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No laws, no violence and no rejection. Total freedom to be what you want. It is just you, the sense of belonging, acceptance from everyone and your own experience of 'high'. They call it the rave culture. What does rave mean? Rave: to utter something in a wild or incoherent manner; as when delirious, to speak in an angry uncontrolled manner; to enjoy oneself wildly and uninhibitedly. Also called rave-up. A rave usually refers to an all-night party, where loud 'techno' music is mostly played. Crowds of up to 27 attend big raves and their ages range from 12 to 30 something. Taking drugs is the rule and not the exception. Rave is also said to be an all night sensual experience. As any raver will tell you, the 'vibe' is the heart of a true rave. It is said that raving can only truly be understood through direct participation, which I can testify to - there definitely is a 'vibe'. The concept of rave is nothing new - it is shared by many ancient religions. The concept Shamanism navigating consciousness is practised in Eskimo and Siberian society where music is used to pull oneself into a unique emotional and spiritual state. A barrage of audio and visual stimuli, drugs and 'smart' drinks is used to elevate people into an altered state of mind. What is the E in rave? MDMA is obtained by structurally manipulating components of the amphetamine molecule in this case MDA , thereby creating or designing a new molecule, hence the name 'designer' drug. In many cases the designer drugs analogues are more dangerous and potent than the original drug. The drug is widely known as Ecstasy because of the happy, emotionally uninhibited feeling it causes in users. Some psychiatrist and therapists on the West Coast used it in the 70s as an aid to address marital problems. The drug was meant to encourage spontaneity between partners. MDMA and rave in the UK During the famous 'Summer of Love' in on Ibiza, an island just off the Spanish coast where many permanent 'rave houses' stand, the drug, began to be associated with the 'Acid House' music subculture and joined ' LSD and hashish at all night, dance parties. Two London disc jockeys visited Ibiza and returned with a new style of dance music. Warehouses were used for parties and people living up to two miles away were kept awake all night. This led to fierce opposition from the community in and the British government passed a new law which put an end to these big gatherings. The ravers then moved to existing clubs and changed the dance drug scene. Rave and the use of Ecstasy then spread to the rest of Europe. The English ravers hit San Francisco in the winter of with their new fashion, dance style and Ecstasy. Demand outstripped supply and a new drug hit the world drug market. Rave and Ecstasy took South Africa by storm. Big raves are professionally organised and websites and magazines abound. Clubs have bouncers and paramedics, smart drinks and chill-out rooms. An organisation called RaveSafe which neither promotes nor condemns the use of drugs, inform ravers of the risks of taking drugs. Ecstasy changed the image of the illicit drug scene. No time is wasted with preparation and no painful procedures are necessary. Everyone is 'shnacking pills'. Ecstasy usually comes in a user friendly form - a tablet easily accepted by our pill and capsule popping generation. The names are funky and cool. The profile of users used to be middle or upper class, but it now also draws people from lower social classes. E is packaged and promoted with its own clubs, music and fashion. The rave culture is to a big extent the 90s version of the hippie culture of the 60s. The raver is offered a sensual and spiritual experience. Auditory and visual entertainment The rhythm of the 'techno music' played is used as a hypnotic tool and is primarily created by electronic means. Techno usually falls in the category of beats per minute. Computers changed the music scene. DJs can create their own unique music by using different sources and mixing it into the main music track. This can include any sound, for example sounds from nature, machine noises, vocals, religious chanting and sirens. DJs are the main attraction and are usually changed every two hours. They must be sensitive to the 'spirit of the rave' to know when to 'build up' and when to 'break down' the emotional tension of the crowd. Any sound over 80 dB may cause permanent hearing loss. The louder the sound, the shorter the time of exposure necessary to cause damage. Near the speakers the sound can reach up to dB, the equivalent of a siren or a firearm going off Medical Chronicle, Jan The resulting deafness is irreversible and sometimes manifests only years later. Music can be custom created to perfectly match the effects of E. Music, colour and light are closely linked. Special lighting effects create psychedelic, vividly coloured symbolic images changing, swirling, turning and spiralling around ravers, synchronizing with the beat of the music. Typically two to three beats playing in unison to form a hypnotic cadence with overlapping melodies. It makes for an ever deepening immersion into the listening experience - it lends itself well to mind expansion. E: the rave drug E is the drug most often used at raves. In its pure form, E is a white crystalline powder. It is sold in tablet form on street or as capsules or powder. It comes in a variety of colours, shapes, sizes and embossed logos. Worldwide there are about different forms. The average dose per tablet is mg. Its effects kick in within 30 minutes to an hour after swallowing and last four to eight hours. It is usually swallowed, but can be crushed and snorted or dissolved in a liquid for injecting. Another method is 'launching' or 'shoving' - used per rectum. Street prices are from R80 - R per 'serving'. Ravers are often seen stroking, touching and hugging each other, therefore E is often called the hug or love drug. It also enhances physical endurance and enables ravers to dance for hours. E users build up tolerance which means a person requires increasingly larger doses in order to induce an effect of the same intensity. A drug free period will reduce tolerance, but this builds up again very quickly. With renewed use a popper can develop a violent reaction without warning. It appears that positive effects diminish while negative effects increase with increased doses and prolonged use. Serious psychiatric problems can manifest for the first time, months after the last use of Ecstasy. Weekend only users are also prone to serious psychiatric disturbances. According to a German dermatologist, a rash that resembles acne can appear on the face and throat. Side effects are not always dose dependent. Several cases of liver failures due to E use were reported New Scientist, 27 Feb, Users of Ecstasy mg or more per month suffer verbal and visual memory impairment. Users are especially bad at remembering words even days after taking Ecstasy. There is evidence that depression lifts when clubbers skip their usual Saturday dose of Ecstasy. The drug's after-effects are worse than that of alcohol, the depression deeper. Symptoms take several days to surface and they last longer New Scientist, June, Bad E? Because Ecstasy is an illegal substance there is no quality control. There is no way to know, except for a forensic analysis, if what you buy and put into your body is Ecstasy. For a four to six hour effect, mg MDMA is needed. It enhances some of the effects of E which include insomnia, suppressed appetite, nausea, increased heart rate and anxiety. Knowing the score E is also called the 'death dance drug'. It destroys relationships, the soul and the body. Ecstasy causes psychological and physical dependency. Many ravers start to live for weekends only. Users experience a bended reality, making choices and saying things they later regret. If the effects of E are not immediate, there could be a tendency to take further doses. Under the influence of E inhibitions and logical reasoning disappear. Defence mechanisms, some of which are necessary to protect ourselves, are broken down. It becomes easier to have unsafe sex. Sexually transmitted diseases with serious complications and even i death are an ever present threat. Ecstasy first drew attention in UK and Australia when the media reported a drug-related death. Due to problems with the system of death registration in SA, no recent information is available on drug related deaths. She swallowed one tablet. According to DJ Van Eden from Gauteng , five people died in his arms on the dance floor, between and The law Using and dealing in Ecstasy is illegal. You will not be excused if you use it only for 'recreational' purposes or if you are under age. A criminal record is for life. This generation desires meaning and purpose in life. They long for peace, love and acceptance. Parents often consider the rave scene as harmless partying, because there's no or very little alcohol, its violence free and 'safe'. The rave scene offers a new consciousness and freedom to be what you want, by whatever means you choose. It entices teenagers to be part of the Millennium Dawn 'family'. But the cost is high. We express our heartfelt gratitude for permission to replicate these articles on this website. For copies of this excellent and significant publication, please contact Servamus at the above contact details. Psychology - FAQ's. General Psychology. Glossary of Terms. Child Abuse. Domestic Violence. Drug Abuse. Childrens issues. Clinical Psychologists. Counselling Psychologists. Educational Psychologists. Useful Links. Useful Numbers. Contact Us.

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Evidence gathered by police in Durban in a July raid that demonstrates the assembly-line production approach and sheer scale of producing heroin capsules. Durban is home to one of the oldest, largest and most deeply entrenched heroin markets in South Africa. As the market has grown in sophistication, a unique method of processing and distributing heroin has come to be widely used in the Durban area: that of packaging the drug in pharmaceutical-style capsules. This unique method sheds light on the structure of the heroin market in and around Durban, yet also raises questions as to why Durban-based drug networks are operating differently to their counterparts elsewhere. This evolution has taken place in a volatile context. Drug dealers in key Durban suburbs are deeply entrenched in their communities, employing a mix of charitable giving to secure community favour , violence and links to corrupt police officers. The capsules were part of a haul that also included thousands of tablets of Mandrax and methaqualone a precursor for manufacturing Mandrax , as well as other large volumes of heroin. This raid was one of the largest hauls of heroin capsules in KwaZulu-Natal province. One such raid in Springfield Park in Durban in March revealed capsule-pressing machinery and thousands of empty capsules, with police estimating that they believed 10 capsules containing heroin were being manufactured per day. Since January , over individual capsules containing heroin have been seized in South Africa, according to our analysis of drug seizures reported by the South African Police Service. However, the data is useful in illustrating the geo-graphical concentration of these capsules. During this analysis, no reports were noted of heroin capsules being seized in South Africa outside of KwaZulu-Natal province, and seizures have been overwhelmingly concentrated in Durban. Other seizures were made in surrounding towns near Durban such as Pietermaritzburg — all along major roads leading out of the city within a kilometre radius. Figure 1 The number of heroin capsule seizures in KwaZulu-Natal has risen sharply since Note: Seizures of these capsules are highly concentrated in and around Durban, and no seizures have been reported outside of the province. Source: South African Police Service. Metrics measured included a comparison of the retail packaging of heroin samples, with capsulized heroin reported only in Durban and Pietermaritzburg. Examples of heroin in capsule form are also rare outside of South Africa: our research team is aware of only two other examples. During our research in , capsules were reported by people who use drugs PWUD in Busia, a border town that straddles the Uganda—Kenya boundary. In interviews, sex workers and PWUD in Busia reported that the capsules were mainly provided by truck drivers. It is possible that the easily disguised pharmaceutical packaging may be an advantage for these drivers when travelling across borders. In both cases, the capsules containing heroin do not appear similar to those being produced in KwaZulu-Natal, with the drug being re-sealed into pharmaceutical-style blister packs in order to resemble regular medical products. By contrast, the capsules sold in Durban are stored as loose capsules. Capsules of heroin in Busia, on the Uganda—Kenya border. Unlike the capsules found in Durban, these are re-sealed into medical-style blister packs so as to look like regular pharmaceuticals. Seizure data supports this narrative, as the number of capsules seized has increased exponentially from fewer than 50 annually before to over in and The shift towards capsules has brought about a revolution in efficiency, creating an assembly-line style of production that outstrips other methods. In addition, studying the retail packaging can provide interesting information about forms of drug consumption and supply routes. For example, the fact that no samples have been reported in our South Africa pricing surveys outside of KwaZulu-Natal — either by police or by PWUD — may suggest that the distribution networks that actually transfer the heroin from bulk into capsules cater only to a local consumer population. However, there is a possibility that examples of capsule heroin may be being overlooked. After all, in capsule form the drug can more easily be disguised as an innocuous medicine, passing under the radar of police and researchers alike. In an interview, one Durban police officer argued that dealers had shifted to capsules because consumption in the area had increased: capsules allow dealers to produce a larger quantity more efficiently. Why has the technical expertise seemingly not been passed to networks in other cities, especially when links between Durban drug gangs and those in Cape Town have been previously documented? The concentration around Durban raises many questions for future analysis. Samples of heroin from different locations in South Africa. The central image shows a heroin capsule, pictured in Durban. The left and right images, collected in Cape Town and Port Elizabeth, respectively, show plastic-wrapped heroin. This is how heroin is generally packaged for consumption in South Africa: capsules are a phenomenon that is unique to Durban. Figure 2 Distribution flows of heroin in South Africa. Following in-depth GI-TOC fieldwork re-searching the political economy of urban drug markets, 13 there are a few key factors to understanding the drugs landscape in Durban. All these factors are exemplified in the story of Teddy Mafia real name Yaganathan Pillay , a well-known local drug kingpin whose assassination on 4 January this year — and the subsequent mob lynching of his killers — rocked Durban. Drug dealers in Durban often operate with a very high public profile, enabled by a climate of impunity that derives from police corruption. He was arrested in January alongside his son after a police raid at their home. Note: The above timeline shows the assassinations and attempted assassinations that have been publicly reported as being linked to the drug market in Durban. Despite these multiple major incidents and the invest-ment of police resources, Teddy Mafia was never convicted of a drug-related offence. Sources say that this was thanks to law-enforcement officers on his payroll. One police officer in a leadership role argued that Durban would not be home to powerful and well-known dealers without police tip-offs and corrupt support. We knew their pawn shops. We knew the names of the cops who arrived to collect tax. And we supplied that information to the relevant bodies in law enforcement, but there was no will to shut them down. Some of them do get arrested, but there are no convictions. They anoint their communities with false charity while they inject those very communities with poisonous drugs that get these youngsters hooked and destroys their lives. As we drove past, men in nearby hostels blew whistles, which community activists said is a system used to alert drug dealers to a potential police raid. These two key trends — rising violent competition and community support for drug kingpins — came together around the events of 4 January, when Pillay was shot in his home in Chatsworth. According to a source working in crime intelligence in Durban, the alleged purpose of the meeting was to sell unlicensed firearms to Pillay. However, the source went on, it was in reality an assassination ordered by a rival dealer in Chatsworth, against whom Pillay had been waging war. The men shot Pillay and fled, only to be caught by a mob that had assembled outside the house. They were then reportedly shot, and footage shared widely on social media shows the bodies being beheaded and then burned in view of an assembled crowd of hundreds. As shown by the career of Teddy Mafia, the phe-nomenon of heroin capsules — the development of a resource-intensive, more efficient mode of drug distribution — has taken place under a certain set of circumstances where police are highly compromised, drug networks can operate confidently with impunity and often with community support and the rising value of the drugs market thanks to growing con-sumption is spurring violence as groups compete for control. But how to interpret this phenomenon is still a very open debate. On one hand, it could be argued that investments in laboratory-style equipment to improve heroin production efficiency demonstrate that drug networks in Durban have been emboldened, and are not concerned that sourcing pharmaceutical equipment could raise suspicion. On the other, in a context where corruption is rife and drugs networks are well protected, what is the advantage of concealing heroin in capsule form? Further investigation into the unique characteristics of the Durban drugs market may seek to answer these questions. According to our analysis of drug seizures reported by the South African Police Service, there have been 13 seizure incidents in KwaZulu-Natal since January , each of which have led to the seizure of over 10 capsules. In the largest such incident, an estimated capsules and 59 kilograms of heroin powder were mysteriously reported stolen while being transported by police after it was seized in a raid in May Note: this research paper illustrates a sample from Durban where capsules were used. In the research underlying the same paper, capsules were also reported in Pietermaritzburg. Interview with a law-enforcement officer in a narcotics-focused unit, Durban, 10 April Interview with high-ranking investigative police officer stationed in Phoenix, Durban, May Community activists and police officers working in key suburbs said that dealers pay bills for community members and provide loans, have invested in local sports facilities and host celebrations. In return, they may expect support from the community they have patronized. He later died in hospital. Risk Bulletins. Tap or select text, and then tap the bookmark icon to save a bookmark. Bookmarks are saved in your browser cache. Clearing your cache will remove them. Your last visit. The last time you visited, you stopped reading here. Heroin capsules: a Durban-specific phenomenon? How the Central Firearms Registry has been left open to manipulation. About Risk Bulletins.

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