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This article will discuss the types of gallbladder surgery, what to expect from the recovery timeline, and ways you can recover. Gallbladder removal surgery is called a cholecystectomy. Your gallbladder is a pear-shaped organ that holds bile, which is a digestive fluid made by your liver. Your gallbladder is located on the upper right side of your abdomen, below your liver. Drip Hydration provides an enriched vitamin cocktail to help you recover from the flu quickly, with tailored treatment options based on your health goals. Gallbladder removal is often necessary to treat gallbladder disease. Gallbladder disease may be caused by a number of issues, including:. Symptoms of gallbladder disease may include biliary colic and acute or chronic cholecystitis. Biliary colic is the most common symptom of gallbladder disease. It causes pain in the upper right abdomen under the rib cage, in the middle of your abdomen, or in your right shoulder blade. Biliary colic is often accompanied by nausea and vomiting. Acute cholecystitis is inflammation caused by a persistent gallbladder blockage, infection, or tumor. The pain from acute cholecystitis is more intense and steady than the pain from biliary colic. Acute cholecystitis can cause chills, fever, nausea, and vomiting. When your gallbladder contracts, you may experience a rapid heartbeat or a sudden drop in blood pressure. Acute cholecystitis can lead to a buildup of blocked bile in your blood, which causes dark urine, jaundice yellowing of the skin and eyes , and pale stools. Chronic cholecystitis is often associated with milder symptoms than acute cholecystitis, allowing it to go undiagnosed and lead to long-term damage. Some symptoms of chronic cholecystitis that you may notice are digestive issues like bloating or distension in your abdomen and chronic gas, diarrhea, or nausea after you eat. Chronic cholecystitis caused by gallbladder cancer does not cause pain, but it may cause chronic inflammation with mild jaundice. In this section, we will discuss the two types of gallbladder surgery: laparoscopic cholecystectomy and open cholecystectomy. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is a minimally-invasive type of gallbladder removal surgery. Your surgeon will make a few small incisions on the right side of your abdomen and then insert a laparoscope a tiny camera that is attached to a thin tube through one of the incisions. The laparoscope projects images of your gallbladder onto a screen to guide the surgeon through the procedure. Carbon dioxide gas is pumped into your abdomen to make space and make it easier for the surgeon to see and access your gallbladder to remove it. Your gallbladder will then be removed through one of the incisions. You will likely get to go home the same day or the day after you have laparoscopic gallbladder surgery. Open cholecystectomy is a more invasive type of gallbladder removal surgery. Rather than a few small incisions, open gallbladder removal involves a single large incision that is between five and seven inches long. Laparoscopes are not used in open cholecystectomy surgery because the large incision allows for more direct access to your gallbladder and the surrounding organs. It is unlikely that you will get to go home the same day after having an open cholecystectomy. You may need to stay in the hospital for two to four days. In this section, we will discuss what goes on in the recovery room after gallbladder surgery, pain management strategies, and potential risks and complications. Both laparoscopic and open cholecystectomies are done while you are under general anesthesia, which means you will be asleep during surgery. After cholecystectomy surgery , you will wake up in the recovery room, where you will be monitored for postoperative complications and have time to let the effects of the anesthesia wear off. A nurse will periodically check and record your body temperature, blood pressure, breathing, and pulse. Be sure to let the nurse know of any pain or other symptoms you experience or questions you have. You can expect to be in the recovery room for at least an hour, but you may need to stay longer if you experience complications. You can expect to feel pain after either type of cholecystectomy surgery, but laparoscopic surgery tends to cause less pain than open gallbladder surgery because it is not as invasive. Pain management strategies after gallbladder removal surgery can include:. There are some potential risks and complications associated with gallbladder removal surgery, including:. In this section, we will discuss the recovery timeline for gallbladder surgery , including the initial recovery phase, the intermediate recovery phase, and the long-term recovery and outlook. The total recovery time for gallbladder surgery varies depending on whether you have had laparoscopic or open surgery. It can take up to six weeks to recover from open gallbladder surgery. The recovery time following laparoscopic surgery is much shorter, usually lasting only one or two weeks. For the first few days after your surgery, you can expect to feel tired and weak, and you may have some abdominal swelling. If you had laparoscopic surgery, you might feel pain in your right shoulder for the first 24 hours or so. This pain is caused by the carbon dioxide gas that gets pumped into your abdomen during the surgery. A day or two after your surgery, you will be able to remove your bandages and take a shower if your doctor tells you it is safe to do so. Gently pat the incision s dry rather than rubbing. Showers are okay, but do not take a bath in the first two weeks or until your doctor approves it. Depending on the type of job you do, you may be able to return to work and normal activities one or two weeks after laparoscopic surgery. If you have open surgery, you can expect to be able to return to work and resume normal activities four to six weeks after surgery. Diarrhea and frequent burping are common side effects you may experience in the first two to four weeks after surgery. Diarrhea may last longer than four weeks. However, not having a gallbladder can affect how well your body digests fats, and you may experience more gas and bloating than before when you eat fatty foods. Around 10 to 15 percent of people who have their gallbladder removed develop post-cholecystectomy syndrome PCS , which causes symptoms similar to the issues you had before having your gallbladder removed. Treatment for PCS usually involves dietary changes, but in some cases, a second surgery may be necessary. In this section, we will discuss post-surgery care and rehabilitation, including wound care and hygiene, gradual resumption of physical activity, dietary adjustments post-surgery, and recovery IV and potential benefits. The most important part of caring for wounds as they heal is to keep them clean and dry. If an incision is oozing fluid or rubbing against your clothes, you can cover it with gauze, but be sure to change the gauze daily. If there are strips of tape on the incision s , leave the tape in place for the first week or until it falls off on its own. Any staples over the surgical site need to be kept dry until your doctor removes them, likely within seven to 10 days after surgery. Although it takes time to recover to the point of being able to return to your usual level of activity, it is important to get some physical activity while you recover from gallbladder surgery. Inactivity increases your risk of developing blood clots. Take short walks every day and walk a bit further each day. Eating small potions and avoiding fatty or fried foods will help prevent bloating and diarrhea. It is important to avoid constipation and straining during bowel movements. Taking a daily fiber supplement will regulate your bowel movements. Drink plenty of fluids unless your doctor says not to. This type of IV therapy will boost your immune system and may help you recover more quickly after your gallbladder surgery. Also, it is administered in the comfort and privacy of your own home. In this section, we will go over adjusting to digestive changes, the importance of follow-up care, and coping with emotional and physical changes. As we discussed previously, not having a gallbladder affects the way your body digests fat, so you may experience bloating and gas when you eat fatty foods. Follow-up care is important after having your gallbladder removed. Be sure to follow all instructions given to you by your doctor. Do not rush into activities or dietary habits that could negatively impact your recovery. Keep your wound s clean and dry. You will need to take it easy and avoid any heavy lifting or strenuous exercise while you recover from gallbladder surgery. This means you may need more help with certain daily tasks. Make sure you ask for help when you need it, and incorporate self-care activities like deep breathing and muscle relaxation exercises into your daily routine. Continue reading to learn about adjusting to physical limitations post-surgery and resuming work and other routine activities. Adjusting to the physical limitations you will need to follow after surgery can be difficult, especially for people who tend to be very active. It is a good idea to have someone at home with you to help you and keep you company. Try to relax and take the time to try a simple new hobby that does not require a great deal of physical activity. As we have discussed previously, you should be able to resume work and your daily routine one or two weeks after having laparoscopic surgery or four to six weeks after having open surgery. This section will deal with managing potential setbacks, including recognizing signs of complications and when to contact your healthcare provider. Signs of complications after having your gallbladder removed can include:. It is important to know when to contact your healthcare provider after having a cholecystectomy. Contact your healthcare provider if you notice any of the following symptoms:. A cholecystectomy is surgical removal of the gallbladder that is done laparoscopically less invasive or open more invasive. The timeline of recovery varies depending on the type of surgery. Recovery from laparoscopic gallbladder surgery typically takes one or two weeks. Recovery from open gallbladder surgery typically takes four to six weeks. There are lifestyle adjustments in physical activity and diet that need to be made while recovering from gallbladder surgery, but most of these are temporary. We offer concierge doctors who can come to your home for follow-up care after gallbladder surgery. Opting for in-home post-op care will ease your recovery. Our exclusive Recovery IV Treatment is designed to help you recover from the flu quickly. You can either browse our other treatment options and decide which is best for you or speak to a representative who can help you choose what you need based on your health goals. To schedule your appointment or learn more, contact us today! Recovery IV treatments can help speed up the recovery from the flu by providing the body with essential fluids, electrolytes, and medications that can help reduce symptoms and support the immune system. The fluids can help to hydrate the body and replace any fluids that may have been lost due to vomiting or diarrhea, while the electrolytes can help to balance the levels of minerals in the body and support proper muscle and nerve function. The medications provided through the IV can help to reduce inflammation and pain, as well as support the immune system in fighting off the flu virus. Recovery IV treatments can help athletes perform at their best by providing the body with essential fluids, electrolytes, and nutrients that can support the body's natural recovery processes and improve physical performance. The fluids help hydrate the body, while the electrolytes can help to bring back the balance of minerals in the body and support proper muscle and nerve function. The nutrients such as amino acids and vitamins, can help to support muscle repair and rebuilding, reduce inflammation and muscle soreness, and support the immune system. Recovery IV treatments can help with post-workout muscle recovery by providing the body with essential fluids, electrolytes, and nutrients that can support the muscle repair and rebuilding process. The fluids can help to hydrate the body and replace any fluids that may have been lost through sweat during the workout, while the electrolytes can help to balance the levels of minerals in the body and support proper muscle function. The nutrients provided through the IV, such as amino acids and vitamins, can help to support the muscle repair and rebuilding process and reduce muscle soreness and fatigue. Get In-Home Recovery IV Treatment Drip Hydration provides an enriched vitamin cocktail to help you recover from the flu quickly, with tailored treatment options based on your health goals. Book Recovery IV Treatment. Bile duct tumors Gallstones Chronic acalculous gallbladder disease, which causes issues with gallbladder emptying Congenital defects of the gallbladder. Gallbladder tumors Cholecystitis inflammation of the gallbladder Gangrene or abscesses Growths of tissue in the gallbladder Sclerosing cholangitis. Types of Gallbladder Surgery In this section, we will discuss the two types of gallbladder surgery: laparoscopic cholecystectomy and open cholecystectomy. Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is a minimally-invasive type of gallbladder removal surgery. Open Cholecystectomy Open cholecystectomy is a more invasive type of gallbladder removal surgery. What to Expect Immediately After Gallbladder Surgery In this section, we will discuss what goes on in the recovery room after gallbladder surgery, pain management strategies, and potential risks and complications. Post Surgery: In the Recovery Room Both laparoscopic and open cholecystectomies are done while you are under general anesthesia, which means you will be asleep during surgery. Pain Management Strategies You can expect to feel pain after either type of cholecystectomy surgery, but laparoscopic surgery tends to cause less pain than open gallbladder surgery because it is not as invasive. Pain management strategies after gallbladder removal surgery can include: Engaging in mild exercises like short walks and gentle stretches Gently pressing a pillow over your abdomen when you cough, laugh, sit up, sneeze, stand up, or turn over in bed. Getting adequate rest Keeping your body in a reclined position rather than sitting upright. Taking opioid painkillers like codeine, hydrocodone, and morphine Taking over-the-counter OTC pain medicines such as acetaminophen Tylenol and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs NSAIDs like ibuprofen Advil and Motrin Taking prescription-strength NSAIDs Using a soft ice pack on your abdomen to ease the pain Wearing loose, comfortable clothing Potential Risks and Complications There are some potential risks and complications associated with gallbladder removal surgery, including:. Bile duct injury Bile leakage Bleeding Blood vessel injury Bowel injury Deep vein thrombosis DVT Internal infection Intestinal injury Post-cholecystectomy syndrome PCS , which can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, fever, indigestion, and jaundice Risks from general anesthetic, including allergic reaction and death Wound infection. The Recovery Timeline for Gallbladder Surgery In this section, we will discuss the recovery timeline for gallbladder surgery , including the initial recovery phase, the intermediate recovery phase, and the long-term recovery and outlook. The Initial Recovery Phase For the first few days after your surgery, you can expect to feel tired and weak, and you may have some abdominal swelling. The Intermediate Recovery Phase Depending on the type of job you do, you may be able to return to work and normal activities one or two weeks after laparoscopic surgery. Long-Term Recovery and Outlook Most people are able to live life just as they did before they had their gallbladder removed. Post-Surgery Care and Rehabilitation In this section, we will discuss post-surgery care and rehabilitation, including wound care and hygiene, gradual resumption of physical activity, dietary adjustments post-surgery, and recovery IV and potential benefits. Wound Care and Hygiene The most important part of caring for wounds as they heal is to keep them clean and dry. Gradual Resumption of Physical Activity Although it takes time to recover to the point of being able to return to your usual level of activity, it is important to get some physical activity while you recover from gallbladder surgery. Avoid heavy lifting and other strenuous activities for the first two to four weeks. Do not drive or have sex until your doctor says it is safe for you to do so. Do not over-exert yourself. Rest when you feel tired, and make sure you get adequate sleep. Dietary Adjustments Post-Surgery Eating small potions and avoiding fatty or fried foods will help prevent bloating and diarrhea. Living Life After Gallbladder Surgery In this section, we will go over adjusting to digestive changes, the importance of follow-up care, and coping with emotional and physical changes. Digestive Changes As we discussed previously, not having a gallbladder affects the way your body digests fat, so you may experience bloating and gas when you eat fatty foods. Importance of Follow-Up Care Follow-up care is important after having your gallbladder removed. Coping with Emotional and Physical Changes You will need to take it easy and avoid any heavy lifting or strenuous exercise while you recover from gallbladder surgery. Returning to Daily Life Continue reading to learn about adjusting to physical limitations post-surgery and resuming work and other routine activities. Adjusting to Physical Limitations Post-Surgery Adjusting to the physical limitations you will need to follow after surgery can be difficult, especially for people who tend to be very active. Resuming Work and Other Routine Activities As we have discussed previously, you should be able to resume work and your daily routine one or two weeks after having laparoscopic surgery or four to six weeks after having open surgery. Managing Potential Setbacks This section will deal with managing potential setbacks, including recognizing signs of complications and when to contact your healthcare provider. Recognizing Signs of Complications Signs of complications after having your gallbladder removed can include:. Anesthesia reactions Bile duct injury Bile leakage Heart problems, particularly if you already have heart disease Hemorrhage bleeding Hernia Blood clots Digestive changes such as difficulty digesting high-fat and high-fiber foods. This may cause symptoms such as abdominal pain after eating, bloating, diarrhea, and gas. Infection, which may cause pain or pus at the incision site, redness, and swelling Injury to surrounding structures, such as the intestines or liver Numbness at or around the incision s Pain similar to the pain you experienced before having your gallbladder removed Pneumonia Post-cholecystectomy syndrome PCS Scars. When to Contact Your Healthcare Provider It is important to know when to contact your healthcare provider after having a cholecystectomy. Abdominal cramping Bleeding or other drainage from an incision site Chills Fever Increased pain around an incision site. Jaundice, which causes your skin and the whites of your eyes to become yellow Pain behind your breastbone Redness from an incision site Swelling from an incision site You have not had a bowel movement or passed gas for three days. Summary A cholecystectomy is surgical removal of the gallbladder that is done laparoscopically less invasive or open more invasive. What is included in our Recovery IV treatment? How does a Recovery IV treatment help athletes perform at their best? Processing your booking, please wait Please don't close the browser window until you see the confirmation page can take longer for larger bookings. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. For more information, visit our Privacy Policy. Manage consent. Close Privacy Overview This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Out of these cookies, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. But opting out of some of these cookies may have an effect on your browsing experience.

The last 10 years, explained

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But in-depth reporting is costly, so to continue this vital work, we have an ambitious goal to add 5, new members. We rely on readers like you to fund our journalism. Will you support our work and become a Vox Member today? The wild! Illustrations by Hudson Christie for Vox. The past decade was filled with so many unexpected turning points: moments big and small that we now understand to be truly important. We started thinking about this particular time period because Vox just happened to turn 10 this year, but saw much more than the birth of our news organization. It was an incredibly divisive year kicking off an incredibly divisive decade. This was the year the police killings of Michael Brown and Eric Garner mainstreamed the Black Lives Matter movement ; this was also the year of Gamergate , a harassment campaign that became entwined with the ascendant alt-right. Our reporters set out to explain the last 10 years of indelible moments — the good, the bad, the fascinating — in a series of pieces you can find across the site. If you want to understand how we got to where we are in , read on. We talk about how today, we understand that it was wrong for tabloids to harass Britney Spears and publish all those upskirt photos and ask teen pop stars if their boobs were real on live TV. How the self-care industry made us so lonely. They became the fodder for a thousand op-eds about what was just beginning to be called revenge porn. The previous decade had a playbook in place for talking about leaked photos of naked stars. You talked about them as something titillating for you, the viewer, to look at without apology, and something shameful for the woman it was always a woman pictured to apologize for. For some media outlets, it seemed only natural to continue the playbook of the s into But instead of getting the traffic windfall he might have expected, Perez was slammed with outrage across social media. He had to apologize for his post and replace it with a censored version. As Hilton and his cohort scrambled to catch up, the rest of the media was allying itself fiercely on the side of the hacking victims, denouncing anyone who looked at the leaked nudes. That included outlets that had previously covered every nipslip and upskirt photo to hit the internet with panting eagerness. When the Fappening happened two years later, Complex changed its mind. These women have lives, too. Perhaps it was the ubiquity of camera phones, which had made nudes so inescapable: that feeling that it could happen to you. Perhaps it was because the media at the time was obsessed with Jennifer Lawrence, like everyone else was, and they wanted to be on her side. Perhaps the collective hive mind had just decided the time had come for feminism to trend upward. Whatever the reason, the press had now established a new narrative it could use to talk about sex crimes in the social media era, especially sex crimes that involved famous and beloved actresses. Three years later, it would put that knowledge to use to break a series of stories about Harvey Weinstein as the decade-old Me Too movement re-energized itself. Me Too saw reputational losses and criminal charges wielded against powerful men who for decades had been able to get away with sexual violence with impunity. It was able to do that because of what we all learned from The Fappening. In , a then-minor conservative writer named Michael Anton wrote what would become the defining case for electing Donald Trump. Therefore, all true conservatives must get behind him. This sort of rhetoric may seem normal now: the kind of thing you hear every day from Trump and his deputies in the conquered Republican Party. At the time, it was immensely controversial — so much so that Anton originally published it under a pseudonym Publius Decius Mus. The anti-establishment Trumpers have become the establishment. United Airlines Flight 93 was the one flight on September 11 that did not hit its ultimate target, crashing in a field in Pennsylvania thanks to a passenger uprising. I want my party to live. I want my country to live. I want my people to live. I want to end the insanity. Yet there is no doubt that his basic theses are now widespread among the Republican Party and conservative movement. That those premises are now widely shared goes to show what the movement has become — and why Anton , and many others like him, would later rationalize an attempt to overturn an American election. Scientists have known for decades that plants and animals worldwide are in peril — the tigers and frogs, wildflowers and beetles. That shift happened largely thanks to a single number, published in In spring of that year, an intergovernmental group of scientists dedicated to wildlife research, known as IPBES, released a report that found that roughly one million species of plants and animals are threatened with extinction. Extinction is far from the only important metric for measuring the health of the planet. Some scientists argue that it obscures other signs of biodiversity loss, such as shrinking wildlife populations, that typically occur long before a species goes extinct. And so the number — calculated based on estimates of the total number of species on Earth, and how threatened different groups of them are — hit especially hard. It not only raised awareness but inspired an unprecedented wave of conservation action. World leaders have since used the IPBES number to justify major efforts to protect nature, including a historic global deal , agreed on by roughly countries in , to halt the decline of wildlife and ecosystems. It has also been cited by government hearings , state resolutions , corporate actions , and hundreds of scientific papers — not to mention countless news reports. The concept of biodiversity loss is vague. This number made it concrete, and more urgent than ever. In May , Alabama banned almost all abortions. It was the most aggressive abortion law passed by a state in decades, and clearly flouted the protections set forth in Roe v. With no exceptions for rape or incest, the Alabama law hit a new level of restrictiveness amid a slate of state abortion bans passed in and They were correct. The Alabama abortion ban was expressly designed as a challenge to Roe , with sponsor and Alabama state Rep. Wade can be overturned. Less than two years later, the court held in Dobbs v. While it was once the most restrictive in the country, now more than a dozen other states have instituted near-total bans. Several more have imposed gestational limits at 15 weeks or earlier. The landscape of reproductive health law in America has been utterly remade, and anti-abortion activists are far from finished. While the Alabama ban once seemed to many like radical legislation that would never survive the courts, it was in fact an early look at where the country was headed, and at the extreme circumstances under which millions of Americans are living today. There will probably never be another movie like Avengers: Endgame , the film with a lead-up that wholly altered the movie industry and even the way stories are told. In that era, each film, with its Easter eggs and credit scenes , built toward the culmination known as Endgame. By signaling to its audience that all 23 movies mattered to the larger story, Marvel ensured each was a financial success, including a slew — Black Panther , Captain Marvel , Avengers: Infinity War — of billion-dollar worldwide box offices. Studio heads hoped that they could grow and cash in on properties with extant popularity, the way Marvel had with its comic book characters, and began investing in sequels and spinoffs of proven IP. Across the board, the people in charge of the purse strings became less interested in original ideas , as well as in mid-budget films ; it was blockbuster or… bust. Marvel changed what kind of stories were being told, but also how they were being told. Competitors became convinced that audiences wanted a connected cinematic universe, a format that mirrored comic book structure. Warner Bros. Universal also played with the idea, teasing a linked movie world featuring classic monsters like Dracula. This tactic spread beyond the big studios too; indie darling A24, for example, has tapped into connected worlds and multiverses to tell expansive stories. Post-credits scenes have been added to all kinds of films. But given the opacity of the Chinese political apparatus and increasing censorship , the compiled doctrine provided a historic window into how Xi sees the world and his own place in it. And what he wants is a dominant China that harks back to its former greatness, with himself at the center. Xi Jinping Thought articulates a vision that harnesses military development and aggressive diplomacy. That has translated to China deploying its increasing military might to assert dominance in the South China Sea and the Taiwan Strait and cracking down on pro-democracy protests in Hong Kong , in addition to further opening the economy and becoming a global investment powerhouse via the Belt and Road initiative. It has also meant taking significant geopolitical leadership positions — expanding the BRICS economic bloc , brokering a deal to restore relations between Iran and Saudi Arabia, and attempting to negotiate peace between Ukraine and Russia. That has not deterred the US military buildup in Asia to counter China , though diplomatic relations between the two countries have warmed somewhat in recent months. Since Donald Trump eked out an electoral college victory in and reshaped the GOP, journalists, academics, and politicians have been trying to explain what, exactly, happened. One prevailing narrative is that Trump spoke directly to a forgotten voting bloc — poor and working-class white people, especially those living in rural America. There are certain photographs that stop the world. A nine-year-old girl, on fire from napalm during the Vietnam War. A migrant woman in California. To this list we can add the image of the body of a three-year-old refugee boy , face down in the sand of Bodrum, Turkey, after drowning in the Mediterranean Sea on September 2, Alan Kurdi was fleeing the Syrian civil war, one of an estimated million people who were seeking safe refuge in Europe. Minutes after Kurdi and his family left the Turkish city of Bodrum in the early hours, hoping to reach the Greek island of Kos and European territory, their overloaded rubber dinghy capsized. Kurdi, along with his brother Ghalib and mother Rehana, slipped beneath the waves. Demir took the photograph. Alan Kurdi was only one of an estimated 3, other asylum seekers who drowned in the eastern Mediterranean that year, desperately trying to reach Europe. At a moment when Europeans seemed unsure whether to accept the unprecedented flow of asylum seekers, the image of a three-year-old left to die on the very edge of Europe galvanized political leaders , opening up a route for hundreds of thousands of refugees to find safety in the EU. In the years since , Europe has largely turned against asylum seekers, tightening its borders and closing off the Mediterranean. That same year the UK voted for Brexit, in large part over concerns about immigration and asylum policy. The European Parliament elections held later this year are expected to cement policies that will make the EU even less welcoming to migrants and asylum seekers. Yet with some million people around the world forcibly displaced from their homes, nothing will stop the flow of refugees. We know there will be more Alan Kurdis in the future. And they will likely be met with less compassion than his photographed death generated. On one cover, Kardashian creates a champagne fountain with her curvaceous body, unleashing foam into a glass perched on her PhotoShopped backside. The other cover, however — where Kardashian flashes her impossibly small waist and cartoonishly round butt — is what we mainly associate with the issue. Lest we forget, these photos arrived at the tailend of a year all about butts. White artists like Miley Cyrus , Iggy Azalea , and even Taylor Swift were incorporating twerking into their music videos and performances. The American Society of Plastic Surgeons found a 90 percent increase in Brazilian butt lift procedures from to Nevertheless, it became hard not to notice the amount of Instagram influencers who had apparently gotten the surgery or, at least, were digitally enhancing their butts. Social media observers also began noticing that Kardashian was suddenly a lot smaller. The question illuminated the ways Black people — their culture, their aesthetics, their literal bodies — are objectified and easily discarded under the white gaze. In , roughly 20, educators went on strike in West Virginia, protesting low pay and high health care costs. Their historic nine-day labor stoppage led to a 5 percent pay increase for teachers and school support staff. With organizers galvanized by the victory in West Virginia, labor actions in states like Oklahoma, Kentucky, North Carolina, Colorado, and Arizona soon followed. According to federal statistics, more than , education workers engaged in work stoppages in , bringing the total number of strikers that year to ,— the largest since The uprising sparked national attention and enthusiasm both about the future of school politics and the possibility of resurging worker activism more broadly. The momentum continued the next year: In , more than half of all workers in the US who went on strike came from the education sector, with new teacher actions spreading to states like Arkansas, Indiana, and Illinois. Red for Ed changed the national political narrative. Average teacher pay has stayed flat for decades, and fewer people are entering the teaching profession. Union membership writ large has continued to decline. Red for Ed changed the national political narrative around teachers, and in many ways was a fatal nail in the coffin for that movement. Last year, for the first time in two decades, mosquitoes transmitted malaria on American soil. The geographic range was unprecedented, with cases in Florida, Texas, Maryland, and Arkansas. Scientists have been warning us for years that without more public health resources, climate change was bound to push infectious threats into environments and populations unprepared for their consequences. Wild weather turns previously inhospitable areas into ones newly suitable for lots of so-called vector insects to live. Changing weather patterns also cause many of these insects to reproduce in higher numbers in their usual habitats. Extreme and unseasonable heat waves are also turning a progressively large part of the US into newly comfortable digs for fungi — including molds that cause severe lung and other infections in healthy people. Warming fresh and sea waters more frequently become home to noxious blooms of toxic algae and bacteria. As with many health risks, the consequences of climate-related infectious threats land hardest on the people with the fewest resources — and are almost incomparably worse in lower-resource countries than inside the US. Some of the shifts caused by severe weather may reduce certain risks even as they amplify others. And disentangling the effects of severe weather from changes in policy, behavior, and human immunity, especially during and after a pandemic, is a formidable task. Still, the comeback — or debut — of peculiar pathogens on American shores makes understanding these links viscerally urgent. Imagine you have a little kid. You want to teach them all about the world. It actually yielded some decent results, like teaching AI models to tell apart a banana and a spaceship. It figures out that bananas are those yellow oblong-shaped things without ever explicitly being told that. Alison Gopnik, a developmental psychologist at Berkeley, was an early voice arguing that studying kids can give us useful hints about how to build intelligent machines. Others are catching on. A team at NYU released a study this year in which a baby wore a helmet camera , and whatever the baby saw and heard provided the training data for an AI model. They are, maybe without realizing it, embarking on an effort to replicate what evolution already did in making babies. When doctors began liberally prescribing opium and morphine to Civil War veterans for everything from amputations to diarrhea, they inadvertently kicked off the opioid epidemic over years ago. By , pills and heroin had already made the opioid epidemic the deadliest drug crisis in US history. Then came the fentanyl boom. The synthetic and extremely potent opioid, introduced in the s, has been used as pain medication for decades. In , it became responsible for the majority of overdose deaths. Fentanyl put an already dire crisis into hyperdrive. But its spread also marked a deadlier, more prolific era of drugs where synthetics reign supreme. It can be made from just a few chemicals, while heroin and opium require the slow cultivation of poppy flowers. Fentanyl is also up to 50 times stronger than heroin, which makes smuggling it much easier since doses require far less of the actual drug. In some cities where heroin use was widespread, suppliers have altogether replaced it with fentanyl , leaving users little choice but to switch. Before fentanyl, overdose deaths were concentrated among opioid users. But fentanyl can be found as a filler in cocaine and MDMA supplies, spreading the overdose crisis into new terrain. Variations of fentanyl — of which there are now more than 1, — are already making their way into the illicit drug supply. Take carfentanil , which was developed to sedate large animals like elephants, but is now showing up in thousands of human overdoses. Carfentanil is estimated to be times more potent than fentanyl itself. Pure synthetics like fentanyl are where drug development is headed. Despite progress along many measurable dimensions, life in the 21st century will remain painful and unhealthy and full of ways to kill us. The incentive to continue developing legions of new synthetic drugs will stay strong as ever, which will continue unearthing cheaper and easier to make substances. As those make their way to patients, the risk of adding novel, more powerful drugs to the illicit drug supply will follow. Optimistically, the fentanyl boom, for all of its tragedy, could help us prudently navigate the contradictory potentials of the synthetics that will soon become commonplace in medicine. Billionaires often try to move quietly, hiring beefy PR teams to manage their reputations as successful, hard-working, generous, hopefully un-newsworthy members of society. He engineered the rise of his cult of personality , appearing on talk shows and magazine covers — and, most notably, amassing a huge Twitter following. In , when a Thai youth soccer team got stuck in a cave, he tweeted a plan to save them. The fracas set off a pattern of Musk lashing out at any scrutiny of his overpromising and underdelivering, a heel turn for the Silicon Valley hero that ultimately spelled the decay of Twitter and helped set a new mold for billionaire behavior. In March , Musk claimed that he would deliver over 1, ventilators to California hospitals , which Gov. Now the platform, renamed X, is overrun with porn bots. Musk claimed he has improved the experience for most users. According to app data research firm Sensor Tower , daily traffic is down by almost a quarter since late Still, being loud online is clearly doing something for these billionaires, be it market manipulation , the kind of exposure that wins elections , or just an ego win. It was the third day of and Donald Trump was at a Hispanic megachurch in Miami. In directly speaking to Hispanic evangelicals, the Trump campaign was demonstrating that they were serious about making inroads with Latino voters and dedicating resources to scrambling the Democratic coalition. And scrambled that coalition became. Later that year Trump would make double-digit gains in his Latino support compared to ; Republicans would hold onto those gains in the midterms; and nearly every poll of voters this cycle shows Trump and his party continuing to hold or expand that support, while chipping away at Democratic loyalty among Black, young, and lower-income voters. The goal of that dual message — which Trump would bring to future events — was to set in motion shifts of nonwhite swing-state voters across the country. Or was it the lack of in-person, long-term campaigning by Democratic candidates amid the pandemic and racial unrest? Other Republicans have since done even better than Trump, and though is here, questions still linger from What we do know is that Trump was able to accelerate a trend among our major political parties: ideological sorting, or the move of conservatives and liberals toward voting for the party that better aligns with their beliefs. That resorting of the parties picked up among Hispanics; conservatives who used to vote or identify as Democrats have slid toward Republicans since Beyond Hispanics and Latinos, partisan polarization based on race has also declined more generally, as educational attainment has become a bigger divide within the nonwhite electorate, as it has been with white voters. The work Republicans did in to reach voters they believed should be natural conservatives was crucial to pushing this trend along. Understand the world with a daily explainer plus the most compelling stories of the day. My faith gave me my moral values. Grind culture has come for the teens. A financial expert explains why you can invest wisely and still take that trip. Since care for abortion and pregnancy loss is the same, restrictions on one have had disastrous impacts on the other. Skip to main content The homepage Vox Vox logo. The homepage Vox Vox logo. Navigation Drawer. Become a Member. Vox Vox logo The last 10 years, explained. Support Vox. The last 10 years, explained The wild! Facebook Link. When nude leaks went from scandal to sex crime. More from This Changed Everything. The number that made the extinction crisis real. Avengers: Endgame forced an entirely new era of storytelling. The election made us realize we know nothing about class. Malaria in Maryland and Florida, and Texas, and Arkansas showed that the future of climate change is now. Letting language models learn like children tipped the AI revolution. The drug that supercharged a crisis also spelled a synthetic destiny. One weird Twitter fight gave us insight into how extreme wealth works today. 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