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These datasets underpin the analysis presented in the agency's work. Most data may be viewed interactively on screen and downloaded in Excel format. All countries. Topics A-Z. The content in this section is aimed at anyone involved in planning, implementing or making decisions about health and social responses. Best practice. We have developed a systemic approach that brings together the human networks, processes and scientific tools necessary for collecting, analysing and reporting on the many aspects of the European drugs phenomenon. Explore our wide range of publications, videos and infographics on the drugs problem and how Europe is responding to it. All publications. More events. More news. We are your source of drug-related expertise in Europe. We prepare and share independent, scientifically validated knowledge, alerts and recommendations. About the EUDA. PDF version. It details the processes, materials and players involved at different stages and levels of the market. The module takes a threat assessment approach, identifying the key issues and defining recommendations for action at EU and Member State level. Methamphetamine plays a relatively small role in European stimulant drug markets when compared with the global situation. However, at the end of , an EMCDDA-Europol joint threat assessment concluded that after a period of relative stability, the threat posed by methamphetamine appeared to be increasing as the drug spread to new markets elsewhere in Europe. Despite the unprecedented disruption caused by the COVID pandemic, over the past two years, the methamphetamine situation in the European Union EU has continued to evolve. As well as producing methamphetamine to supply European markets, Europe is a source of the drug for external markets. In addition, Europe is a destination and transit zone for methamphetamine produced in other production hubs, such as Iran, Nigeria and, more recently, Mexico. In most European countries, methamphetamine is much less commonly used than amphetamine or cocaine. Historically, consumption has been concentrated in central Europe, mainly Czechia and Slovakia. However, recent years have seen increases in use in other countries and regions. Methamphetamine is reported to be the most widely consumed synthetic stimulant drug in the world. Europe remains a relatively small market compared to Asia, North America and Australia, where more than a quarter of people in drug treatment are being treated for amphetamine-type stimulant use disorder which includes the use of methamphetamine. Almost all of the illicit synthetic drug laboratories reported to the UNODC between and were related to methamphetamine. Trends and analysis suggest there has been a shift to fewer laboratories with higher production capacity and that the manufacturing process has become increasingly complex. The illicit manufacture of methamphetamine in east and south-east Asia is concentrated in Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, Thailand and Vietnam, while the North American market is served by large-scale production in Mexico, or through small-scale facilities in Canada and the United States. Other manufacturing zones include Afghanistan, Iran and West Africa. Read more. The main methamphetamine production sites in the EU are located in the Netherlands, Belgium, and Czechia and neighbouring countries. In , several large-scale methamphetamine production facilities were dismantled in Belgium and the Netherlands, and recent indications point to cooperation between Mexican and European drug producers. Mexican criminal networks have also been involved in trafficking large quantities of methamphetamine from Mexico to Europe. An important development has also been noted in Afghanistan, where methamphetamine production has been increasing. Record-breaking amounts of methamphetamine, believed to be of Afghan origin, have been seized along pre-EU parts of existing heroin trafficking routes. This development raises the threat of methamphetamine supply to the EU from this direction. In Europe, two main methamphetamine production methods exist. One method is based on ephedrine or pseudoephedrine, mostly used in small- to mid-medium-scale laboratories in and around Czechia, and is difficult to scale up. The other method uses BMK, an oil imported to or made in Europe from chemicals known as designer precursors or pre-precursors. This method is used in industrial-scale laboratories, as observed in the Netherlands and Belgium. Recent reports suggest that BMK-based laboratories have increased their efficiency and output by reprocessing waste products to obtain greater quantities of potent methamphetamine. Synthetic drug producers develop new designer precursors as controls are introduced, exposing the weaknesses of the control regime. Synthetic drug production can be dangerous to humans, with fatalities recorded in drug production laboratories in recent years, while dumping sites cause environmental damage. Criminal networks active in methamphetamine production and trafficking in the EU rapidly adapt to regulatory changes aimed at curbing the methamphetamine trade. This includes circumventing legislative controls and adapting to the availability of precursors. Large-scale production of methamphetamine in the EU is often facilitated by an international network providing access to logistical and transport infrastructure. The trade is fragmented, reliant on services of brokers that connect logistics suppliers, methamphetamine producers, transporters or distributors. Logistic support has become a parallel criminal business, with some groups specialised in providing precursors, related chemicals and equipment necessary for synthetic drug production. Occasionally, parallel networks deliver the full package needed to set up and operate production facilities. While the majority of methamphetamine for EU markets is seemingly supplied by European producers, large-scale trafficking of methamphetamine from Mexico to the EU, most likely in transit to non-EU markets, also takes place. Such smuggling is believed to be largely based on concealment in legitimate goods transported in maritime shipping containers. Data on the retail price of methamphetamine in Europe are limited. For countries with recent data there is a considerable range, as prices per gram go from EUR Some of the price disparity is related to the type of methamphetamine, with powder usually being cheaper than crystal methamphetamine. Analysis of darknet data reveals that the typical price paid is EUR 55 per gram. Wholesale price data is also limited. Interpreting methamphetamine purity data is challenging because it is not always reported whether samples are of powder or crystal methamphetamine. In countries where powder methamphetamine is the main product, the average purities are generally lower than in countries where crystal methamphetamine predominates. Monitoring the methamphetamine market in the EU is complicated by the different forms of the drug available and patterns of use. While methamphetamine use in Europe is concentrated in Czechia and Slovakia, there are signals of increasing use in some countries where it has been less common. Work to assess the impact of COVID has also suggested that methamphetamine use may have become more popular in some user groups. An increase in reported methamphetamine possession or use offences was observed between and While the number of such reported cases dropped in most EU Member States in , this may in part be explained due to shifting law enforcement priorities in light of the COVID pandemic. Estimating the size of the overall EU retail methamphetamine market is difficult, as in some countries it is not possible to separate methamphetamine from amphetamine in the relevant datasets. Due to data availability, a country-level estimate of the retail market in Czechia has been possible, where demand-based estimates point to a retail market of EUR million. The global developments related to the production and trafficking of methamphetamine pose the threat that the substance becomes more available in Europe, bringing with it a complex set of health and security problems. Methodology: Read more about the methodology used to collect data for this analysis. References: Consult the list of references used in this resource. Abbreviations: Consult the list of acronyms and other abbreviations used in this resource. Photo credits: Introduction, Key findings and threat assessment, Global context, Criminal networks, Actions to address current threats istockphoto. Europe as a producer, Main production methods Belgian Federal Police. Prices and purities, Signals of spreading use Netherlands Forensic Institute. EMPACT strengthens intelligence, strategic and operational cooperation between national authorities, EU institutions and bodies, and international partners. Homepage Quick links Quick links. GO Results hosted on duckduckgo. Main navigation Data Open related submenu Data. Latest data Prevalence of drug use Drug-induced deaths Infectious diseases Problem drug use Treatment demand Seizures of drugs Price, purity and potency. Drug use and prison Drug law offences Health and social responses Drug checking Hospital emergencies data Syringe residues data Wastewater analysis Data catalogue. Selected topics Alternatives to coercive sanctions Cannabis Cannabis policy Cocaine Darknet markets Drug checking Drug consumption facilities Drug markets Drug-related deaths Drug-related infectious diseases. Recently published Findings from a scoping literature…. Penalties at a glance. Frequently asked questions FAQ : drug…. FAQ: therapeutic use of psychedelic…. Viral hepatitis elimination barometer…. EU Drug Market: New psychoactive…. EU Drug Market: Drivers and facilitators. Statistical Bulletin home. Quick links Search news Subscribe newsletter for recent news Subscribe to news releases. On this page. EU Drug Market: Methamphetamine. Last update: 6 May Further spread in Europe to a diverse user group: Methamphetamine is a drug that appeals to diverse user groups, depending on the context and the form of the drug used. The way methamphetamine is used is an important determinant of harm, with injecting and smoking particularly linked to more problematic patterns of use. Injecting may involve risky practices, such as reusing or sharing syringes, and contributes to the transmission of blood-borne diseases. Crystal methamphetamine — an unwelcome addition to the EU drug market: The potential spread of the smokable crystal form of methamphetamine, due to increased amounts present in the EU, is a concern in terms of health consequences including acute toxicity, psychotic episodes, polydrug use and death. In the longer term, there is the potential for an additional burden to be placed on hospitals and specialised treatment services. In addition to the harms to individuals, there are risks to public safety including criminality, violence or dangerous behaviours such as driving while under the influence of drugs. Serious violence: The high profitability of the drug business can lead to intense competition and rivalries between criminal groups that may spill over into EU society. At present, the cooperation between Mexican and EU criminal networks appears to be focused on trade and profit. In the long term, there may be a risk of violent confrontations. As such, the emerging signs of Mexican criminal networks gaining a foothold in Europe are a warning signal, which may have long-term implications for the security environment in the EU, and increased efforts are needed to prevent further expansion. Potential for production of fentanyl in the EU: In addition to producing methamphetamine, it is known that Mexican criminal networks produce fentanyl for the US market. Therefore, there is a threat that cooperation between Mexican and European criminal networks could result in the spread of fentanyl production to the EU. Expansion of organised crime, corruption and money laundering: The growth of large-scale production of methamphetamine in Europe has the potential to create further criminal collaborations and drive more corruption along the supply chain, creating a parallel economy. Money laundering exposes institutions to business risk, and investigations can be complex and time-consuming. Developments in Afghanistan: The production of methamphetamine in Afghanistan using ephedrine from plant sources has been emerging since Although evidence of trafficking to Europe is limited, the low cost of Afghan methamphetamine may present an economic incentive to import from this source. The existing trafficking routes and infrastructure for Afghan heroin may also present an opportunity for criminal networks and a threat for the EU. Recent increases in methamphetamine use and seizures in Turkey also of methamphetamine in liquid form may be an early indicator of activity on the Balkan route. It will be important to be prepared, both operationally and strategically, for a supply-side push from this direction. Click to enlarge the image.

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