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Two months previously, authorities in the Panamanian Port of Balboa had uncovered kg of cocaine hidden among instant coffee containers destined for Gdynia, Poland. Several caches of priceless cultural artefacts and archaeological treasures were also recently found hidden in shipments of household goods from Ecuador. Under the Programme, joint operational units have been established in Port Balboa and Manzanillo, operating in collaboration with seven agencies: Customs, the national agency responsible for combating drug-related crime, the National Police Department, the Criminal Police Department, the Council for National Security and Defence, the Coast Guard and the Maritime Authority. Staff from those units have been trained and provided with equipment and inspection kits to carry out systematic risk assessments in order to identify high-risk containers for inspection. The staff also share information with their counterparts in other ports. There are currenly 27 units in operation worldwide. Panama joined the Container Control Programme in June in an effort to improve container security at the national level. The Programme helps port authorities in developing countries to establish modern techniques to ensure proper control and enforcement in the trade of legal goods. The Programme continues to achieve spectacular results, including the interception of maritime shipments of illicit drugs, endangered species, hazardous materials and stolen cultural artefacts. Since March , more than 40 tons of cocaine, 31 tons of cannabis and approximately tons of precursor chemicals have been seized. The selected sites are located in major illicit drug producing regions and along established maritime trade routes used for the trans-shipment of illicit drugs and precursor chemicals. Fedotov highlighted the need to strengthen control of land and air borders in the region, where UNODC has gained experience through a similar initiative for West Africa and Brazil, entitled 'Aircop', which is aimed at establishing joint units in key airports on drug trafficking routes and at facilitating real-time communication. United Nations. Office on Drugs and Crime. Site Search. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.

UNODC head witnesses success of container programme in Panama

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Activities by an organized crime group involving the illegal entry, transit or residence of migrants for a financial or material benefit. The production, transport, storage and sale of goods that are fraudulently mislabeled or fraudulent imitations of registered brands. The illicit transport, handling and sale of excise consumer goods despite a ban or outside a legal market. Excludes oil and counterfeits. The illicit trade and possession of species covered by CITES convention, and other species protected under national law. The poaching, illicit trade in and possession of species covered by CITES and other species protected by national law. Includes IUU fishing. The illicit extraction, smuggling, mingling, bunkering or mining of natural resources and the illicit trade of such commodities. The production, distribution and sale of heroin. Consumption of the drug is considered in determining the reach of the criminal market. The production, distribution and sale of cocaine and its derivatives. Consumption is considered in determining the reach of the market. The illicit cultivation, distribution and sale of cannabis oil, resin, herb or leaves. Consumption is used to determine the market's reach. The production, distribution and sale of synthetic drugs. Organized crime that results in a monetary loss via financial fraud, embezzlement, misuse of funds, tax evasion and abusive tax avoidance. Clearly defined organized crime groups that usually have a known name, defined leadership, territorial control and identifiable membership. Loose networks of criminal associates engaging in criminal activities who fail to meet the defining characteristics of mafia-style groups. Includes foreign nationals and diaspora groups. The State's role in responding to organized crime and its effectiveness. The degree to which states have put oversight mechanisms in place to ensure against state collusion in illicit activities. A country's supranational structures and processes of interaction, policy making and concrete implementation to respond to organized crime. The degree to which states are able to control their physical and cyber territory and infrastructure against organized criminal activities. Assistance provided to victims of various forms of organized crime, including initiatives such as witness protection programs. Refers to the existence of strategies, measures, resource allocation, programmes and processes that are aimed to inhibit organized crime. Panama is primarily a destination country for human trafficking. Most victims stem from vulnerable groups, including women, migrants and indigenous people. Human traffickers exploit domestic and foreign victims, the latter being frequently women from countries in South and Central America. Most identified trafficking victims are exploited in sex trafficking or forced to work in abusive conditions, primarily in the construction sector. Data suggests that networks continue to operate through transnational schemes to bring migrants from Asia — mainly China — and Latin American countries, such as Venezuela, into Panama to be exploited. Organizations behind human trafficking are known to work in collusion with law enforcement, with police officers accused of extorting victims of sexual exploitation, taking advantage of the fact that the decriminalization of sex work in Panama has blurred the line between legal and illegal activities and that authorities tend to overlook these types of abuses. However, the country has made progress in tackling child exploitation, being one of the few countries in Latin America and the Caribbean to achieve a reduction in child labour. Smuggling rings transport migrants from countries such as Cuba, Haiti, Venezuela, Ecuador, Pakistan, Ghana, Ethiopia, India and Bangladesh to the US, with the help of corrupt police officers and other officials. Although the exact routes used by criminals to smuggle migrants across the region are difficult to track, it is reported that people from Asia and Africa are usually smuggled by plane to Ecuador, Peru or Brazil and then transported on land to Colombia, Panama and Costa Rica. From there, they are allegedly transported to Nicaragua, Honduras and Guatemala, where they are transferred to other smugglers that guide them through Mexico to the US border. The Darien Gap, whose impenetrability for the Colombian and the Panamanian states has turned this region into a crime hub, is the main way migrants cross from South America to Central America. Using a smuggler to cross the Darien is very common. Migrants reportedly crossed the Darien Gap from Colombia into Panama in record numbers since Extortion in the form of loan sharking, and for territorial control, exists in the country and has been associated with gangs and criminal organizations. Levels of extortion, particularly of territorial extortion, have grown substantially in recent years and are particularly high for vulnerable groups of people. Panama is the main port of entry for illicit firearms from the US and Central America in transit to South America, mainly Colombia, due to its status as a free port and its strategic location. However, there is also evidence that low- and medium-level officers are equally involved in the arms trafficking market, as well as private security companies, mafia-style groups and criminal networks. The high availability of long-range weapons in the US and the arsenal remnants from conflicts in El Salvador, Honduras and Nicaragua make Panama a convenient logistical hub for the illegal entry of weapons. Arms are trafficked using speedboats and canoes that leave Panamanian ports and arrive at Colombian coastal cities. The Gulf Clan also moves arms and drugs through the thick jungle across the Darien Gap. Although the market is allegedly of a considerable size, most of the weapons only transit Panama to reach their destinations and are not usually sourced in the country. There is a prevalent counterfeit goods market in Panama, which appears to have grown in recent years. According to experts, there are currently several types of counterfeiting products including medicines, cosmetics and medical equipment. Counterfeit products generally come from countries such as India, Turkey, Vietnam and China. According to government authorities, counterfeit goods help criminal organizations to illegally obtain profits, launder money and finance their criminal operations. The geographical location and the Panama Canal make the country a global hub for trade in several types of illicit goods, both for local consumption and for exports to the rest of the continent. Among these commodities, excise goods have been increasingly trafficked in the country. Thus, most cigarettes consumed in Panama arrive from India and South Korea. Illegal logging and the trafficking of wood, particularly cocobolo, which is highly valuable in the US, Europe and China, are the main flora crimes taking place in Panama. These are arguably on the rise, with increased intensity fuelled by corruption and illegal concessions of protected areas. Besides illegal logging for commercial purposes, a main driver of deforestation in Panama is the permissiveness of state entities that allow unplanned construction, livestock, agricultural, forestry and mining activities. The illicit trafficking of wildlife, both within the country and internationally, is also a concern in Panama. Species including turtles, monkeys, exotic birds, frogs, reptiles, deer and jaguars are particularly affected by the illegal market. This market continues to be pervasive in the country despite official efforts to increase public awareness. Actors involved vary from people within local communities who hunt on demand for foreigners, or locals who either buy animals as pets or to consume them as part of their cultural traditions. Most of the demand for fauna is allegedly coming from Asia, and China in particular. Furthermore, Panama is a destination and transit point for minerals, particularly illegal gold coming from Colombia, since the financers of illegal mining tend to set up base in the country as a result of its lax tax laws. Additionally, there is considerable local demand in Panama for luxury items made of minerals, which also contributes to the illegal market. Other minerals, such as mercury mined in Mexico, tend to be transported through Guatemalan ports to Panama. Mercury, in particular, is then smuggled into Colombia and Venezuela, where it is used in gold mining. The province most affected by illegal mining is Darien Province, which borders Colombia. Even though the impact of small-scale legal or illegal mining is unknown, there are important environmental concerns that these small-scale and some large-scale mining projects are destroying the Mesoamerican Biological Corridor. The increase in consumption of drugs linked to the higher numbers of foreign visitors has also led to a growth in local criminal networks. The heroin trade does not have a high level of impact in Panama and heroin is generally imported alongside the cocaine market, but in consistently smaller quantities. Conversely, cocaine trafficking, involving transnational organizations aided by local groups and state-embedded actors, is the largest criminal market in Panama and poses a significant security threat in the country as gangs compete to provide transport and security services to drug traffickers. The use of cannabis is widespread in Panama, despite its consumption being lower than in other countries of the region. The country is a transit and storage point for the drug, which is usually trafficked alongside cocaine, but marijuana is also cultivated locally in remote regions of the country and represents a source of income for some local gangs. However, the market seems to have slightly reduced its scope and, in , marijuana was legalized for medicinal use, making Panama the first Central American country to do so. Panama is also a transit point for synthetic drugs, such as ecstasy, ketamine and new psychoactive substances. Synthetics reportedly enter Panama from Mexico and Colombia and cross the country on their way to other destinations. Cyber-dependent crime is common in Panama and has increased in recent years. Malware and ransomware attacks are the most common forms of cyber-dependent crimes committed in the country, through advanced digital technology. Complaints of crimes against computer security have been reported, with the COVID pandemic being the key to the higher incidence of cases. Nevertheless, most of these crimes appear not to be linked to organized crime groups. Moreover, the fact that such forms of crimes are not typified or regulated within the Penal Code is an important factor in increasing vulnerability. Financial crimes, particularly those involving cyber-enabled methods, have been on the rise in the country, where individuals are being targeted through different forms of such crimes. In particular, stolen credit card data is a lucrative criminal activity in Panama. Among the most recurrent types of banking frauds are donation scams, altered deposit flyer scams, commitments in business emails, phishing and cyber frauds with credit and debit cards. Embezzlement and misuse of funds crimes also occur in the country. Private sector actors in the country are heavily involved in criminal activities, especially in financial crimes as well as money laundering. In fact, out of the 14 corporate service providers featured in the Pandora Papers, two are based in Panama, which showcases the widespread involvement of entities established in Panama in such illicit schemes. Mafia-style crime organizations operate heavily across Panama, with the two most prominent groups being Bagdad and Calor Calor. These two groups are reportedly made up of smaller youth gangs and have hundreds of members. The groups are mainly involved in drug logistics and guarding shipments, contract killings, kidnapping, extortion and controlling territory for the movement and sale of drugs. Bagdad controls the vast majority of the drug sales in Panama, while Calor Calor focuses on transporting drugs for more sophisticated criminal organizations, particularly from Colombia and Mexico. Calor Calor is evolving along a similar path, with related homicides increasing as a result. Panama also has a serious corruption issue. Furthermore, loose criminal networks specialize in crimes such as the sale of drugs, which is one of the most important criminal markets in the country. In general, these networks use low levels of violence since most of them commit white-collar crimes and, even in more potentially violent situations, clashes do not escalate to the levels of other Central American countries. Panama is home to weak political institutions and lacks effective mechanisms to tackle corruption and money laundering, most demonstratively illustrated by the Panama Papers and Odebrecht cases, and compounded by the lack of an independent institution devoted to tackling these illegal markets. Transparency remains a challenge in Panama. Horizontal accountability is practically non-existent as deliberative organs are constituted on the basis of clientelism, vote-buying and corruption. Unemployment, poor economic growth, corruption and lack of transparency are some of the reasons behind the plummeting public confidence levels in most public institutions. These issues also triggered historic demonstrations in the country in In , Panama launched an interinstitutional commission to track anti-corruption policy in accordance with international standards and, in , the country opened a new channel for the public to report corrupt acts. Despite its weaknesses, no state service in the country is provided by criminal groups, which has helped Panama to be considered among the more stable countries in the world. At the international level, Panama has signed and ratified a number of conventions and treaties to counter organized crime. The country also has cooperation agreements with a range of partner states, most notably the US, an important ally in the fight against money laundering. At the national level, while Panama has a number of laws targeting organized crime, their scope seems rather broad and, in certain cases, such as environmental crimes, the resulting penalties are very low. Financial regulations aimed at curbing money laundering and tax evasion are still considered lax, as are regulations on curbing the establishment of facade companies. Prisons are often managed by corrupt officials who fail to tackle violence arising from confrontations among rival gangs. While the state has good reach across the country, control of the Darien Gap between Panama and Colombia has been especially challenging. While Colombia and Panama continue to work together to try and control the porous Darien Gap, the increase in cocaine production in Colombia could continue to exacerbate illegal cross-border trafficking. Furthermore, migrant transit routes across the jungle border appear to be changing, which could pose additional difficulties in monitoring border flows. Panama is assessed to have one of the highest risks of money laundering and terrorist financing in the world. The Panama Papers scandal showed that governmental efforts are not enough both when it comes to establishing regulations and enforcing them. Bank secrecy remains strong and protects anonymous companies that benefit money launderers and tax evaders. Laws are weak regarding prevention and investigation of money laundering, as well as financial intelligence gathering. Panama has been among the fastest growing economies in Latin America and is known for having relatively good market institutions. The overall freedom to form and operate a business in the country is well protected within an efficient regulatory environment. The economy of Panama is mostly based on a well-developed services sector. However, as a long-time money laundering hub, an important part of this sector could be related to that crime. Authorities in Panama generally fail to protect victims effectively, even though Panama has invested resources through the Technical Unit for Attention and Protection of Victims and Witnesses to cover most of the country. There are no regulations for the licensing of services for the care of psychoactive substance users. The centres that do exist do not have a clinical approach. In some centres, the persons in charge of the interventions do not have professional training; they are people who have recovered from addiction. Furthermore, the country does not have harm reduction programmes for psychoactive substance users, although a new law will create a programme for to year-olds with drug consumption issues to receive treatment. Panama has preventative bodies, including those for the prevention of youth delinquency. A new campaign, launched in specific communities, aims to prevent forced labour by raising awareness among migrants, their communities and local institutions regarding false job opportunities. It appears that non-state actors, both local and foreign, are highly active in anti-organized crime initiatives in areas including corruption, drug addiction and human trafficking, often in collaboration with national authorities. When it comes to press freedom, Panama has improved recently, although defamation cases against journalists, particularly those covering corruption- and money laundering-related stories, are common and often result in fines. These judicial actions are generally used as a form of intimidation and censorship. Another method used to pressure media is the selective allocation of state advertising. The criminal markets score is represented by the pyramid base size and the criminal actors score is represented by the pyramid height, on a scale ranging from 1 to The resilience score is represented by the panel height, which can be identified by the side of the panel. A series of 13 discussion papers, one for each illicit market considered during the development of the Index. We're constantly working to improve the Index. By participating in this survey, you will be providing us with insights and suggestions that will help us make the Index an even better resource. This report was funded in part by a grant from the United States Department of State. The opinions, findings and conclusions stated herein are those of the Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime and do not necessarily reflect those of the United States Department of State. Capital Panama. Income group High income. Population 4,, Geography type Coastal. GINI Index Criminal markets 6. An assessment of the value, prevalence and non-monetary impacts of a specific crime type. Human trafficking 7. Human smuggling 6. Extortion and protection racketeering 6. Arms trafficking 7. Trade in counterfeit goods 7. Illicit trade in excisable goods 7. Flora crimes 6. Fauna crimes 8. Non-renewable resource crimes 6. Heroin trade 5. Cocaine trade 8. Cannabis trade 4. Synthetic drug trade 5. Cyber-dependent crimes 6. Financial crimes 7. Criminal actors 7. An assessment of the impact and influence of a specific criminal actor type on society. Mafia-style groups 7. Criminal networks 7. State-embedded actors 7. Foreign actors 6. Private sector actors 8. Political leadership and governance 4. Government transparency and accountability 4. International cooperation 6. National policies and laws 6. A state's legal action and structures put in place to respond to organized crime. Judicial system and detention 3. Law enforcement 4. Territorial integrity 5. Anti-money laundering 3. Economic regulatory capacity 5. Victim and witness support 4. Prevention 4. Non-state actors 6. Analysis Download full profile english spanish. People Panama is primarily a destination country for human trafficking. Trade Panama is the main port of entry for illicit firearms from the US and Central America in transit to South America, mainly Colombia, due to its status as a free port and its strategic location. Environment Illegal logging and the trafficking of wood, particularly cocobolo, which is highly valuable in the US, Europe and China, are the main flora crimes taking place in Panama. Cyber Crimes Cyber-dependent crime is common in Panama and has increased in recent years. Financial Crimes Financial crimes, particularly those involving cyber-enabled methods, have been on the rise in the country, where individuals are being targeted through different forms of such crimes. Criminal Actors Private sector actors in the country are heavily involved in criminal activities, especially in financial crimes as well as money laundering. Leadership and governance Panama is home to weak political institutions and lacks effective mechanisms to tackle corruption and money laundering, most demonstratively illustrated by the Panama Papers and Odebrecht cases, and compounded by the lack of an independent institution devoted to tackling these illegal markets. Economic and financial environment Panama is assessed to have one of the highest risks of money laundering and terrorist financing in the world. Civil society and social protection Authorities in Panama generally fail to protect victims effectively, even though Panama has invested resources through the Technical Unit for Attention and Protection of Victims and Witnesses to cover most of the country. Read the analysis Listen the podcasts View all events. Next Skip. How to measure organized crime? Read more on globalinitiative. Give us feedback We're constantly working to improve the Index.

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