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Opioids are the cause of the deadliest U. Between October and September , another new record number of Americans — , — died of drug overdose, with opioids accounting for 78, deaths. The epidemic became particularly deadly when synthetic opioids, such as fentanyl and its analogs, entered U. Faced with intense U. Yet this scheduling has not been sufficient to stem the flow of fentanyl to the United States. It has mostly led to shipments being rerouted through Mexico. This blog previews a large report of mine to be published by Brookings this month. At first, China was the direct supplier of fentanyl to the United States. The industry produces more than 2, products in annual output of more than 2 million tons. Until , a myriad of Chinese chemical companies and brokers exported fentanyl to the United States even though such imports were illegal. Following the scheduling, Chinese traders switched to selling precursor chemicals to Mexican drug cartels. China is also the principal supplier of precursor chemicals for methamphetamine production in East Asia and Mexico. Between the s and mids, meth was produced in southern China both for domestic consumption and export to Australia and throughout East Asia. But as time passed, it grew willing to cooperate with Canberra. Sino-Australian cooperation culminated in the creation in November of a joint bilateral counternarcotics task force, Task Force Blaze , which scored important interdiction successes, repeatedly seizing large shipments of meth from China to Australia and leading to arrests of important drug traffickers in both countries. China also shut down domestic production of meth. But meth precursors and pre-precursors from China continue to head to illicit drug producers in Southeast Asia, such as Myanmar. Chinese drug smuggling networks, such as the Triads , then distribute meth across Asia and to Australia and New Zealand. Mexican drug cartels also source their precursors from China and sell finished meth to the U. Instead of finished fentanyl being shipped directly to the U. Like with meth, Mexican criminal groups source fentanyl precursors, and increasingly non-scheduled pre-precursors in China, and then traffic finished fentanyl from Mexico to the U. Some Chinese sellers specifically cater to Mexican drug traffickers. Beijing mostly emphasizes that it cannot take actions against companies selling non-scheduled meth and fentanyl precursors even when they blatantly cater to drug cartels. As a result, U. Rejecting U. For example, since , prior to which China arrested Chinese fentanyl traffickers based on U. China-Australia law enforcement cooperation similarly has withered as Sino-Australian relations have grown more tense. Indeed, without significant warming of the overall U. As with fentanyl precursors, China emphasizes that it cannot act against nonscheduled substances. Nonetheless, after years of refuting international criticism for its role in meth precursor smuggling amidst burgeoning meth production in Asia, China has intensified its law enforcement cooperation at least with some regional countries. It has also mounted stronger internal regulatory measures even for nonscheduled drugs and has undertaken monitoring and interdiction operations. China takes counternarcotics diplomacy in Southeast Asia and the Pacific as well as globally, such as the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, very seriously. But its operational law enforcement cooperation tends to be highly selective, self-serving, limited, and guided by its geopolitical interests. Beijing rarely acts against top echelons of Chinese criminal syndicates unless they specifically cross a narrow set of government interests. Unlike their counterparts in Latin America, Chinese criminal groups rarely resort to murder. China-Mexico law enforcement cooperation against the trafficking of fentanyl and precursor agents for meth and synthetic opioids remains minimal. As with the U. China maintains this posture even as the presence of Chinese criminal actors in Mexico, including in money laundering and illicit value transfers which increasingly feature barter of wildlife products for synthetic drug precursors are expanding rapidly. The U. There currently is no global political appetite for scheduling a vast number of dual-use chemicals. A next best step could be to encourage the development and adoption of self-regulatory mechanisms for pharmaceutical and chemical industries around the world, including in China. This may reduce the ease of availability of precursor agents for drug trafficking organizations. But the obstacles to such measures being effective are far greater than in the case of anti-money laundering standards in the banking sector. Indeed, the structural characteristics of synthetic drugs, including the ease of developing similar but unscheduled drugs and their precursors — increasingly a wide array of dual-use chemicals — pose immense structural obstacles to controlling supply, irrespective of political will to prohibit and regulate their use and enforce the regulations. Moreover, other potential suppliers are readily available should China mount better enforcement measures, including in India , where Mexican cartels have already developed networks, Nigeria , and South Africa , already significant importers of precursors and producers of other synthetic drugs. However, even with the limitations to regulatory and law enforcement policies, international cooperation against drug trafficking networks can save some lives, which more than justifies efforts to push China to delink counternarcotics from geopolitical bargaining. Foreign Policy. Initiative on Nonstate Armed Actors. China and synthetic drugs: Geopolitics trumps counternarcotics cooperation. Sections Sections. Sign Up. Commentary China and synthetic drugs: Geopolitics trumps counternarcotics cooperation. Vanda Felbab-Brown. Related Books Global China. Shooting Up. Related Content Nonstate armed actors and illicit economies in International Affairs Nonstate armed actors and illicit economies in February 1, Fentanyl and geopolitics: Controlling opioid supply from China. Fending off fentanyl and hunting down heroin: Controlling opioid supply from Mexico. More On. The battle against captagon.

China and synthetic drugs: Geopolitics trumps counternarcotics cooperation

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