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Sensation seeking and psychoactive substance consumption: differences between a consumer and a non-consumer sample. MedUNAB , vol. Abstract: Introduction. Internationally, there have been several studies carried out in order to demonstrate the relationship between a high level of Sensation Seeking and illegal drug abuse. However, few studies in Colombia replicate those results. There is a significant difference between consumers and non-consumers within the general scale and three subscales of the trait Thrill and Adventure Seeking, Experience Seeking and Disinhibition. Differences between the scores of consumers and non-consumers sample regarding the general trait and subtraits show the relevance of personality factors regarding substance abuse, independently than social and learning factors are influential as well. There is a link between Sensation Seeking and substance abuse showing the importance of the level of the trait in the multivariate phenomenon of substance dependence. Sin embargo, pocos estudios en Colombia reproducen dichos resultados. La muestra se compone de sujetos adultos, de ambos sexos. The addiction phenomenon significantly affects the quality of life of young people 1. This phenomenon often occurs at a time when young people begin to be influenced by their peer group. Families, in many cases, do not recognize effective ways to guide young people to appropriately manage negative peer pressure 2. In addition to the lack of parenting guidelines, there are plenty of possible menacing situations that may arise within the family or individual level. For Quiroz, inadequate management of emotions, lack of communication, lack of support and low capacity in conflict resolution foster a strong influence on the onset of addictive behaviour 3. Currently, increasing frequency of substance addiction is a worrying issue. This data highlights that there is a wide availability of psychoactive substances in Colombia. Inequities of social and economic factors preceding the trend reinforce the consumption of these substances, predominantly in young population groups 4. It was determined that 5. There is a steady increase in the consumption of these substances parallel to the level of schooling, reaching the highest value in the incomplete university level In , Simich et. Consumption significantly predominates between 18 and 24 year-olds 1. Between and , percentages of students who use marijuana and other illicit drugs increased from 1. Data suggests that drug abuse is more prevalent within younger age groups 6 - 9. Different research carried out in countries such as Argentina, United States and France show that personality trait Sensation Seeking is significantly correlated with the execution of risky behaviour and an important factor in the strengthening of addictive behaviours 10 - Sensation Seeking is defined as the search of intense, new, varied and complex experiences involving the participation of conducts associated with physical and social risk 13 - Within this context, the word 'search' is used because it implies an active stance that characterizes the subjects that score high in this dimension. It reflects the positive nature of the actions associated with this trait. In 'poor' stimuli situations, high sensation-seekers dynamically pursue greater activity, creating or accessing to sources of risk to alleviate their discomfort. Marvin Zuckerman, the author of the Sensation Seeking theory, made major contributions by way of providing a conceptual and methodological framework from which empirically measure the relationship between substance use and stimulation necessity. Since its inception in the s, Sensation Seeking has continued to be the focus of a wide avalanche of studies. These studies have approached its functional operation, relation to other dimensions of personality, biological foundations, social determinants and their demographic, cognitive, attitudinal and behavioural correlates. The study of the Sensation Seeking personality dimension appears strongly linked to what research tradition refers to as 'optimal level of stimulation' or 'optimal level of arousal' There is evidence across several different cultures that Sensation Seeking is a trait involved in addictive behaviour 12 , 13 , 17 - Unfortunately, there are few studies in Colombia that explore the relationship between the Sensation Seeking trait and drug abuse, so it is considered necessary to search for a relation between both particular personality trait and risky behaviour in order to enrich the state of art of the drug consumption problematic. In addition, it is important to see if results from other countries replicate in Colombian samples, with different social and economic backgrounds than the populations previously studied. The present research uses a quantitative non-experimental cross-sectional design. Sample was selected in order to find differences between consumers and non-consumers. The psychometric properties of the Spanish version are very similar to those observed in the original English version 14 , Cronbach alpha coefficients for the total score ranged from 0. Every participant filled an informed consent before answering the test, granting anonymity. For the consumer group sample was found in drug rehabilitation facilities, while non-consumer sample was selected within students who declared they did not consume tobacco or any illegal drug, were not in any intoxication state and did not take more than 5 drinks of alcoholic beverages per week. Data was gathered and then analysed using statistical software SPSS. Figure 1 shows the distribution of the sample by age group, with Figure 1. Percentage of samples according to age group. Figure 2. Sensation seeking scale scores global and subscales in consumers and non-consumers samples. Table 1 shows the results of Mann-Whitney signed rank test applied to the data obtained from the consumer and non-consumer sample groups. This analysis shows that the null hypothesis is rejected in the total scale and all its subscales except by Boredom Susceptibility BS. This means that there is a statistically significant difference between both subgroups regarding Sensation Seeking trait, as shown in Figure 3. Therefore, Sensation Seeking is a trait involved in the phenomena of drug consumption in the assessed sample. Table 1. Mann-Whitney signed rank Test results from the consumers vs non-consumers sample data. Figure 3. Statistical significance regarding level of Sensation Seeking trait in consumers and non-consumers of psychoactive drugs. Figure 1 Percentage of samples according to age group. Source: Elaborated by the authors. Sensation Seeking scores obtained across the four dimensions of the trait and as a global score from both consumers and non-consumers are presented in Figure 2. Consumers scores are classified according to Zuckerman and Zuckerman and Aluja 13, 14 , ranging from medium-high to high presence of the trait, meaning that consumers in the sample present an above than average level of the trait. On the other hand, the levels of standardized Sensation Seeking scores obtained in the sample classified as non-consumers show medium presence of the trait Figure 2 Sensation seeking scale scores global and subscales in consumers and non-consumers samples Source: Elaborated by the authors. Figure 3 Statistical significance regarding level of Sensation Seeking trait in consumers and non-consumers of psychoactive drugs Source: Elaborated by the authors. This research shows that there is a statistically significant difference in the level of Sensation Seeking trait between consumers and non-consumers of psychoactive substances, in a Colombian sample, replicating the results found internationally. This is coherent with reports on literature regarding the influence of that particular personality trait 10 - 13 , 17 - There is also statistical difference between subtraits Thrill and Adventure Seeking, Experience Seeking and Disinhibition of consumers and non-consumers, but not in Boredom Susceptibility. These studies have been done in different cultures, showing that the effect could be independent of social differentiations among samples. It is important to address these results into current interventions both clinical and psychosocial in order to improve its effects. There is a significant difference in Sensation Seeking and three of its subscales Thrill and Adventure Seeking, Experience Seeking and Disinhibition between consumers and non-consumers of illegal drugs in the assessed sample. This is coherent with cross-cultural studies in which, uniformly, there is a statistical significant difference shown between consumers and non-consumers of psychoactive drugs 12 , 13 , These results are relevant in noticing individual and genetic factors involved in the addressed phenomena and the necessity of designing intervention and prevention programs integrating variables regarding personality and differential subject factors, in order to have better outcomes in prevention and treatment of substance abuse. World Health Organization. Assessment of dependence related drugs.. Family factors and peer influence in drug abuse: a study in rehabilitation centre. Quiroz-Adame A. Adicciones y Familia. Taking culture seriously: ethnolinguistic community perspectives on mental health. Psychiatr Rehabil J. Doi: Alterations in taste perception due to recreational drug use are due to smoking a substance rather than ingesting it. Khadka, Sabin, et al. Is Sensation Seeking a correlate of excessive behaviors and behavioral addictions? A detailed examination of patients with gambling disorder and internet addiction. Psychiatry Res. Chico E. Conduites de risque. Horvath P, Zuckerman M. Sensation seeking, risk appraisal, and risky behaviour. Personality and Individual Differences. Zuckerman M. Sensation and Risky Behavior. Washington, EE. UU: American Psychological Association; Zuckerman M, Aluja A. Chapter Measures of Sensation Seeking. Curitiba, Brazil, Arab A. Psychological reports. Street No. E-mail: igonzalez unab. Conflict of interest: The authors have no conflicts of interests to disclose. Sensation seeking and psychoactive substance consumption: differences between a consumer and a non-consumer sample MedUNAB , vol. This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4. Received: 05 June Accepted: 01 June Introduction The addiction phenomenon significantly affects the quality of life of young people 1. Methodology The present research uses a quantitative non-experimental cross-sectional design. Procedure Every participant filled an informed consent before answering the test, granting anonymity. Results Figure 1 shows the distribution of the sample by age group, with MannWhitney signed rank Test results from the consumers vs nonconsumers sample data. References 1.
Pastor Beltrán, professed admirer of Nayib Bukele, begins his war on drugs in Bucaramanga
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In the week of his inauguration, the new mayor of the Colombian city announced a decree restricting the consumption of psychoactive drugs within a meter radius of parks, educational centers and historic areas. However, the measure is not an innovation. Another decree issued more than three years ago, almost identical in its content, proposed a similar prohibition. Between and the first half of , 7, summonses were issued to those who violated this mandate. The main change the lawyer referred to is the power for police officers to impose fines, which was repealed last December by the national government. Now, police are unable to issue fines and must limit themselves to ordering consumers and dealers to withdraw from the perimeters of parks and educational centers. The pastor took a measure from his predecessor, adapted it to his security discourse, and turned it into his first major decision in local government. Bucaramanga - Jan 09, - CET. Copy link. Colombia Bucaramanga. Disfruta de nuestras lecciones personalizadas, breves y divertidas. Disfrute de nuestras lecciones personalizadas, breves y divertidas. Italiano online. Nuevo curso 'online'. Crucigramas minis. Crucigramas Tarkus. Sudokus mini. Sopas de letras. Global MBA. Clases virtuales. Posgrado en Recursos Humanos. Palabra secreta.
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Pastor Beltrán, professed admirer of Nayib Bukele, begins his war on drugs in Bucaramanga
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Pastor Beltrán, professed admirer of Nayib Bukele, begins his war on drugs in Bucaramanga
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