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Iran J Psychiatry Behav Sci. Amphetamine-type stimulants, including methamphetamine MA , are the second most commonly used illicit drugs in the world, after cannabis 1. Methamphetamine dependence in Iran is associated with multiple harms 2 - 4. A previous study assessed the clinical course of patients with MA-induced psychotic disorder in a 3-month follow-up. Overall, 50 patients 7 females and 43 males were assessed. More than half of the patients, who relapsed to MA use, did not adhere to the treatment again. Positive, negative, and manic symptoms were improved in abstinent patients 5. In a qualitative study, 45 males 35 MA-dependent patients, 5 family members, and 5 psychiatrists and medical doctors were interviewed. The results showed the negative impacts of MA dependence on sexual function. A dramatic increase in libido, erectile dysfunction, premature ejaculation, and losing control during sexual intercourse was reported 6. Methamphetamine dependence has increased in Iran 7. A review from Iran indicated that MA dependence has increased among females and opioid-dependent people on methadone maintenance treatment medication assisted treatment. Another study showed that dependence on methamphetamine requires special treatment and rehabilitation programs 8. The study aimed at determining the prevalence of MA dependence among a group of female methadone patients. The other aims were to investigate current psychological well-being, high risk sexual, criminality, and the status of receiving MA treatment. This study was a cross-sectional survey of the prevalence of MA dependence in central female-only methadone services of Tehran and Karaj, Iran. All the female-only methadone services in Tehran and Karaj were included in this study. All of the females in these 5 methadone services were recruited. Females were needed to be at least 17 years old and being on methadone treatment for at least 2 months. All females met the criteria of the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fourth edition, third revision for MA dependence 9. There were several exclusion criteria including reporting withdrawal symptoms and drug intoxication at the time of interviewing. A questionnaire was devised to collect data. Part of the questionnaire, included open-ended questions regarding lifetime MA treatment and problems associated with MA treatment. Females were MA-dependent and on treatment. General health questionnaire 10 and opiate treatment index 11 were used to assess mental health, criminality, and high-risk sexual behaviors. Females were informed that the study was confidential and voluntary. Participants received 8 USD for participation. Tehran University of Medical Sciences approved the study. Consent forms were obtained from all participants. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 23 software. An interview room was used for conducting the study at each center. Participants were interviewed between 10th of January and 26th of December Each individual was invited and interviewed by a female clinical psychologist. Overall, female methadone patients were registered at the sites. Most of the participants reported stable living conditions Duration of MA dependence was 6 years. However, only No participant was on MA treatment while in treatment Table 1. Dependence on MA was accompanied with high rates of depression Furthermore, MA dependence was associated with engagement in high-risk sexual behaviors The report is important because it shows how MA dependence can be associated with multiple harms, which may negatively influence methadone outcomes. The present report addressed MA dependence among Iranian female methadone users, who have been underreported In this study, female patients were middle-aged. Most of them reported stable living conditions yet they were generally unemployed. This is consistent with a study, which indicated that most female methadone patients were unemployed and middle aged In this study, MA dependence was associated with high rates of MA-related depression, anxiety, social dysfunction, and somatic symptoms. This indicated poor psychological well-being. Furthermore, MA dependence in treatment was associated with engagement in high-risk sexual behaviors and criminality. This issue demands an effective treatment. Comorbidities, such as poor mental health, can reduce positive drug treatment outcomes Further studies are suggested in this regard. At the time of interviewing, no participant was on MA treatment. Among participants, who reported lifetime Matrix treatment, all of them reported that the matrix model was long and it was not easily available in methadone services. Some studies showed that the matrix model might be used for the treatment of MA dependence 15 - Effective psychosocial treatments should be provided. The study showed the high prevalence of MA dependence and its adverse health impacts while receiving MA treatment remained constant. As MA dependence continues among female patients, it is necessary to ensure that adequate resources are allocated to different treatment approaches, such as the Matrix Model. However, the treatment is intensive and may not be cost-effective for female patients. Methadone services should provide short psychological treatments. United Nations Office on Drugs. World Drug Report United Nations Publications; Correlates of shared methamphetamine injection among methamphetamine-injecting treatment seekers: the first report from Iran. Methamphetamine-associated psychosis: a new health challenge in Iran. Alam Mehrjerdi Z. Crystal in Iran: methamphetamine or heroin kerack. Use of amphetamine-type stimulants in the Islamic Republic of Iran, a review. East Mediterr Health J. Iran Rehabil J. American Psychiatric Association. Washington; Reliability and validity of the Persian version of the World Health Organization-five well-being index. Int J Health Stud. Development and validation of a multi-dimensional instrument for assessing outcome of treatment among opiate users: the Opiate Treatment Index. Br J Addict. Methamphetamine use and methadone maintenance treatment: an emerging problem in the drug addiction treatment network in Iran. Int J Drug Policy. J Psychoactive Drugs. A systematic review of cognitive and behavioural therapies for methamphetamine dependence. Drug Alcohol Rev. A comparison of contingency management and cognitive-behavioral approaches during methadone maintenance treatment for cocaine dependence. Arch Gen Psychiatry. We use cookies to provide you with the best possible experience. They also allow us to analyze user behavior in order to constantly improve the website for you. Objectives: This study aimed at determining the prevalence of MA dependence among a group of female methadone users and investigating the current psychological well-being, high risk sexual and criminality behaviors, and the status of receiving MA treatment. Methods: This study was a cross-sectional survey conducted in Iran. The study was conducted at 5 central female-only methadone services in Tehran and Karaj, during years to A questionnaire was devised to collect baseline data. The general health questionnaire and the Opiate Treatment Index were used to assess psychological well-being, and criminality and high-risk sexual behaviors. Results: Overall, females were registered at these sites. No participant was on MA treatment. Participants reported high rates of MA-related depression Untreated MA dependence in methadone treatment was associated with engagement in high-risk sexual behaviors All of them reported that the Matrix model was long and it was not easily available in methadone services. Conclusions: The study showed that the high prevalence for MA dependence and its adverse health impacts while receiving MA treatment remained the same. Effective psychosocial treatments should be delivered for MA dependence among female methadone users. Background Amphetamine-type stimulants, including methamphetamine MA , are the second most commonly used illicit drugs in the world, after cannabis 1. Objectives The study aimed at determining the prevalence of MA dependence among a group of female methadone patients. Materials and Methods This study was a cross-sectional survey of the prevalence of MA dependence in central female-only methadone services of Tehran and Karaj, Iran. Study Procedures An interview room was used for conducting the study at each center. Results Overall, female methadone patients were registered at the sites. Table 1. Table 2. References 1. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4. Leave a comment here:. Cookie Setting We use cookies to provide you with the best possible experience.

The consequences of regular methamphetamine use in Tehran: qualitative content analysis

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Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Correspondence to: Dr. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3. As the first experience of substance abuse often starts in adolescence, and studies have shown that drug use is mainly related to cigarette and alcohol consumption, an initial exploration of substance abuse prevalence, including cigarette and alcohol, seems to be the first step in preventing and controlling drug consumption. This study aimed to explore studies on drug use among high school students by investigating articles published in the past decade in Iran. In this study, the databases inside the country were used to access articles related to substance abuse by students during —, among which 7 articles on 14—19 years old high school students were studied. The seven studied articles showed that the highest drug use prevalence pertained to cigarette and hookah, followed by alcohol, opium, ecstasy, hashish and heroin. Opium and heroin use in Kerman city were, respectively, about 4 and 5 times of their use in other studied cities. Drug use is relatively high in the adolescent and effective group of the society, which requires particular attention and prompt and immediate intervention. Substance abuse is a common phenomenon in the world and has invaded the human society as the most important social damage. Iran also, due to its specific human and geographic features, has a relatively high degree of contamination. This article is a narrative review focusing on studies conducted in Iran. In this research, all articles related to substance abuse and its patterns among high school students, which were conducted in Iran and published in domestic and international journals, were investigated. The articles were acquired from academic medical journals, research periodicals and the Scholar Google, Magiran, Irandoc, and Medlib. The search keywords included prevalence, substance abuse, Iranian student, and addiction. This study explored articles in the past 10 years — about Iranian high school students. The full texts of the articles were often accessible in the scientific information database and magiran websites, but the full text of the article about Gilan Province was obtained after contacting the journal's office. Correspondence was made with the author of the article about Mahriz city to obtain the article as it was not published in the Toloee Behdasht journal. These articles provide information about the consumed drug type, its prevalence in terms of the sex and age, and the experience of at-least-once consumption in the adolescent's life. Some articles had only pointed to drug consumption, which was also included in this research. Some had attended to substance abuse in general terms without distinguishing different kinds of drugs, and in some articles only psychoactive drug use, was mentioned. The cases, in which the sample volume was not sufficient, or were not in the studied age groups, were excluded from the study. Due to different categorizations in these articles regarding the long-term prevalence of substance abuse or the experience of at-least-once consumption, in this study the shared aspect of these articles, that is, the experience of at-least-once use was adopted. An initial search into the data bases yielded 11 articles, two of which were related to years before the study time frame and Furthermore, two articles were ignored, one because of its different age group a lower age and the other because it had addressed a particular district in Tehran with a small sample size. These results are based on 7 articles. All studies were about the 14—19 years old group, and only three studies had distinguished between the sexes. All 7 studies considered in this article were cross-sectional. A study was conducted in on students, from high schools and vocational schools in Zahedan City, using a multi-stage cluster sampling method. In total, from the total of females and males who completed the questionnaire, the following results were obtained. The first experience of smoking was most often seen at the age of 14 The prevalence of other drugs was not studied in this research. A study in Nazarabad city in on 3 rd year high school students, including females and males with the mean age of A research on Kerman's Male Pre-university students yielded the following results. The consumption prevalence of hookah was In Nazarabad City, the consumption prevalence was found to be The male and female drug consumption was A study in Lahijan City showed that the consumption prevalence was In the Mahriz city of Yazd, the consumption prevalence among the male 3 rd year high school students in was reported 6. The comparison of the prevalence of at-least-once drug use for each drug type in each studied region\[ 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 \]. A study in Zahedan also reported that at-least-once drug use prevalence was 1. In Gilan, drug use, excluding cigarette, was reported Furthermore, cigarette and drug use prevalence was Cigarette use prevalence was Alcohol consumption was Opium consumption was 3. Drug consumption, excluding cigarette, was In Karaj city, drug consumption prevalence was studied for each sex and drug type \[ Table 2 \]. The comparison of the prevalence of at-least-once drug consumption for each sex in each studied region. As the study conducted on students with the mean age of 16 in Zahedan showed that the highest incidence of the first experience of cigarette smoking belonged to the age of A study in Kerman on students with the mean age of A study in Gilan indicated that drug and cigarette consumption had significantly increased in males aged 19 and above According to a study in Nazarabad, the highest drug use onset was at the age of 15— In , Investigating addictive drugs prevalence among university students showed the prevalence in the following order: Hookah Entertainment constitutes the tendency for drug consumption in most cases The increased cigarette use prevalence among Iranian adolescents is a major public health concern. The cross-sectional prevalence of drug use in among American 12—17 years old adolescents was reported Also, 2. It is noteworthy that Kerman City, compared to other studied cities, has received higher rates of drug use, such that opium and heroin consumption in this city has been, respectively, almost 4 and 5 times that of other cities. These statistics also hold true clearly with regard to ecstasy and alcohol consumption, each being almost 3 times that of Karaj and Gilan. Hashish consumption in the pre-university stage in this city is also higher than in other cities, which might be related to easier drug access in Kerman. In the cities, in which sex-distinct studies were conducted, drug consumption by males had been, with no exception, far higher than by the females, which is, almost 4 times except for hookah and then cigarette. Of course, it is not possible to judge firmly about drug use general prevalence as a result of the few studies in this field; however, the important point is the relatively high drug use among the adolescent and effective group of the society, which deserves particular attention for education and intervention in this group. It has been observed that adolescent and young crystal users, compared to nonusers, show clinical symptoms, have less control and affection in their families, with excitable, aggressive and anxious personalities, and low accountability;\[ 23 \] on the other hand, behavioral problems and friend influence are among the strongest risk factors of drug consumption among adolescent consumers. Nevertheless, it is not clear to what extent the adolescent can manage the effect of behavioral problems and peer group interaction for refusing invitations for drug consumption. Therefore, prevention programs for harm reduction, treatment and consultation as the main objective of the intervention structure should apply to consumers. Accordingly, recent progress in evaluating drug abuse among adolescents would continue for information sharing in the field of clinical and research services. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Int J Prev Med. Find articles by Mah Monir Nahvizadeh. Find articles by Shohreh Akhavan. Find articles by Sara Arti. Find articles by Leila Qaraat. Find articles by Nahid Geramian. Find articles by Ziba Farajzadegan. Find articles by Kamal Heidari. Received Jun 20; Accepted Nov 8. Open in a new tab. Source of Support: Nil. Similar articles. Add to Collections. Create a new collection. Add to an existing collection. Choose a collection Unable to load your collection due to an error Please try again. Add Cancel.

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