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Latin American countries have raised alarms about increases in medical fentanyl seizures in recent months. While there is some cause for concern, medical fentanyl is significantly different from the illicit fentanyl that has caused a health crisis in the United States and Mexico. These statements were made in the midst of what appears to be an increase in seizures of medical fentanyl, in varying forms, across the region: in Argentina, Colombia, Panama, Ecuador, Brazil, Honduras, and Venezuela. Authorities are concerned; during the last decade, fentanyl overdoses have caused hundreds of thousands of deaths in the United States and Mexico. As a result, the recent rise in seizures has sparked a wave of panic. Fentanyl is highly addictive and has the potential to generate large earnings for criminal groups from small quantities of the drug. However, the reports of fentanyl seizures in Central and South America are markedly different from the fentanyl produced and sold in Mexico and the United States. The fentanyl that is produced illegally in Mexico and trafficked in the United States is synthesized in rudimentary laboratories by cooks with little to no knowledge of chemistry. This means that during the production process, the cooks rarely clean the precursor and pre-precursor chemicals, which increases health risks for consumers. Additionally, these producers are careless about controlling the quantity and quality of fentanyl in the final doses. As a result, users do not know how much fentanyl they are consuming, which increases the risk of overdose. In recent cases in Central and South America, however, the fentanyl seized by authorities was stolen from medical centers or local hospitals that use the synthetic opioid as anesthesia or to treat pain for chronic illnesses. Unlike the illicit version, medical-use fentanyl is produced in specialized pharmaceutical laboratories with professional equipment and strict quality control. The drug is sold in carefully measured doses to minimize risk for patients. An investigation into the case found that at least 50 doctors and administrators were stealing the drug. Officials in the Brazilian state of Espiritu Santo have reported three similar seizures of fentanyl taken from hospitals this year. In July, Argentine authorities seized vials of fentanyl — one of the most common forms of legally-produced fentanyl — that were being transported by a courier service in the Misiones province. The illegal sale of medical fentanyl on the streets is not without risks. In some cases, people with no knowledge of chemistry will alter the opioid, mix it with other drugs, and sell it to unsuspecting users. In February , for example, 24 people died from consuming cocaine that contained carfentanyl, an analog of fentanyl, in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Illegally-produced fentanyl has a highly organized supply chain that incorporates many different legal and illegal actors. It all starts in countries with lax regulations, like China or India, where chemical companies produce and sell precursors, pre-precursors, or chemical substances used to produce fentanyl. These products are bought by intermediaries in Mexico — individuals, importers, or front companies — who transfer the drugs to the production networks, starting with the cooks who synthesize the drug. So far, there is little evidence that this modus operandi has expanded to other countries in Central and South America. Instead, the reported cases have involved small, less organized networks. In Colombia, for example, the networks siphoning medical fentanyl are novices, using simple strategies , like reporting the use of higher doses or more prescriptions, to cover their tracks. Lacking the authorization to discuss the case, they asked not to be named. There have also been investigations into the siphoning of medical-use fentanyl from public hospitals in Honduras. In Brazil, criminal groups are more sophisticated. Although fentanyl is taken from hospitals, there is evidence of ties to drug-producing networks, since in two of the three seizures the medical fentanyl had been manipulated in clandestine laboratories. While it has not yet been confirmed whether fentanyl is being mixed with other substances there, drugs like cocaine and marijuana have been found in the labs. The other factor that distinguishes between the cases in Latin America and the fentanyl crisis in the United States is the regional dynamics of drug consumption. The current growth of fentanyl consumption in the United States has its origins in the prescription opioid crisis that began in the mids. At that time, pharmaceutical companies began to push strong, addictive opioids, like Oxycodone, for pain treatment. These medications were widely prescribed, causing users to become addicted to prescription opioids as well as other opioids, like heroin. Opioid consumption in Latin America has never been as widespread as in the United States. Without the same large client base, it is unlikely that fentanyl consumption will reach similar heights in the region. But it is not impossible. A market for synthetic drugs like Tusi, MDMA, and ketamine already exists in the region, which could create future challenges for governments. Subscribe to our newsletter to receive a weekly digest of the latest organized crime news and stay up-to-date on major events, trends, and criminal dynamics from across the region. Donate today to empower research and analysis about organized crime in Latin America and the Caribbean, from the ground up. Skip to content Authorities in many parts of Latin America are concerned that fentanyl, which has claimed some 70, lives in the United States, appears to be spreading across the region. And for now, evidence suggests that these are two distinct criminal economies. Medical-Use Fentanyl vs. Illicit Fentanyl The fentanyl that is produced illegally in Mexico and trafficked in the United States is synthesized in rudimentary laboratories by cooks with little to no knowledge of chemistry. Different Supply Chains Illegally-produced fentanyl has a highly organized supply chain that incorporates many different legal and illegal actors. Distinct Consumption Patterns The other factor that distinguishes between the cases in Latin America and the fentanyl crisis in the United States is the regional dynamics of drug consumption. Stay Informed With InSight Crime Subscribe to our newsletter to receive a weekly digest of the latest organized crime news and stay up-to-date on major events, trends, and criminal dynamics from across the region.

Tren de Aragua’s Criminal Portfolio: Adapt or Die

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