral hippocampus activity could be relevant to the psychoactive effects of MDMA since hippocampal activation has been shown in mood- and emotion-related behaviors. Thus, positive social stimuli activate the hippocampus in normal subjects, but not in depressed patients Schaefer et al, and sustained hippocampal activation occurs during a period of subjective emotion Garrett and Maddock, Finally, 5-HT 4 receptor polymorphism has been implicated in vulnerability to mood disorders Ohtsuki et al, In addition, the activation of the ventral hippocampus could contribute to motivational and reinforcing effects of MDMA. In fact, local stimulation of the ventral hippocampus by N -methyl- D -aspartate infusion in rats activates dopamine transmission to the medial prefrontal cortex Peleg-Raibstein et al, , produces an acute increase in extracellular dopamine levels Peleg-Raibstein and Feldon, , and stimulates c-Fos expression Bardgett and Henry, in the nucleus accumbens shell, a region playing a key role in motivational behavior and in the reinforcing effects of stimulant drugs Robbins and Everitt, The LTP program: a data acquisition program for on-line analysis of long-term potentiation and other synaptic events. J Neurosci Methods : 71— Andrade R Regulation of membrane excitability in the central nervous system by serotonin receptor subtypes. Ann NY Acad Sci : — Regional dissociations within the hippocampus-memory and anxiety. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 28 : — Locomotor activity and accumbens Fos expression driven by ventral hippocampal stimulation require D1 and D2 receptors. 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Behav Brain Res : — Characterization of \[ I\]-SB binding to human recombinant and native 5-HT 6 receptors in rat, pig and human brain tissue. Comparative pharmacology of human beta-adrenergic receptor subtypes—characterization of stably transfected receptors in CHO cells. Hoffman DA, Johnston D Neuromodulation of dendritic action potentials. J Neurophysiol 81 : — Hyttel J, Larsen JJ Neurochemical profile of Lu , a potent inhibitor of uptake of dopamine, noradrenaline, and serotonin. J Neurochem 44 : — Neuropsychopharmacology 31 : — Noradrenergic regulation of synaptic plasticity in the hippocampal CA1 region. J Neurophysiol 77 : — The distribution of the projection from the hippocampal formation to the nucleus accumbens in the rat: an anterograde- and retrograde-horseradish peroxidase study. Neuroscience 7 : — Neuropsychopharmacology 10 : — Neuropsychopharmacology 22 : — Actions of noradrenaline recorded intracellularly in rat hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurones, in vitro. J Physiol : — Mlinar B, Corradetti R Endogenous 5-HT, released by MDMA through serotonin transporter- and secretory vesicle-dependent mechanisms, reduces hippocampal excitatory synaptic transmission by preferential activation of 5-HT1B receptors located on CA1 pyramidal neurons. Eur J Neurosci 18 : — Eur J Neurosci 24 : — Selective inhibition of local excitatory synaptic transmission by serotonin through an unconventional receptor in the CA1 region of rat hippocampus. Differential autoinhibition of 5-HT neurones by 5-HT in dorsal raphe nucleus. NeuroReport 16 : — The serotonergic and noradrenergic systems of the hippocampus: their interactions and the effects of antidepressant treatments. Brain Res Rev 23 : — Morton J Ecstasy: pharmacology and neurotoxicity. Curr Opin Pharmacol 5 : 79— Noradrenergic responses in rat hippocampus: evidence for medication by alpha and beta receptors in the in vitro slice. Brain Res : — Nichols DE Identification of a new therapeutic class: entactogens. Derivatives of 1- 1,3-benzodioxolyl butanamine: representatives of a novel therapeutic class. J Med Chem 29 : — Methylenedioxyamphetamine MDA and methylenedioxymethamphetamine MDMA cause selective ablation of serotonergic axon terminals in forebrain: immunocytochemical evidence for neurotoxicity. J Neurosci 8 : — Mol Psychiatry 7 : — Oleskevich S, Descarries L Quantified distribution of the serotonin innervation in adult rat hippocampus. Neuroscience 34 : 19— Quantified distribution of the noradrenaline innervation in the hippocampus of adult rat. J Neurosci 9 : — Inhibition of perforant path input to the CA1 region by serotonin and noradrenaline. J Neurophysiol 94 : — Parrott AC Hum Psychopharmacol 16 : — Peleg-Raibstein D, Feldon J Effects of dorsal and ventral hippocampal NMDA stimulation on nucleus accumbens core and shell dopamine release. Neuropharmacology 51 : — Activation of dopaminergic neurotransmission in the medial prefrontal cortex by N -methyl- D -aspartate stimulation of the ventral hippocampus in rats. Neuroscience : — Subjective effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine in recreational users. Neuropsychopharmacology 1 : — Blockade of a resting potassium channel and modulation of synaptic transmission by ecstasy in the hippocampus. Br J Pharmacol : 93— Encoding of emotional memories depends on amygdala and hippocampus and their interactions. Nat Neurosci 7 : — Neurobehavioural mechanisms of reward and motivation. Curr Opin Neurobiol 6 : — Amphetamine-type central nervous system stimulants release norepinephrine more potently than they release dopamine and serotonin. Synapse 39 : 32— Rudnick G, Wall SC Psychopharmacology Berl : — Event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging measures of neural activity to positive social stimuli in pre- and post-treatment depression. Biol Psychiatry 60 : — Immunolocalization of the cocaine- and antidepressant-sensitive l-norepinephrine transporter. J Comp Neurol : — Amphetamine derivatives interact with both plasma membrane and secretory vesicle biogenic amine transporters. Mol Pharmacol 44 : — Monoamine oxidase inhibitory properties of some methoxylated and alkylthio amphetamine derivatives: structure—activity relationships. Biochem Pharmacol 54 : — Segal M Serotonin attenuates a slow inhibitory postsynaptic potential in rat hippocampal neurons. Neuroscience 36 : — Stereochemical effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine MDMA and related amphetamine derivatives on inhibition of uptake of \[3H\]monoamines into synaptosomes from different regions of rat brain. Biochem Pharmacol 36 : — Stein DJ, Rink J J Clin Psychiatry 60 : Beta-adrenergic modulation of emotional memory-evoked human amygdala and hippocampal responses. Activity-dependent beta-adrenergic modulation of low frequency stimulation induced LTP in the hippocampal CA1 region. Neuron 17 : — Extrinsic projections from area CA1 of the rat hippocampus: olfactory, cortical, subcortical, and bilateral hippocampal formation projections. Collateral projections from the rat hippocampal formation to the lateral and medial prefrontal cortex. Hippocampus 7 : — Villani F, Johnston D Serotonin inhibits induction of long-term potentiation at commissural synapses in hippocampus. Download references. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Correspondence to Boris Mlinar. Reprints and permissions. Mlinar, B. Neuropsychopharmacol 33 , — Download citation. Received : 19 March Revised : 12 June Accepted : 14 June Published : 25 July Issue Date : May Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:. Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Skip to main content Thank you for visiting nature. Download PDF. Abstract It is well documented that N -methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine MDMA, ecstasy releases brain serotonin 5-HT; 5-hydroxytryptamine , noradrenaline NE; norepinephrine , and dopamine, but the consequent effect on brain functioning remains elusive. Mechanisms associated with the antidepressant-like effects of L, Article 20 July Cocaine induces input and cell-type-specific synaptic plasticity in ventral pallidum-projecting nucleus accumbens medium spiny neurons Article 04 February Effects of acute and chronic administration of trace amine-associated receptor 1 TAAR1 ligands on in vivo excitability of central monoamine-secreting neurons in rats Article Open access 01 September Electrophysiological Recordings Experiments were done on transversal slices of ventral hippocampus. Figure 1. Full size image. Figure 2. Figure 3. Figure 4. Figure 5. Figure 6. Figure 7. Figure 8. View author publications. Rights and permissions Reprints and permissions. About this article Cite this article Mlinar, B. Copy to clipboard. Search Search articles by subject, keyword or author. Show results from All journals This journal. Advanced search.

Buy MDMA pills online in Kyoto