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In Pictures: Uganda’s thriving drug scene

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Uganda has not been spared from the rise of the southern route of heroin trafficking which has developed in East and Southern Africa in recent years. As the Global Initiative has reported elsewhere, this has grown from a coastal trade into an established regional drug economy. The rise in domestic consumption and its impacts on local communities have been severe. Fieldwork conducted in December investigated emerging trends in drug trafficking in Uganda. While our focus is on the changing dynamics of heroin markets, there have also been significant recent shifts in other drug markets, including cocaine and marijuana. Between and , the volume of heroin moving through Uganda rose sharply, 2 aligning with the broader trend across East Africa. Heroin-trafficking networks in Uganda are believed to be predominantly Nigerian and to a lesser extent European and Pakistani. However, the intelligence picture is incomplete. Ugandan law-enforcement officials believe the vast majority of heroin enters the country through its land borders rather than its international airport. The implementation of a single customs union across the East Africa Economic Area means that once a consignment has been cleared at the first port of entry, subsequent checks are more limited. Authorities at seaports such as Mombasa have faced significant challenges in the identification of narcotics from endemic corruption, insufficient training of customs officers, and limited capabilities to examine the vast volume of containers traffic flowing through the port. Entebbe airport remains a conduit for outward flows of heroin. In contrast, Ethiopian Airlines is widely recognized to carry significant volumes of drugs, and passengers travelling on their flights are often subjected to more stringent checks. In , law-enforcement officials tracked an increase in the use of elderly European predominantly Italian drug mules to move narcotics out of Uganda. They suggested that traffickers are exploiting known characteristics of Ugandan society, namely respect for the elderly and deference to Europeans, to lower the risk of checks. This is a significant recent shift: while historically Ugandans represented over a third of mules detained moving narcotics out of Entebbe, in they were vastly outnumbered by foreign nationals. A number of people carrying heroin seized at Entebbe airport in were travelling to India rather than to typical European destinations. This suggests an extremely circuitous route between Afghanistan, the country of supply, and India, the destination. A hypothesis put forward by Ugandan law-enforcement officials is that heightening tensions between India and Pakistan in , particularly in relation to Kashmir, have made the border between the two countries more difficult to cross, and that this has displaced heroin flows, which instead flow from Afghanistan through Iran, into East Africa and back to India. While the sheer length of the India—Pakistan border calls into question such wholesale displacement, Indian media reports of arrests and seizures suggest that other East and Southern African countries are playing similar transit roles. In a case reported in the Indian press in mid-February , two women were arrested on arrival in Delhi after smuggling heroin from Pakistan via Mozambique. The lack of direct flights means transit is required, with traffickers reportedly preferring to transit through Addis Ababa, or to a lesser extent back through Uganda via Entebbe airport, taking advantage of the lighter checks on transit passengers. Figure 8 Heroin trafficking routes in and out of Uganda. Uganda is also, to a lesser extent than for heroin, a transit zone for cocaine from South America towards Europe. In , local law-enforcement officials identified an overland route moving cocaine from Juba towards Kampala flowing in the opposite direction to the heroin route tracked above. Anti-Narcotics CID officials posit that cocaine is flown from Sao Paulo, Brazil, to Juba transiting primarily through Addis , where it then transits overland to Entebbe airport for onwards movement. Uganda produces both illegal and legal marijuana. While part of that increase was likely due to better reporting following the establishment of the unit, CID also attributed it to the displacement of marijuana growers from Tanzania and Kenya following harsher enforcement against marijuana production in those countries. Cultivation of marijuana for export and medical purposes with a license issued by the National Drug Authority is permitted under the Narcotic and Psychotropic Substances Control Act Superficially, this seems at odds with the prohibitionist position espoused by the Act, but the economic incentive of tax revenue from licensed marijuana companies drove the change. Licensed companies are obligated to ensure that all product is exported to jurisdictions where marijuana is legal for medical use. A Ministry of Health cabinet paper reported receipt of applications by 14 companies seeking licenses to cultivate marijuana; however, as many as companies are reportedly positioning themselves to enter the market. The cabinet has been debating the financial benefits and health risks of permitting widespread licit cultivation, and government guidelines, together with the licensing of additional companies, are expected imminently. While there have been seizures of methamphetamines in Uganda, domestic law-enforcement officials report that no domestic methamphetamine laboratories have been found. However, a raid in northern Uganda found large volumes of methamphetamine-precursor chemicals in the possession of a Nigerian national, suggesting an attempt to set up a methamphetamine-production lab. As has been seen across East and Southern Africa, increased heroin trafficking through Uganda has also fostered an increase in domestic consumption. Heroin prices have steadily decreased, aligned with a global downturn predominantly driven by an excess of supply from Afghanistan, which has made the drug affordable by a wider demographic. Drug use is particularly prevalent among men aged 18—25 and sex workers. High youth unemployment rates contribute to growing consumption. Domestic drug consumption is concentrated in urban areas, with Kampala the epicentre. However, more limited enforcement in rural areas also means intelligence regarding consumption there is scarce. Use is reportedly prevalent among motorbike taxi drivers, termed boda bodas almost exclusively male , and is blamed for a recent increase in road accidents. A state-funded project has been approved to carry out spot drug tests on boda boda drivers in A significant and growing number of people inject heroin. Civil-society groups suggest that the government estimate of people who inject drugs — 58 in — is conservative, noting that the government had previously denied the existence of injecting drug users in the country. In a slum in Kampala, Uganda, two men prepare to inject heroin. Usually users prefer smoking the drug due to the risk of overdose and disease associated with injecting. Although domestic cocaine consumption exists, it remains more expensive and therefore less widespread. Domestic consumption of methamphetamine is low and concentrated in areas with large construction or mining projects. Chinese populations, particularly prevalent in such areas, reportedly consume a larger proportion of methamphetamine. In conclusion, the low price of heroin in Uganda points towards the existence of a regular primary supply of pure wholesale heroin transiting the country, some of which spills over into the domestic supply chain, through in-kind payments to dealers and others working in the business. Alternatively, or additionally, it could indicate a strong secondary supply chain linking to neighbouring wholesale markets. Ongoing research by the Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime also suggests that Uganda could play a role in heroin routes into the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and southwards down the continent. We continue to monitor the shifting dynamics in the region. Interview with senior law practitioner with experience in narcotics cases, Kampala, 17 December ; interview with two senior officials in Anti-Narcotics CID unit, Kampala, 16 December Interview with two senior officials, Anti-Narcotics CID, Kampala, 16 December ; interview with senior police officer, Anti-Narcotics Desk, Central Police Station, Kampala, 16 December ; interview with executive director of Ugandan civil society organization providing support to people who use drugs, Kampala, 19 December Interview with executive director of Ugandan civil society organization providing support to people who use drugs, Kampala, 19 December Heroin, cocaine and marijuana markets in Uganda are changing Uganda has not been spared from the rise of the southern route of heroin trafficking which has developed in East and Southern Africa in recent years. Heroin Between and , the volume of heroin moving through Uganda rose sharply, 2 aligning with the broader trend across East Africa. New trends in heroin outflow In , law-enforcement officials tracked an increase in the use of elderly European predominantly Italian drug mules to move narcotics out of Uganda. The deaths of 64 migrants in a truck container in Mozambique is a ghastly reminder of smuggling risks. Risk Bulletins. Tap or select text, and then tap the bookmark icon to save a bookmark. Bookmarks are saved in your browser cache. Clearing your cache will remove them. Your last visit. The last time you visited, you stopped reading here.

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