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The year-old Palestinian refugee, whose parents fled in from Akka, a city in modern-day Israel, still remembers the high. Altayeb is not alone. While displacement, poverty and confinement are contributing factors, a lack of governance in the Palestinian camps has also played a vital role in the spread of drug abuse and trafficking among Palestinian refugees in Lebanon. Lebanon hosts more than , Palestinian refugees, of whom over 50 percent live in 12 refugee camps. Legal restrictions prohibit Palestinians from being able to pursue Lebanese citizenship, inherit property or practice about 30 different professions. Not only are Palestinians excluded from social and political opportunities, but since the Cairo agreement , refugee camps have been placed outside Lebanese governance and under the quasi-authority of Palestinian factions. With armed groups competing for control, and a limited number of non-governmental organisations working with drug addicts in the Palestinian camps, it is difficult to estimate the prevalence of drug use there. Due to an absence of regulation, medicines that typically require prescriptions are legally sold in camp pharmacies to patients without prescriptions, camp residents and human rights groups say. The most commonly abused medications in the camps are Tramadol and Xanax. Both drugs can produce side effects such as nausea, hallucinations and sedation, and as user tolerance increases, addicts consume heavier doses to achieve the same high. While Lebanese pharmacies must register under a licensed practitioner, the industry is unregulated in Palestinian refugee camps. He said that even if his brother wanted to become an accredited pharmacist and register his store, work restrictions confine his business to the camps. Raed Ataya, a lawyer and project coordinator for Nabaa, a Lebanese group that supports drug addicts in Saida, said although Lebanese pharmaceutical companies are legally prohibited from supplying pharmacies in the camps, in practice the government cannot prevent Palestinians from importing medicine. Many pharmacy owners are afraid that their drugs may be resold to armed factions, so shopkeepers are often reluctant to supply people they do not know. Nadya Mikdashi, the executive director and co-founder of Skoun, a Beirut-based NGO offering support and rehabilitation , said, in the absence of regulation, access to prescription medicine comes down to the ethics of individual pharmacies. Lebanese law criminalises drug abusers, and all hospitals are required to call the police to report anyone who has overdosed. This can have negative implications for those needing lifesaving assistance, Mikdashi noted. I lost my friend to a Tramadol overdose. I remember when his wife called and started crying, where was I supposed to take him? Two hospitals in Beirut told Al Jazeera they received memos from the Lebanese Internal Security Forces in January, reminding them to contact the police if they suspected a patient had used drugs. And with strong stigmas on Palestinians still prevailing, human-rights groups say they have a difficult time breaching the topic of drug addiction in the camps. Mikdashi said that with all the discrimination Palestinians face in Lebanon, many wonder why drug addiction is being made a priority. As criminalisation has made it difficult for addicts to locate support, Skoun has reached out to high-risk areas by making supplies of Naloxone, a drug designed to reverse opioid overdose, widely available. But the organisation is not able to reach everybody. Soon after his friend died, Altayeb was arrested by Lebanese authorities for carrying hashish outside the camp. Four months in a Lebanese prison was torturous, he said, and weeks after his release, he decided to seek support. By Mat Nashed. Published On 30 Aug 30 Aug Sponsored Content.

5. The Civil War Drug Boom

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Your purchase has been completed. Your documents are now available to view. Purchase chapter. Cite this Share this. Showing a limited preview of this publication:. Cite this chapter. Marshall, Jonathan. The Civil War Drug Boom'. Marshall, J. The Civil War Drug Boom. Redwood City: Stanford University Press. Redwood City: Stanford University Press, pp. Redwood City: Stanford University Press, Marshall J. Redwood City: Stanford University Press; Copied to clipboard. Copy to clipboard. Share this chapter. Supplementary Materials. Please login or register with De Gruyter to order this product. Register Log in. The Lebanese Connection. Chapters in this book 15 Frontmatter. Hashish, the Petroleum of Lebanon. The French Connection. The Intra Bank Connection. The Path to Civil War. The Syrian Connection. The Drug Melting Pot. From Narco-State to Failed State. Downloaded on

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