Buy Heroin online in Basel

__________________________

📍 Verified store!

📍 Guarantees! Quality! Reviews!

__________________________

▼▼ ▼▼ ▼▼ ▼▼ ▼▼ ▼▼ ▼▼

▲▲ ▲▲ ▲▲ ▲▲ ▲▲ ▲▲ ▲▲

Buy Heroin online in Basel

Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVIDrelated research that is available on the COVID resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. Heroin-assisted treatment comprises the use of diacetylmorphine pharmaceutical heroin for individuals with severe opioid use disorder. In Switzerland, take-home doses in heroin-assisted treatment are more strictly regulated as compared to conventional opioid agonist treatment. In light of the COVID pandemic, the Swiss Federal Council provisionally adapted its policy, allowing for longer prescriptions of take-home diacetylmorphine. Before the beginning of the pandemic, take-home doses only occurred in exceptional circumstances and under strict criteria for patient eligibility. Following the legislative adaptations, we critically revised our internal centre policies as well. We report our experiences with oral take-home diacetylmorphine from a Swiss outpatient university centre specialising in heroin-assisted treatment. An additional 45 patients received take-home doses following the first lockdown. While some patients wished to return to their previous treatment regimen, most patients managed their medication well and showed good adherence. We also noticed an increase of treatment admissions that are likely related to the relaxed regulations. Previously, the strict therapeutic framework of visiting a HAT centre twice a day for supervised dispensing seemed to have discouraged these individuals from seeking medical treatment. From a medical point of view, the politically driven restrictions on take-home doses in heroin-assisted treatment are questionable and do not support the goal of harm reduction. Opioid agonist treatment OAT is the gold standard treatment for individuals suffering from opioid use disorder and has been implemented with success in many countries worldwide Degenhardt et al. HAT comprises the prescription of pharmaceutical heroin diacetylmorphine, DAM either as an injectable liquid or in form of orally administered tablets. There is no discernible difference in pharmacokinetics of oral morphine and oral DAM. However, inconclusive findings regarding differences in the subjective effects have been reported. One study found that patients experienced a mild rush following the use of oral DAM, whereas other studies found that patients were not able to distinguish oral DAM from oral morphine or methadone Margarida et al. To qualify for treatment, patients need to be at least 18 years old, suffer from severe opioid dependence for two years or more, need to have failed at least two prior conventional treatment attempts and present psychological, physical, or social impairments. Fatal overdose events in connection with OAT are extremely rare, heroin-related mortality has declined significantly in the past 20 years and fatal events that are taking place are in many cases attributable to polysubstance use Suchtmonitoring Schweiz, Since the introduction of HAT, numerous studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of this approach in order to improve health, reduce risky and delinquent behaviours, and retain patients in treatment Strang et al. They proposed extended utilisation of take-home doses in OAT, a simplified treatment admission process for HAT and medication deliveries for particularly vulnerable patients SSAM, Under usual circumstances, almost all Swiss outpatients in OAT receive take-home oral doses of methadone or slow-release morphine for 7 to 14 days, depending on cantonal regulations. Take-home doses in HAT are rare in comparison, only provided in tablet formulation for oral use, and only occur in exceptional circumstances and under strict criteria for patient eligibility. According to these authors, affected individuals experienced treatment disruptions and had reduced access to OAT, harm reduction services, withdrawal management and mental health counselling. This is in accordance with the findings of Galarneau et al. However, in OAT take-home doses and prescription deliveries were found to have had a positive impact: patients reported to feel relieved as they gained more control over their medication and felt more stable Russell et al. Therefore, the overall increase of treatment disruptions and the reduced access to treatment facilities suggest that even though the need for policy changes was recognised early on and subsequently accounted for, the extent to which take-home dosing expansions were implemented might have been insufficient in North America. Therefore, effective policies and sustained access to OAT are paramount to maintain the continuum of care for these highly marginalised patients Dunlop et al. DAM must be administered under professional supervision and oral DAM take-home doses are only allowed in well-justified exceptional cases for socially and medically stable patients and for a maximum of two days. Four conditions are defined in the regulations, all of which must be met by the patient to qualify for take-home doses Swiss Federal Council, b. Patients must have received uninterrupted HAT for at least 6 months and need to be in stable health and social condition. Additionally, the two most recent urine screenings must test negative for any drugs except for DAM and the risk of misuse must be estimated as low. However, the aforementioned criteria for take-home doses still apply. With the prescription of four daily doses or more for take-home, the treating physician is also required to contact the patient twice a week to ensure adherence i. We report our experiences with take-home doses of DAM tablets for oral administration from an outpatient university treatment centre in Switzerland during the COVID pandemic. In late , patients with severe opioid use disorder regularly received DAM, either orally, for intravenous injection or both. The Federal Office of Public Health announced its preventive measures to mitigate the spread of the infection on March 16, , closing bars, restaurants, and recreational facilities Federal Office of Public Health, In an effort to reduce the risk of infection for our patients, we aimed at decreasing the number of visits to our treatment centre by asking our patients to limit their visits to a maximum of one per day and offering take-home doses of oral DAM instead. Patients deemed suitable i. To include as many patients as possible in this preventive measure, we critically reflected our internal centre policy as well. Before the beginning of the pandemic, we interpreted this criterion more conservatively, with the legislative changes of extended take-home doses leading us to revise this interpretation. Whereas we deemed permanent employment the strongest indicator of social stability before, we began to carefully evaluate the daily activities of non-employed patients and also considered their social environment and their engagement in family life. Patients with unstable conditions such as severe psychiatric or physical comorbidities continued to attend daily. Before the beginning of the pandemic 19 patients had already received take-home doses. We evaluated suitable patients and individually spoke to every patient who regularly visited for dispensing approximately with the remaining patients receiving their medication in care homes. As a result, an additional 45 patients received take-home doses of oral DAM who had not received take-homes before the beginning of the pandemic. Take-home doses ranged from or mg for half a day up to mg of DAM for the use across several days. In 15 patients pre-existing take-home prescriptions were expanded in accordance with the new policy. The majority of these patients 52 out of 60 adapted quickly, were satisfied with their new treatment modalities, and did not report any negative outcome. The first group consisted of six patients who had previously injected liquid DAM twice a day and were subsequently only allowed to visit once a day. They reported severe cravings, lack of motivation and difficulties in concentrating even though they received take-home doses of DAM tablets for oral administration. To cope with the new situation, some of these patients reported to again engage in high-risk behaviours like using of illicit street heroin or dissolving of DAM tablets for intravenous injection at home. The second group consisted of two patients who now received take-home doses due to the exceptional state of the pandemic but would not have qualified otherwise. They continued to ask for an increase of their daily dose and further prolongation of their take-home DAM prescriptions. They reported distress caused by the need to regularly visit our treatment centre, wished to attend less frequently for dispensing, and repeatedly stated that their opioid dose was too low. Tackling the latter, we offered additional take-home medication with long-acting opioids or more frequent visits at our treatment centre for oral or injectable DAM dispensing. The vast majority of the 60 patients who newly or additionally received take-home DAM managed their medication well. Patients received take-home doses for several days but were obliged to take half of their daily oral DAM dose under supervision during the days of dispensing. This policy was well accepted and ensured regular therapeutic contact with our staff. Thereby we ensured that patients still had the ability to address personal problems or emergencies, even though they now visited the centre less often. Out of 60 patients, 52 were satisfied with their new prescription. Many reported an improvement in their quality of life. Particularly those employed in professions with changing work hours stated that they felt relieved to make room for clinic visits less often. Other patients stated that it was now much easier for them to pursue recreational activities, conduct daytrips or visit their families. No increase in emergency hospitalisations of our patients due to either psychiatric conditions or physical illnesses was observed during this period. Most importantly, no overdose events occurred. Some of our patients had already qualified for take-home DAM before the beginning of the pandemic but had never chosen to use them. After being urged to take the take-home doses, they benefitted from the relaxed setting with increased freedom and responsibility. However, in three of 60 cases we noticed behaviours that forced us to stop prescribing take-home DAM doses. These signs included the attempt to smuggle tablets out of the treatment centre when attending for supervised oral administration and leaving bags with medication behind by accident e. In these cases, we stopped take-home DAM prescriptions and replaced these with slow-release morphine when patients did not attend the treatment centre. The increase of take-home prescriptions led to consequences beyond our centre that we had not anticipated. The service includes measures like needle dispensing and consultation from social workers. The head of the cantonal contact point service informed us that he had noticed a change in his clientele. First, he reported that some of our patients that he had not seen since they started HAT were now visiting contact points again. Second, he noticed an increase of visits from persons who were not regulars at the contact points and suspected that these persons visited to buy DAM tablets from our patients. However, he stressed that this was purely speculative, and he did not find any direct evidence for it. Interestingly and probably interrelated, we noticed an increase of treatment admissions. From the end of to mid an additional 15 patients received HAT at our treatment centre. At first contact, these new patients reported that they encountered some of our patients and had learned about HAT. Traditional OAT with methadone or slow-release morphine had previously not helped them in ceasing their illicit heroin use leading to many of them not receiving treatment at the time of their presentation to the HAT centre. They stated that they had heard of our treatment centre before but did not think that the treatment we provided would in fact be able to help them due to the strict therapeutic framework and rigorous treatment conditions. We therefore managed to induct new patients to HAT for whom no suitable treatment had existed before. We did not find any evidence of an increase of this phenomenon, however the potential diversion of take-home doses i. However, these are theoretical considerations, as we did not observe an increase of diversion. This is also supported by a personal communication with the cantonal department of public prosecution Staatsanwaltschaft Basel-Stadt , which reported no increase in narcotic confiscations during the time of our policy adaptations. It is therefore unlikely that diversion of DAM to the black market increased due to our enhanced take-home regulations. On January 1st, , the Swiss Federal Council plans to reverse the policy adjustments which allow the extended prescriptions of take-home doses Swiss Federal Council, Additionally, since most of our patients received COVID vaccines, we decided to lift the preventive measures of our treatment centre in mid However, the exceptional state of the pandemic allowed us to gather experiences with take-home doses that would not have been possible without the adapted regulations. We reviewed the 45 patients who newly received take-home doses due to the pandemic and found that about half qualified for continuation of the prescription according to our pre-pandemic internal policies. These patients can basically be categorised in two groups. Patients who recognised the advantages of take-home doses without ever reflecting on them before, even though they would have qualified for them. And patients who would not have qualified before but proved to fulfil legislative criteria after careful evaluation, showed good adherence and complied with the rules of take-home doses. Also, we did not stop the expanded prescription of take-home DAM for patients who had benefitted from weekly dispensing, as these prescriptions are legislatively permitted up until 31st of December We also found that the legal requirements for take-home doses are insufficient and do not reach their supposed goals of enabling more autonomy while at the same time achieving harm reduction. Some patients who would otherwise not have met the requirements to receive take-home DAM proved to handle their medication well and adhered to the treatment regimen. Few patients who newly received take-home DAM or had already received take-home medication but got their take-home doses expanded due to the pandemic showed poor adherence, lost their medication, or showed otherwise conspicuous behaviour. Most likely, this was a direct consequence of the restrictions that were still in place, even after relaxing take-home regulations. Due to these restrictions, we did not provide patients with the individually required DAM formulation i. We emphasise that in the vast majority of our patients, good adherence without problematic behaviour was observed and no medical emergencies that were attributable to take-home doses emerged. This is in line with the findings of an American study, which found that the selling of take-home methadone is relatively uncommon Figgatt et al. In practice, returning to the pre-pandemic treatment regimen posed a challenge for us since explanations on why take-home doses were not further prescribed were often not easy to accept for the individual patient. However, some patients stated great relief that they were allowed to return to two daily injections of liquid DAM. Increased visits of our patients in contact points provide a strong hint that the alteration of their treatment regimen was troubling for some individuals, as they returned to engage in high-risk behaviour. This might have been prevented with take-home prescriptions of liquid DAM, as orally administered DAM does not reach comparable peak plasma concentrations and does therefore not produce the same subjective effect. However, it could also be argued that oral DAM is more suited to achieve the goal of harm reduction when compared to liquid DAM. It is the safer route of administration in regard to overdose events and injecting-related injuries and diseases. Less injections would therefore be desirable to reduce these risks. However, the provision of the medication in a formulation suitable for each patient is equally important to avoid reengagement in high-risk behaviour such as illicit heroin use. Still, we did not feel comfortable with liquid take-home DAM, as it is not available in pre-packaged dosages but prepared by our staff individually for each patient in unlabelled syringes. Additionally, managing liquid DAM is more demanding and requires patients to ensure proper storage and cooling. There was also hearsay about diversion, but we found no direct evidence that this had increased during the pandemic. Even though increasing availability on the black market is also to be expected with the increasing prescription of narcotics in general Bell, , narcotic act-related crimes decreased during the pandemic in our area of service Federal Statistical Office, However, some individuals who we were previously unable to attract applied for HAT at our treatment centre and indicated that they had gotten to know DAM tablets from the black market. They were familiar with the substance and had heard about the adapted treatment regulations. Whereas the strict therapeutic framework had previously discouraged them from applying for HAT, they now thought that they might benefit from medical treatment. The availability of pharmaceutical DAM on the black market can be regarded as a double-edged sword, as it bears the risk of inexperienced users buying these tablets. The fear that inexperienced users might get their hands on the substance is also the reason we refrained from prescribing additional liquid DAM as take-home medication due to the pandemic. Whereas DAM tablets at least come in proper packaging with clear labelling of the exact content, an unlabelled syringe filled with a clear liquid was considered to be too unsafe. Patients felt that they had gained more freedom in organising their everyday life and that take-home doses relieved them from the strain of making room for clinic visits in-between their work schedule. At the same time, we did not observe any overdose events or an increase in emergency hospitalisations due to psychiatric or somatic illnesses, which suggests that relaxed take-home regulations are feasible and safe. The link between increase in treatment admission and relaxation of HAT regimen suggests that the requirement of visiting a clinic twice a day discourages some individuals from seeking medical treatment. This issue does not arise in the same way with traditional OAT where take-home doses can be prescribed for much longer periods of time and dispensing in pharmacies is available for stable patients. Take-home prescriptions in HAT are further complicated by the fact that DAM tablets are available in the dosage of mg only. The availability of different doses would also improve safety aspects, as loose tablets are more likely to be lost. Our clinical experience showed that the application of legislative requirements sometimes failed to include patients whose medical condition would have allowed for take-home doses. Vice versa, in other patients who met the legislative requirements we had to stop the take-home prescriptions due to poor adherence. From a medical point of view, the political restrictions on take-home doses in HAT result from unjustified prejudice and are not useful concerning the medical goal of harm reduction. Therefore, loosening the defined criteria for take-home doses to make more room for clinical evaluation in the deciding process would benefit clinicians and patients alike. This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. The authors declare that the work reported herein did not require ethics approval because it did not involve animal or human participation. The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Int J Drug Policy. Experiences with take-home dosing in heroin-assisted treatment in Switzerland during the COVID pandemic—Is an update of legal restrictions warranted? Find articles by Maximilian Meyer. Find articles by Johannes Strasser. Find articles by Marc Walter. Find articles by Marc Vogel. Issue date Mar. Similar articles. Add to Collections. Create a new collection. Add to an existing collection. Choose a collection Unable to load your collection due to an error Please try again. Add Cancel.

Online Pharmacies Selling Prescription Drugs: Systematic Review

Buy Heroin online in Basel

These datasets underpin the analysis presented in the agency's work. Most data may be viewed interactively on screen and downloaded in Excel format. All countries. Topics A-Z. The content in this section is aimed at anyone involved in planning, implementing or making decisions about health and social responses. Best practice. We have developed a systemic approach that brings together the human networks, processes and scientific tools necessary for collecting, analysing and reporting on the many aspects of the European drugs phenomenon. Explore our wide range of publications, videos and infographics on the drugs problem and how Europe is responding to it. All publications. More events. More news. We are your source of drug-related expertise in Europe. We prepare and share independent, scientifically validated knowledge, alerts and recommendations. About the EUDA. Key findings and threat assessment. Global context. Trafficking and supply. Retail markets. Criminal networks. Actions to address current threats and increase preparedness. The affordability of drugs is a measure that incorporates drug purity or potency and accounts for differing national economic conditions, as quantified in the price level indices see Groshkova et al. Using affordability as a measure allows a more sophisticated comparison of retail drug markets across countries and over time. Source: The source data for this graphic is available in the source table on this page. Meanwhile the retail price of resin products has, on average, remained stable during the same year period. Several developments already raised in this report have likely contributed to the increase in resin potency. These include the introduction of new cannabis strains and new cultivation and resin extraction techniques in Morocco see Section Cannabis resin production outside the EU. In addition, it is also possible that the amount of high-potency cannabis resin produced in Europe is increasing. These recent trends seem to confirm a finding reported in the previous edition of this report EMCDDA and Europol, , namely that cannabis resin may have become a more attractive product to some consumers in the EU, especially for those who seek high-potency cannabis products. Data on the prevalence of cannabis use, expressed in estimated numbers of users during the last year, may be viewed as an indicator of the location and approximate size of retail markets. Historically, cannabis has been the most used illicit drug in Europe, with currently around 84 million adults in the European Union aged , or As is the case with other drugs, the majority of cannabis users in Europe are males, who on average are twice as likely to report use as females. Overall, the prevalence of cannabis use in Europe appears to have remained stable over the past decade, although prevalence of use has increased in some of the countries that already had the highest rates of use, such as Croatia, Czechia, the Netherlands and Spain. Recent trends based on data from 15 countries that have conducted surveys on last-year cannabis use since indicate that levels of use have increased in four countries, remained stable in six countries and decreased in five countries. However, it appears to have affected patterns of use, with more frequent herbal cannabis users consuming more and infrequent users consuming less, on average. This trend was less marked for cannabis resin see Section How cannabis products are retailed in Europe. The most recent data available on last-year use indicate that the largest retail markets for herbal cannabis and cannabis resin continue to be located in western and southern Europe. Young adults make up the majority of last-year cannabis users in Europe, representing an estimated Germany and Spain follow, with 3. In terms of estimated total numbers of cannabis users, Czechia and Poland appear to be the largest retail markets in the Eastern part of the EU, with an estimated 0. It is estimated that around 3. Cannabis prevalence data do not discriminate between the different products used. These proportions are indicative as the EWSD is not representative of the entire European population. In wastewater analysis, cannabis use is estimated by measuring its main metabolite, THC-COOH, which is the only suitable biomarker found so far, although it is excreted in low percentages Causanilles et al. There are several challenges and uncertainties in the wastewater analysis of THC-COOH, related to factors such as the analytical measurements and poorly understood excretion rates Bijlsma et al. In addition, this type of analysis is not able to discriminate between the different cannabis products consumed. Overall, research to develop alternative biomarkers is needed and caution is required when interpreting trends based on THC-COOH loads in wastewater. A stable or decreasing trend in the THC-COOH loads was observed for almost all of the 23 cities with available data for the period. In countries with multiple study locations, no marked differences were found in the THC-COOH loads when comparing large and small cities. Wastewater analysis can also detect fluctuations in patterns of illicit drug use across the week. In summary, the wastewater data indicate that, unlike the use of other drugs, such as cocaine EMCDDA, a , the European cannabis market is relatively stable overall since THC-COOH is present in both large and small urban areas and evidence of use is distributed evenly over the week. A further data source pointing to overall stability in the cannabis market is that of treatment demand for cannabis use problems. Based on the data available from 25 countries, the numbers entering specialised drug treatment for cannabis problems in Europe remained stable between and On average, clients entered treatment for cannabis problems every year during those four years. Similarly, an average of 58 people a year entered treatment for the first time in their lives during that period, with a 1. However, the number of treatment entrants declined noticeably in This is indicative of how the COVID pandemic affected treatment provision and demand as well as the monitoring of these services across Europe. While the numbers entering treatment increased slightly in , they still remained below the levels. The lack of rebound in treatment entries for cannabis problems in to pre-pandemic levels may be related to several factors. As a consequence, help-seeking and the ability to access services remained subdued. In addition, services continued to operate within strict infection prevention conditions, which reduced treatment capacity and intake. The data available may also mask a greater use of tele-medicine during this period, which was not captured by the treatment demand indicator. Finally, there may have also been a natural reduction in treatment demand due to reduced use of cannabis during the pandemic among some groups. Note: Trends in first-time entrants are based on data from 25 countries. Only countries with data for at least five of the six years are included in the trends analysis. Missing values are interpolated from adjacent years. Because of disruptions to services due to COVID, data for and should be interpreted with caution. Missing data were imputed from values for the previous year for Spain and France and Germany Since the total number of herbal cannabis seizures in Europe has exceeded those involving resin, and this continued to be the case in This appears to confirm that herbal cannabis is more widely consumed than cannabis resin in Europe. The majority of seizures of the two main cannabis products reported in Europe, namely herbal cannabis and cannabis resin, are probably confiscated on retail markets since they involve amounts of grams or less. In a context of consistently high drug availability at the retail level, a finite, but constant, level of law enforcement resources deployed to police illicit cannabis markets has likely influenced the relative stability in numbers of seizures. It is therefore probable that if more, or less, law enforcement resources were available to police these retail markets, seizure trends would vary commensurately. Both of these figures are underestimates since no data are available for from countries that usually report large numbers of seizures, such as France and Germany. By comparison, the total number of cocaine seizures, the second largest drug market in Europe, was estimated at 71 in Europe that same year. These countries thus have a substantial impact on overall seizure trends in Europe. Some of the overall reduction in cannabis seizures may be due to fewer police resources being focused on enforcing drug laws at the retail level in , as officers were mobilised to enforce COVID restrictions. In addition, prolonged lockdown periods likely drove many cannabis users and dealers out of public spaces. Although the use of herbal cannabis is fairly long-standing in these countries, the comparatively low prevalence of use in most countries and their generally smaller population sizes result in retail markets that are much smaller than those in the relatively more affluent and populated western and northern parts of Europe see Figure Indexed trends in number of seizures of cannabis resin and herbal cannabis in 11 eastern EU countries, Trends in numbers of seizures of cannabis resin and herb in these 11 central and eastern European countries present a somewhat different picture from the rest of Europe, characterised by less stability and an overall increase for both products, at least until A similar pattern can be observed in Europe as a whole. However, in the case of cannabis resin seizures, the pattern in the east of the EU differs markedly from the overall European picture, which shows numbers of resin seizures having risen back to nearly pre-pandemic levels in Overall, these trends seem to indicate that cannabis retail markets in the eastern part of the EU are growing, unlike those in most of the rest of Europe. However, the impact of COVID in eastern Europe, particularly on resin, seems to be stronger and longer lasting than in the rest of the continent see Figure Indexed trends in number of seizures of cannabis resin and herbal cannabis in 11 eastern EU countries, Cannabis oil has long been a marginal product on European consumer markets, with the total number of European seizures rarely reaching more than per year since reporting began in These five countries may therefore be viewed as emerging retail markets for cannabis oil in Europe, although several other countries with high prevalence of cannabis use do not report seizures of oil. These findings, together with an increase in the quantity of oil seized see Section Cannabis trafficking and supply: record quantities seized in , could indicate that cannabis oil is slowly gaining popularity among some European consumers. Some of the comparatively newer cannabis consumer products, such as butane hash oil BHO , rosin or cannabis wax, that have become available in Europe in recent years see Figure Cannabis: taxonomy of products traditional and modern are probably manufactured by consumers themselves from their own cannabis crops or from herbal or resin material purchased from dealers. However, some of these products may also be the result of commercial manufacturing in Europe and elsewhere. For instance, there have been seizures of such products at European postal hubs and airports, in parcels and on flights from Canada and the United States. Some of these products have also been seized in the United States on their way to Europe. These seizures usually involve small amounts, weighing a few hundred grams or less, although larger quantities are seized occasionally. For instance, in , a total of almost 58 kilograms of cannabis wax from the United States was seized in Germany. In , some 4. Other products such as edibles and e-cigarette liquids appear to have emerged in Europe more recently. They tend to be manufactured more professionally, often in third countries. The development of novel cannabis consumer products has been particularly dynamic and fast-paced in countries where cannabis has been regulated for recreational use, especially Canada and some parts of the United States. A broad range of products containing semi-synthetic cannabinoids, such as HHC, are available from online shops in some EU countries. Cannabis edibles are foods that are infused with cannabinoids Barrus et al. They can mimic popular brands of foods, particularly sweets and other snack products see Photo Examples of edibles containing THC seized in Sweden in and Box Cannabis marketing methods in France: learning from licit business enterprises. Commercial edibles appear to have become increasingly popular in some North American jurisdictions following cannabis policy changes. While they are usually subject to strict regulations aimed at reducing the potential harms and risks associated with their use, counterfeit, unlicensed and illegal cannabis edibles have nevertheless appeared on North American cannabis markets Health Canada, They are sold on darknet markets, through social media see Section Online distribution of cannabis products and at street level. Of particular concern are recent German federal police reports indicating an increase in the availability of THC-infused edibles, some of which are sold in packages mimicking branded sweets see Boxes Edibles: increased risks of poisoning and Cannabis marketing methods in France: learning from licit business enterprises. Based on the data currently available, it is difficult to estimate the size of the European market for cannabis edibles, or their manufacturing locations and trafficking routes. In particular, North America appears to be an important source. E-liquids liquids used in electronic vaping devices containing concentrates of phytocannabinoids, semi-synthetic cannabinoids and synthetic cannabinoids appear to have become available and increasingly popular among European consumers over the past few years. Included in this category are products containing synthetic cannabinoids mis-sold as containing THC or CBD, which can pose a high risk of poisoning because of their high potency EMCDDA, b, c see Box e-Liquids containing synthetic cannabinoids detected in France. Similar to many other recently emerging cannabis consumer products, cannabis e-liquids and associated products were initially developed in North America, where they are now widely available and popular, particularly among young people Lim et al. In the United States, in the summer of , there was an outbreak of e-cigarette or vaping use-associated lung injury EVALI related to counterfeit products containing deltaTHC, most probably due to contamination with vitamin E acetate. This outbreak resulted in the deaths of at least 68 people and thousands of hospitalisations across the country CDC, ; Duffy et al. However, insufficient information is available to adequately assess the potential toxicity of newer products containing semi-synthetic cannabinoids Meehan-Atrash and Rahman, Most of these appear to have been smuggled in from North America see Box Seizures of cannabis liquids and oils destined for Europe. Cannabis is bought, sold and traded in a variety of ways across Europe using both offline and online methods. Offline methods include the use of dealers in open, semi-open and closed settings. Open markets can be street-based markets May and Hough, ; Skliamis and Korf, while semi-open markets are often located in clubs and other quasi-private settings Tzanetakis, In closed markets business is conducted on a trust basis Potter, Online methods include purchases facilitated via the surface web, social media channels and the darknet. These could be considered semi-open settings, whereby no established relationship is usually required, but buyers have to subscribe or register with channels and platforms to gain access. In online methods, monetary transactions and deliveries may take place without any face-to-face contact, as is especially the case with purchases over the darknet. Sometimes, however, online methods simply facilitate the contact between buyers and sellers, for example via social media, and the exchange of money and drugs might still take place in person Mounteney et al. Evidence indicates that cannabis is relatively frequently shared within peer groups, sometimes without any monetary exchange or in a non-commercial or non-profit manner. This also extends to cannabis resin. Similarly, a study among cannabis coffeeshop visitors in Amsterdam from seven different European countries 4 , investigating how participants usually acquired cannabis in their home countries, found that, in the past 12 months, While the social supply of cannabis seems to be relatively prevalent in the EU, research indicates that the sources from which users acquire their cannabis vary between countries. However, the proportion of participants who reported buying from friends and street dealers differed greatly between the seven countries included in the study. Twenty-one EU countries and Switzerland. The source data for this graphic is available in the source table on this page. Smaller numbers also reported using edibles 8 and cannabis oil 5 Some of these respondents provided detailed information enabling analysis of how herbal cannabis and cannabis resin are retailed in Europe. This finding supports other research indicating the growth of internet-based methods for purchasing drugs Barratt et al. However, the use of these methods appears to differ significantly between countries in Europe Skliamis and Korf, It should be noted that the results of the EWSD cannot readily be generalised to any larger populations. Significant differences among European countries were also apparent in the use of different delivery methods see Table Delivery methods for herbal cannabis and cannabis resin. At the aggregate level, for the 7 EWSD respondents reporting how they usually buy cannabis resin, and how it is delivered to them, the results are broadly similar to those of herbal cannabis see Figures In the last 12 months, how did you usually buy cannabis resin hashish? At the country-level, however, some differences are observable see Table Sources of acquisition for herbal cannabis and cannabis resin. Delivery methods were shown by the EWSD to be fairly consistent between cannabis resin and herbal cannabis at the aggregate level see Figure In the last 12 months, how was the cannabis resin hashish usually delivered to you? As already indicated, a range of sources of acquisition and delivery methods are used for herbal cannabis and cannabis resin in Europe see Tables Sources of acquisition for herbal cannabis and cannabis resin and Delivery methods for herbal cannabis and cannabis resin. The data appear to point to distinct retail markets for herbal cannabis and cannabis resin, both in Europe as a whole and within individual countries, although caution is required when comparing these data, due to small sample sizes in some countries and also because of the relatively small sample size for resin. Nevertheless, the findings suggest that it is important to analyse the herbal cannabis and cannabis resin markets separately Vuolo and Matias, Data from eight darknet markets gathered in Cannazon, Alphabay, ASAP, Cypher, Dark0dereborn, Royal, Versus and World showed a total of 13 unique listings 5 sale offers for cannabis products reported as being shipped from an EU country in To put this in context, while not directly comparable, in a similar scanning exercise conducted in , 10 listings were found for cocaine and 1 for methamphetamine. This includes high-THC products such as concentrates e. However, caution is needed in interpreting these data as neither the number of transactions nor the number of individual sellers can be extrapolated from the number of listings alone. Nonetheless, listings provide a useful indicator of the activity on darknet markets. The typical quantity most frequently observed value of herbal cannabis offered was 5 grams 1 listings , followed by 10 grams 1 and 1 gram The typical price per gram was EUR 14 in 74 listings of 1 gram. In , bulk listings of herbal cannabis were observed see Table Quantity and price details of bulk herbal cannabis listings shipping from EU, The typical quantity of cannabis resin offered in was 5 grams , followed by 10 grams and 1 gram The typical price per gram was EUR 15 in 20 listings of 1 gram. There were 64 bulk listings of cannabis resin observed in However, due to the limited price data available for analysis, caution should be exercised when interpreting these findings. A small proportion of the listings on darknet markets in included cannabis concentrates and edibles. Social media platforms are frequently used to promote and sell cannabis products see forthcoming EU Drug Markets: Drivers and Facilitators , section on Social media and instant messaging apps. Cannabis products have been found to feature prominently on Facebook, where they represent the majority of the drug content advertised for sale, as seen in Denmark, Iceland and Sweden Demant et al. Overall, social media platforms appear to be frequently used to promote drug sales, sometimes using creative photo or video editing or other marketing techniques Geoffroy, ; Paolini and Lepoivre, ; MCP, ; see also Box Cannabis marketing methods in France: learning from licit business enterprises. Cannabis influencers, that is, individuals promoting cannabis products to their followers on social media platforms, have become particularly active on Instagram. While most cannabis influencers appear to be male, there are indications that female influencers are becoming more active on social media Bakken and Harder, This may be part of a broader push towards commercialising cannabis and attempting to sell licensed and unlicensed products to a mainstream audience, in addition to influencing ongoing policy debates. Estimating the size of illicit drug markets is inherently difficult and cannabis is no exception. Nevertheless, because cannabis is the drug most frequently used in Europe and its use generally has a higher level of social acceptance compared to other illicit drugs, there are comparatively more comprehensive and robust data relating to its use. These data enable a more accurate estimation of the size of the illicit market for cannabis. However, this market is becoming increasingly complex due to the emergence of new products, for which data are limited. Thus, any estimate of the size of the illicit cannabis market is restricted to herbal cannabis and cannabis resin. Using the methodology established by the EMCDDA b , it was estimated that cannabis products account for the largest share of the overall illicit drug retail market in the EU, with an estimated value in of at least EUR Out of this total, the illicit market for herbal cannabis was estimated to be worth at least EUR 8. In comparison, the illicit cannabis resin market was estimated to be worth at least EUR 2. This estimate is based on the number of users and their patterns of use, the amount used per year and the average price paid at the retail level. This method, often called a demand-side approach, however, is prone to underestimation due to the misreporting and under-reporting of use Udrisard et al. The basic model used in the estimation process can be expressed in the following simple arithmetic form:. The estimated number of cannabis users was calculated based on prevalence data from general population surveys GPS and categorised according to frequency of use see Box Links between frequency of use and sources of acquiring cannabis. Separate estimates were generated for cannabis resin and herbal cannabis, and, given the high numbers of cannabis users, it was possible to obtain information on the amounts of each product used by different types of users. Individuals were categorised into four different groups according to frequency of cannabis use, as follows:. Taken together, these data were used to estimate the illicit retail market size for herbal cannabis and cannabis resin respectively. There are limitations to this method. For example, for some variables where no data were available, it was necessary to impute values. This included instances when a country had no price data, in which case a simple average of the values for the other countries was used, and when prevalence data was not available for , instead of which the latest available data were used. Occasionally, EU Member States construct their own market size estimates for drugs that are particularly relevant at the national level. For example, Czech authorities have developed an estimate for the market size of methamphetamine, the most prevalent synthetic stimulant used in the country. Based on the latest available data, this illicit cannabis market had an estimated annual turnover of EUR 1. Such national estimates are useful to contextualise the overall EU estimate. In a literature review conducted for this analysis Udrisard et al. Europe featured as a region of focus in two of the studies and nine of the studies looked at cannabis alone. The majority used a demand-side approach, while two employed a supply-side methodology see Box Supply-side approaches to estimating the size of illicit drug markets , and three used a combination of both. As already highlighted, estimating cannabis consumption using wastewater is challenging, and more research is needed in this area, which may improve the use of this method in the future Causanilles et al. Ten of the studies employing the demand-side approach augmented user numbers by drawing on general population surveys and complementary sources to account for under-represented user populations. These include, for example, teenagers aged 15 and under, people with high-risk patterns of use, such as opioid users, or prisoners and homeless populations, all of whom may be excluded, to varying degrees, from GPS but can represent a significant number of cannabis users. All of the demand-side attempts to estimate illicit drug market sizes suffer from under-reporting, whereby people report no use or less frequent use, or do not respond to a representative survey, such as a GPS. Among the 15 papers using survey data, seven applied correction factors for under-reporting in order to provide new prevalence rates Udrisard et al. Data on quantities used also present issues that require a degree of interpretation and making assumptions. For example, while two studies asked questions about how many cannabis joints were smoked, neither asked about the typical amount of cannabis contained in one joint. To fill such data gaps, information on quantities used can be collected via non-representative surveys that specifically target people who use drugs. This is the basis for using data from the European Web Survey on Drugs to develop an EU-level estimate of the illicit cannabis market. It is notable that while some studies considered the issue of cannabis sharing and how this impacted on their market size estimates, it was concluded that there was no real evidence of a global overestimation. While estimates were not revised to account for this potential issue, researchers have strongly recommended further research in this area Udrisard et al. The study conducted for estimating the size of illicit drug markets in the EU concluded that there remains a strong suspicion that demand-based estimates, especially for the drugs most used in Europe, underestimate the real size of these markets Udrisard et al. Nevertheless, the expert consultation that was part of the study confirmed that there are very few alternatives to demand-based approaches for drug market estimates. Overall, further research is needed in this area. Further information is available online. However, respondents from these partner countries are not included in the analysis presented in this report. Consult the list of references used in this module. Homepage Quick links Quick links. GO Results hosted on duckduckgo. Main navigation Data Open related submenu Data. Latest data Prevalence of drug use Drug-induced deaths Infectious diseases Problem drug use Treatment demand Seizures of drugs Price, purity and potency. Drug use and prison Drug law offences Health and social responses Drug checking Hospital emergencies data Syringe residues data Wastewater analysis Data catalogue. Selected topics Alternatives to coercive sanctions Cannabis Cannabis policy Cocaine Darknet markets Drug checking Drug consumption facilities Drug markets Drug-related deaths Drug-related infectious diseases. Recently published Findings from a scoping literature…. Penalties at a glance. Frequently asked questions FAQ : drug…. FAQ: therapeutic use of psychedelic…. Viral hepatitis elimination barometer…. EU Drug Market: New psychoactive…. EU Drug Market: Drivers and facilitators. Statistical Bulletin home. Quick links Search news Subscribe newsletter for recent news Subscribe to news releases. This make take up to a minute. Once the PDF is ready it will appear in this tab. Sorry, the download of the PDF failed. Table of contents Search within the book. Introduction Introduction Key findings and threat assessment Key findings and threat assessment Global context Global context Production Production Trafficking and supply Trafficking and supply Retail markets Retail markets Criminal networks Criminal networks Actions to address current threats and increase preparedness Actions to address current threats and increase preparedness. Search within the book Operator Any match. Exact term match only. Main subject. Target audience. Publication type. EU Drug Market: Cannabis — main page. On this page.

Buy Heroin online in Basel