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These datasets underpin the analysis presented in the agency's work. Most data may be viewed interactively on screen and downloaded in Excel format. All countries. Topics A-Z. The content in this section is aimed at anyone involved in planning, implementing or making decisions about health and social responses. Best practice. We have developed a systemic approach that brings together the human networks, processes and scientific tools necessary for collecting, analysing and reporting on the many aspects of the European drugs phenomenon. Explore our wide range of publications, videos and infographics on the drugs problem and how Europe is responding to it. All publications. More events. More news. We are your source of drug-related expertise in Europe. We prepare and share independent, scientifically validated knowledge, alerts and recommendations. About the EUDA. Much of our knowledge about cocaine trafficking routes results from law enforcement activity and intelligence. Information on types and quantities of drugs seized and information on the origin and destination of shipments give indications of the main routes and modes of transport. However, such information is affected by factors such as law enforcement strategies, resources and priorities, as well as temporary changes to routes and practices in response to interdiction efforts or new opportunities. Hence, caution is needed in interpreting these data. The 1 tonnes of cocaine seized worldwide in was the highest ever to be reported. As in previous years, the vast majority of the global total was seized in the Americas, followed by western and central Europe. Although small in comparison with the Americas and Europe, quantities seized in emerging cocaine markets in Africa and Asia also reached record highs in UNODC, a see Figure Global quantity of cocaine seized. The source data for this graphic is available in the source table on this page. Record levels of cocaine production have been matched by record quantities seized, especially from containers handled in the numerous ports along the transatlantic cocaine routes. Most of the cocaine seized in the EU is transported by sea, primarily in maritime shipping containers. Cocaine is shipped to the EU directly from the countries of production but also from neighbouring countries of departure in South and Central America as well as the Caribbean. Based on quantities of cocaine seized in European ports and in ports elsewhere destined for Europe see Box Detailed analysis of cocaine seized in or destined for EU , Brazil about 71 tonnes , Ecuador The latter is a relative newcomer in the top countries of origin for shipments destined for Europe, confirming that Central America now has a more significant role EMCDDA and Europol, This is likely to reflect a diversification of trafficking routes within the Americas. In total, 25 countries in the Americas reported seizures of cocaine with Europe as the intended destination in In addition to the countries previously listed, also mentioned are Paraguay There have traditionally been two main areas through which maritime and air shipments of cocaine transit en route to Europe: the Caribbean, and the West African mainland and neighbouring islands of Cape Verde, Madeira and the Canaries. While these are likely to remain significant transit areas, there are indications that North Africa continues to grow in importance and that transhipment through the Western Balkans, while remaining more limited in scope, may also have increased. From the Caribbean, cocaine is typically shipped on pleasure craft via the Azores, or by air, either on direct flights or via a variety of transit points. The quantities of cocaine seized in the West African mainland and neighbouring islands, together with those seized in Europe coming from the region appear to be small in comparison to the amounts seized at departure points in the Americas. Data reported at the international level indicate that cocaine seizures in West Africa totalled This includes a finding that more than 16 tonnes of cocaine was seized in the region that year, reversing the dearth of seizures recorded since Bird, Large seizures were also reported in This includes a shipment of 2. According to media reporting, Gambian drug authorities were searching for the owner of the consignment, a French national, in connection with the incident News24, ; Reuters, Although considerably less cocaine was seized in North Africa 1. However, developments in the last four or five years suggest that the region, particularly its coasts on the Atlantic and the Mediterranean, is a growing transit and storage hub for cocaine both arriving by sea directly from South America and coming via West Africa by land for onward transport to Europe or elsewhere, for instance the Middle East EMCDDA and Europol, ; GI TOC, The main cocaine hub of North Africa is probably Morocco. The country has traditionally seized the largest quantities of cocaine in the region, which continued in with seizures totalling 1. There are indications that the Moroccan total could be even higher. For instance, in October , more than 1. The drugs were concealed in a container on a ship that had departed from Brazil and was bound for Antwerp, Belgium, and Portbury, a middle-sized port in Bristol, United Kingdom Kundu, On a much smaller scale than Morocco, international cocaine trafficking activities in Algeria and Libya reported in the last edition of this report EMCDDA and Europol, ; Micaleff, appear to have continued in the recent period. In , Algeria reported seizing about kilograms UNODC, a , while there are indications that Libyan seizures amounted to over 44 kilograms. In December , there were two significant seizures from containers bound for Libya: one in Ecuador on a container bound for Libya and Syria kilograms , and another in Malta from a container originating in Ecuador kilograms Dixon, This area is a known hub for the transhipment of drugs at sea, particularly cannabis resin from Morocco, on ships bound for Europe or Libya, while significant quantities of cocaine have been seized in the port of Oran recently Ben Yahia and Farrah, For instance, non-routine data reported by the European Border and Coast Guard Agency Frontex on drug seizures at a number of border posts between the EU and the Western Balkans in and indicate that comparatively small amounts of cocaine enter the EU from that region. Meanwhile, Frontex data confirm the large quantities of cocaine seized in Spain, a traditional entry point for cocaine into the EU Frontex, Nevertheless, individual seizures in and could suggest that cocaine trafficking through ports in the Western Balkan region, particularly in Albania and Montenegro, may have increased. For example, kilograms was seized in the port of Durres, Albania in April Exit. Montenegrin authorities also suspect that more than 3 tonnes were smuggled through the port of Bar in the second half of Kajosevic, Furthermore, Kosovo seized a shipment of kilograms of cocaine in May after it had been smuggled through the Albanian port of Durres Halili, For the fourth consecutive year, record amounts of cocaine were seized in Europe in At Meanwhile, new records were also established elsewhere in , including Greece 1. This indicates that entry points of cocaine shipments are diversifying and that cocaine consumer markets are developing in eastern Europe including Turkey see Cocaine retail markets: multiple indicators suggest continued growth and diversification. Source: The source data for this graphic is available in the source table on this page. Data available for a few key countries indicate that even larger quantities of cocaine were seized in the EU in For instance, data on cocaine seizures in Belgium indicate that almost 92 tonnes of cocaine was seized in , almost all in the port of Antwerp. If seizures made elsewhere of shipments that were destined for Antwerp are taken into account, then close to tonnes of cocaine was seized in connection with Antwerp in Belgian Federal Police, personal communication. The preliminary data available from a few countries indicates that more than tonnes of cocaine were seized in the EU in , exceeding the previous record European total Cocaine traffickers flexibly use a wide range of innovative trafficking methods, which evolve over time in response to enforcement efforts and other factors. Although cocaine also enters the EU by air, the main route used to smuggle the drug into Europe is still the maritime route from South America to western Europe, especially taking advantage of the licit containerised trade. Maritime transport allows the smuggling of large quantities, and the nature of international commercial maritime traffic means that a vast number of routes can be and are used. In addition, smaller, private sailing boats or even semi-submersible vessels are capable of bringing in large quantities of cocaine in single shipments, entering Europe at many points see Box First two semi-submersible drug-smuggling vessels captured in Europe. Criminal networks involved in cocaine trafficking now also more frequently employ methods of transport such as mother ships, pleasure craft, fishing vessels, cruise ships and the drop-off method. Major European container ports have recorded many seizures of large cocaine shipments in recent years. In addition to targeting major ports, organised criminal networks are now increasingly shipping larger amounts of cocaine from South America to smaller ports in the EU or neighbouring countries, where security measures may be easier to circumvent. Corruption of maritime and aviation port employees and security officials throughout Europe is, in most cases, a key condition for the successful use of these facilities for cocaine importation by criminal networks. Most of the cocaine available in Europe continues to be smuggled into the largest container ports of the EU located in Belgium Antwerp , the Netherlands Rotterdam and Spain Valencia and Algeciras. The German authorities have attributed the recent increase in seizures in the port of Hamburg to the activities of Balkan and Albanian-speaking organised crime networks BKA, The use of these ports shows how criminal networks continue to exploit established commercial maritime routes between Latin America and Europe to smuggle cocaine into the EU. Taking advantage of the large volume of containerised trade in goods between the two regions, criminal networks are able to conceal large quantities of cocaine in individual shipments. As a result, the main European container ports have recorded increasing numbers of large-volume cocaine seizures in recent years. While these main container ports continue to be targeted, it is likely that law enforcement activities at these facilities have pushed some criminal networks to find alternative smuggling routes, resulting in a recent intensification of cocaine shipments to smaller ports in the EU or in neighbouring countries where security measures may be viewed as easier to evade. The available data suggest that cocaine trafficking towards the EU continued during the COVID pandemic without any apparent disruption. At least tonnes of cocaine destined for Europe was seized in Some tonnes was seized at departure ports located in Latin America, and approximately tonnes was seized at EU ports. As in previous years, the largest quantity of cocaine in the EU was seized in Belgian ports 69 tonnes , followed by Dutch 45 tonnes and Spanish ports 26 tonnes. In Latin America, the largest amount was seized at ports in Brazil 45 tonnes , Ecuador 24 tonnes and Colombia 18 tonnes see Figure Top 10 countries for quantity of cocaine destined for Europe seized at ports in A total of 60 tonnes of cocaine was seized in such secondary EU ports in see Figure Top 10 EU seizing ports for quantity of cocaine. For a description of different concealment methods, see Figure Maritime trafficking: diversification of modus operandi. The available data indicates that in Latin America, the largest quantities of cocaine destined for Europe were seized in Guayaquil, Ecuador 23 tonnes , and Santos, Brazil 21 tonnes. If all seizures departing from these ports are taken into consideration, totalling about 61 tonnes shipped from Guayaquil and 31 tonnes from Santos, it becomes clear that these two ports are used intensively by cocaine trafficking criminal networks. Analysis of concealment methods emphasises some key features that enable large quantities of cocaine to be smuggled to the EU. Criminal networks are creative and appear to be able to rapidly adapt to avoid detection, which explains why a range of modi operandi are implemented. The data indicate that the port of Antwerp is probably the main entry point for cocaine smuggled into the EU. Europol intelligence suggests that most of the cocaine entering Antwerp is destined initially for the Netherlands, where further distribution is arranged. Focusing exclusively on cocaine seized outside Europe and destined for Belgian ports in the period, a variety of modi operandi can be observed in the 10 main shipping ports see Figure Top 10 source ports for quantity of cocaine destined for Belgian ports. The reasons for this are unclear and require additional research and closer monitoring. That said, Ecuador, which shares land borders with both Colombia and Peru, two of the main cocaine-producing countries, seems to have transformed in the last decade or so from a transit country into a major trafficking hub. Furthermore, it is now also reportedly emerging as a cocaine-producing country Pichel, Such transformation is thought to have fuelled recent violence between local gangs rumoured to be used by important cocaine trafficking networks from Colombia and Mexico. A recent surge in assassinations, which nearly doubled between and , including violent prison gang riots in which hundreds of inmates died in , are reportedly linked with cocaine trafficking in the country, particularly in the port of Guayaquil. Only the top 5 ports with data available for all years are shown. Operations supported by Europol have exposed the role played by corruption in the functioning of drug markets in Europe, a factor that may have been underestimated in the past. Corruption is a crime enabler for all types of criminal activities and is a significant facilitator of drug trafficking activities. In this regard, corruption is used by traffickers to gain entry to ports, to access drugs hidden in containers, to set up or ensure control over businesses used as covers for smuggling activities, such as renting transport vehicles or storage premises, and also to facilitate money laundering, among others. Indeed, various modi operandi used to smuggle cocaine through EU ports require corruption, and recent investigations in some EU ports have provided valuable insights on the methods used by criminal networks to retrieve cocaine shipments from containers in the EU. Of course, the threat of corruption is not restricted to EU ports, since it is also used in most other ports targeted by criminal groups globally. Subsequently, criminal actors will need to introduce the drugs into the container and replace the seal that has been broken during this process with a counterfeited one. Usually, this operation takes place after customs have cleared the container. In the destination port, the criminal network will, again, need inside help and information as they usually require the targeted container to be placed in a specific location in order to facilitate access to it, for instance on the ground and with unimpeded access to the doors. Additionally, they must receive confirmation that the container has been placed in the desired location and, depending on the type of rip-off method used, extract the cocaine from the container and transport it outside the port area. Other modi operandi may also require corruption as a facilitator. Concealing cocaine within shipments of legitimate goods can also use corruption, for instance in order to be informed and take necessary action if the container has been selected for physical inspection, or to receive customs clearance without such inspection. According to a law enforcement official from Seaport Police, a unit of the Dutch Police, interviewed in the press in , acts of corruption involving staff from shipping companies were identified in the port of Rotterdam in the previous two and a half years Driessen and Meeus, An investigation that led to the seizure of An ex-governor, a harbour master, three police officers and a lawyer were among the 22 suspects arrested during this operation Eeckhaut, Workers in other large EU ports such as Le Havre, France, or Alicante, Spain, have been targeted by criminal networks and engaged to facilitate cocaine importation. Recruitment into corrupt activities is usually carried out by offering large sums of cash or other valuable assets and services, but can also be achieved using violence and intimidation Gil, Kidnappings and murders of port workers have been reported in various EU ports in recent years Auvray, ; Europol, e. Cocaine smuggling by air primarily involves the use of commercial passenger flights, cargo aircraft and general aviation private aircraft. Fairly large shipments of cocaine are smuggled directly from South America and the Caribbean to western Europe by private business aircraft, and use of this method is expected to increase in the future. Stricter border controls and more effective security checks may encourage criminal networks to use secondary international airports and small airfields see Box Private jets: the Achilles heel in the fight against cocaine trafficking by air. With some travel restrictions remaining in place and significantly reduced air passenger traffic, it is likely that the use of air couriers will remain limited compared to the pre-COVID period. In the pre-pandemic period, smaller quantities of cocaine were smuggled using commercial flights. Couriers flew from airports in South and Central America and the Caribbean to major European airports, either directly or after stopovers in countries such as Morocco, Nigeria and the United Arab Emirates. After arrival at the main EU distribution hubs, cocaine shipments are primarily trafficked by road in passenger vehicles and lorries to local markets. Intra-EU trafficking of cocaine also involves commercial flights, light aircraft and helicopters, railway, sea transport, and post and parcel services. Cocaine loads are often hidden in sophisticated concealed compartments in cars, trucks and other vehicles, sometimes with shipments of other drugs. These compartments are also used to transport cash back to the distribution hubs. In addition, Europol intelligence indicates that some European criminal networks orchestrate cocaine shipments directly from South America to Asia without the drugs ever entering the EU. In , cocaine was the most frequently seized substance from air couriers intercepted at European airports and the third most frequently detected drug at European mail centres, after cannabis and other psychotropic substances Council of Europe, The COVID pandemic accelerated an expansion in the use of post and parcel services to fulfil orders placed online. Postal and parcel services are exploited for the distribution of drugs such as cannabis, cocaine, synthetic drugs Council of Europe, , new psychoactive substances, counterfeit currency, stolen and fraudulent documents, and many other illicit commodities. The distribution of illicit goods using post and parcel services is set to increase further in line with the expected growth of online retail activity. Consult the list of references used in this resource. Homepage Quick links Quick links. GO Results hosted on duckduckgo. Main navigation Data Open related submenu Data. Latest data Prevalence of drug use Drug-induced deaths Infectious diseases Problem drug use Treatment demand Seizures of drugs Price, purity and potency. Drug use and prison Drug law offences Health and social responses Drug checking Hospital emergencies data Syringe residues data Wastewater analysis Data catalogue. Selected topics Alternatives to coercive sanctions Cannabis Cannabis policy Cocaine Darknet markets Drug checking Drug consumption facilities Drug markets Drug-related deaths Drug-related infectious diseases. Recently published Findings from a scoping literature…. Penalties at a glance. Frequently asked questions FAQ : drug…. 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We can connect you with trained cancer information specialists who will answer questions about a cancer diagnosis and provide guidance and a compassionate ear. We connect patients, caregivers, and family members with essential services and resources at every step of their cancer journey. Ask us how you can get involved and support the fight against cancer. Some of the topics we can assist with include:. Colorectal Cancer. As researchers learn more about changes in cells that cause colon or rectal cancer, they have developed new types of drugs to specifically target these changes. Targeted drugs work differently from chemotherapy chemo drugs. They can be used either along with chemo, by themselves, or in combination with another targeted therapy drug. Like chemotherapy, these drugs enter the bloodstream and reach almost all areas of the body, which makes them useful against cancers that have spread to distant parts of the body. Vascular endothelial growth factor VEGF is a protein that helps tumors form new blood vessels a process known as angiogenesis to get nutrients they need to grow. Drugs that stop VEGF from working can be used to treat some colon or rectal cancers. These include:. Most of these drugs are given as infusions into your vein IV every 2 or 3 weeks, in most cases along with chemotherapy. Fruquinitinib is given as a capsule and not combined with chemotherapy. These drugs can often help people with advanced colon or rectal cancers live longer. Rare but possibly serious side effects include blood clots, severe bleeding, holes forming in the colon called perforations , heart problems, kidney problems, and slow wound healing. If a hole forms in the colon, it can lead to severe infection and surgery may be needed to fix it. Another rare but serious side effect of these drugs is an allergic reaction during the infusion, which could cause problems with breathing and low blood pressure. Epidermal growth factor receptor EGFR is a protein that helps cancer cells grow. The combination of these two drugs appears to help people with advanced colorectal cancer live longer. The most common side effects of these drugs are skin problems such as an acne-like rash on the face and chest during treatment, which can sometimes lead to infections. Developing this rash often means the cancer is responding to treatment. People who develop this rash often live longer, and those who develop more severe rashes also seem to respond better than those with a milder rash. Other side effects can include:. A rare but serious side effect of these drugs is an allergic reaction during the infusion, which could cause problems with breathing and low blood pressure. You may be given medicine before treatment to help prevent this. Other serious but rare serious side effects include eye, heart, or lung damage. A small portion of colorectal cancers have changes mutations in the BRAF gene. Colorectal cancer cells with these changes make an abnormal BRAF protein that helps them grow. Some drugs target this abnormal BRAF protein. When given with cetuximab or panitumumab, an EGFR inhibitor see above , this drug can shrink or slow the growth of colorectal cancer in some people whose cancer has spread. The combination of these two drugs also appears to help people with advanced colorectal cancer live longer. Common side effects of encorafenib, in combination with an EGFR inhibitor, can include skin thickening, diarrhea, rash, loss of appetite, abdominal pain, joint pain, fatigue, and nausea. Some people treated with a BRAF inhibitor might develop new squamous cell skin cancers. These cancers can often be treated by removing them. Still, your doctor will want to check your skin regularly during treatment and for several months afterward. You should also let your doctor know right away if you notice any new growths or abnormal areas on your skin. In a small percentage of people with colorectal cancer, the cancer cells have too much of a growth-promoting protein called HER2 on their surface. Drugs that target the HER2 protein can often be helpful in treating these cancers. For advanced, HER2-positive colorectal cancer that has already been treated with chemotherapy, the most common targeted drug regimens include trastuzumab plus either tucatinib, lapatinib, or pertuzumab. Among these drugs, only tucatinib is FDA approved specifically to treat colorectal cancer at this time, but the others are present in treatment guidelines. The side effects of HER2-targeted drugs tend to be mild overall, but some can be serious, and different drugs can have different possible side effects. Discuss what you can expect with your doctor. Some of these drugs can cause heart damage during or after treatment, which might lead to congestive heart failure. Because of this, your doctor will likely check your heart function with an echocardiogram or a MUGA scan before treatment, and regularly while you are getting any of these drugs. Let your doctor know if you develop symptoms, such as shortness of breath, a fast heartbeat, leg swelling, and severe fatigue. Lapatinib and tucatinib can also cause hand-foot syndrome , in which the hands and feet become sore and red, and may blister and peel. Lapatinib and tucatinib can cause liver problems. Your doctor will do blood tests to check your liver function during treatment. Let your health care team know right away if you have possible signs or symptoms of liver problems, such as itchy skin, yellowing of the skin or the white parts of your eyes, dark urine, or pain in the right upper belly area. Fam-trastuzumab deruxtecan can cause serious lung disease in some people, which might even be life threatening. A very small number of colorectal cancers have changes in one of the NTRK genes. This causes them to make abnormal TRK proteins, which can lead to abnormal cell growth and cancer. These drugs can be used to treat advanced cancers with NTRK gene changes that are still growing despite other treatments. Common side effects of these drugs can include dizziness, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, constipation, weight gain, and diarrhea. Less common but serious side effects can include abnormal liver tests, increased risk for fractures, heart problems, vision changes, and confusion. A very small number of colorectal cancers have changes in one of the RET genes. This causes them to make abnormal RET proteins, which can lead to abnormal cell growth and cancer. Selpercatinib Retevmo is a drug that targets the RET protein. These drugs can be used to treat advanced cancers with RET gene changes that are still growing despite other treatments. This drug is approved to treat other types of cancer, but doctors can prescribe it off-label for colorectal cancer. Common side effects of these drugs can include decrease in white blood cell count and calcium, changes in liver function tests, high blood pressure, fatigue, changes in kidney function, and increased cholesterol. Less common but serious side effects can include abnormal heart function QT interval prolongation , bleed, allergic reaction, and inability to heal from a wound. This causes them to make abnormal KRAS proteins, which can lead to continued cell growth and cancer. Sotorasib is not approved specifically to treat colorectal cancer at this time. It is approved to treat other types of cancer, but doctors can prescribe them off-label for colorectal cancer. Common side effects of these drugs can include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, muscle and joint pain, fatigue, decreased appetite, and changes in liver and kidney function. Less common but serious side effects can include effects to the heart QTc interval prolongation , liver, and lungs interstitial lung disease. Regorafenib Stivarga is a type of targeted therapy known as a multikinase inhibitor. Regorafenib blocks several kinase proteins that either help tumor cells grow or help form new blood vessels to feed the tumor. Blocking these proteins can help stop the growth of cancer cells. This drug can be used to treat advanced colorectal cancer, typically when other drugs are no longer helpful. Common side effects include fatigue, rash, hand-foot syndrome redness and irritation of the hands and feet , diarrhea, high blood pressure, weight loss, and abdominal pain. Less common but more serious side effects can include confusion, severe bleeding, or perforations holes in the stomach or intestines. To learn more about how targeted drugs are used to treat cancer, see Targeted Cancer Therapy. To learn about some of the side effects listed here and how to manage them, see Managing Cancer-related Side Effects. The American Cancer Society medical and editorial content team. Our team is made up of doctors and oncology certified nurses with deep knowledge of cancer care as well as editors and translators with extensive experience in medical writing. Kelly SR and Nelson H. Chapter 75 — Cancer of the Rectum. Philadelphia, Pa. Elsevier: Chapter 74 — Colorectal Cancer. Ch 62 - Cancer of the Colon. Ch 63 - Cancer of the Rectum. National Cancer Institute. Colon Cancer Treatment. Rectal Cancer Treatment. Int J Mol Sci. American Cancer Society medical information is copyrighted material. For reprint requests, please see our Content Usage Policy. Sign up to stay up-to-date with news, valuable information, and ways to get involved with the American Cancer Society. If this was helpful, donate to help fund patient support services, research, and cancer content updates. Skip to main content. Sign Up For Email. Sign Up For Text Messages. Understanding Cancer What Is Cancer? Cancer Glossary Anatomy Gallery. Patient Navigation. End of Life Care. When Your Child Has Cancer. For Health Professionals. Cancer News. Explore All About Cancer. Resource Search. Explore Ways to Give. Making Strides Against Breast Cancer. Explore Get Involved. Explore Our Research. Explore About Us. Contact Us Online Help. Chat live online Select the Live Chat button at the bottom of the page. Call us at Available any time of day or night. Some of the topics we can assist with include: Referrals to patient-related programs or resources Donations, website, or event-related assistance Tobacco-related topics Volunteer opportunities Cancer Information For medical questions, we encourage you to review our information with your doctor. Colorectal Cancer About Colorectal Cancer. Download Section as PDF. Targeted Therapy Drugs for Colorectal Cancer. On this page. When is targeted therapy used? Several types of targeted drugs might be used to treat colorectal cancer. Drugs that target blood vessel formation VEGF Vascular endothelial growth factor VEGF is a protein that helps tumors form new blood vessels a process known as angiogenesis to get nutrients they need to grow. These include: Bevacizumab Avastin Ramucirumab Cyramza Ziv-aflibercept Zaltrap Fruquintinib Fruzaqla Most of these drugs are given as infusions into your vein IV every 2 or 3 weeks, in most cases along with chemotherapy. Possible side effects of drugs that target VEGF Common side effects of these drugs include: High blood pressure Protein in the urine Bleeding from the nose or rectum Headaches Taste changes Skin changes Rare but possibly serious side effects include blood clots, severe bleeding, holes forming in the colon called perforations , heart problems, kidney problems, and slow wound healing. These include: Cetuximab Erbitux Panitumumab Vectibix Both of these drugs are given by IV infusion, either once a week or every other week. Possible side effects of drugs that target EGFR The most common side effects of these drugs are skin problems such as an acne-like rash on the face and chest during treatment, which can sometimes lead to infections. Other side effects can include: Headache Tiredness Fever Diarrhea A rare but serious side effect of these drugs is an allergic reaction during the infusion, which could cause problems with breathing and low blood pressure. This drug is taken as capsules, once a day. Drugs that target cells with HER2 changes In a small percentage of people with colorectal cancer, the cancer cells have too much of a growth-promoting protein called HER2 on their surface. Drugs of this type that might be used to treat HER2-positive colorectal cancer include: Trastuzumab Herceptin, other names Pertuzumab Perjeta Tucatinib Tukysa Lapatinib Tykerb Fam-trastuzumab deruxtecan Enhertu, T-DXd For advanced, HER2-positive colorectal cancer that has already been treated with chemotherapy, the most common targeted drug regimens include trastuzumab plus either tucatinib, lapatinib, or pertuzumab. These drugs are taken as pills or an oral solution, once or twice daily. This drug is taken as a capsule twice daily. These drugs are taken as tablets, once or twice daily. Other targeted therapy drugs Regorafenib Stivarga is a type of targeted therapy known as a multikinase inhibitor. More information about targeted therapy To learn more about how targeted drugs are used to treat cancer, see Targeted Cancer Therapy. Written by References. The American Cancer Society medical and editorial content team Our team is made up of doctors and oncology certified nurses with deep knowledge of cancer care as well as editors and translators with extensive experience in medical writing. Last Revised: June 28, American Cancer Society Emails Sign up to stay up-to-date with news, valuable information, and ways to get involved with the American Cancer Society. Sign Up for Email. More in Colorectal Cancer. Help us end cancer as we know it, for everyone. Donate with Confidence. Donate Now Maybe Later.

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