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Howard Markel Dr. Howard Markel. If headlines could scream, then scream they did in early August According to nearly every newspaper, television, and radio broadcast in the world, early on Aug. She was only Long before the opiate and opioid epidemics struck American life with such resounding force, there were plenty of other prescription drugs abused to excess with deadly results. The vial containing the latter, a barbiturate known as Nembutal, was empty. In her last weeks to months, Marilyn was also consuming, if not abusing, a great deal of other barbiturates amytal, sodium pentothal, seconal, phenobarbital , amphetamines methamphetamine, Dexedrine, Benzedrine and dexamyl—a combination of barbiturates and amphetamines used for depression , opiates morphine, codeine, Percodan , the sedative Librium, and alcohol Champagne was a particular favorite, but she also imbibed a great deal of Sherry, vermouth and vodka. During this period, Monroe suffered from several mental health problems, including substance abuse, depression, and, most likely, bipolar disorder, along with physical ailments such as endometriosis and gall bladder disease. Lonely and harassed, Marilyn found getting to sleep especially difficult. This is a particularly lethal cocktail, not only because each of these drugs increase, or potentiate, the power of the other, but also because people who take this combination often forget how much they previously consumed, or whether they took them at all, and soon reach for another dose. On her last day of life, Saturday, August 4, Marilyn lolled about her home in a drug and alcohol-fueled haze. Her publicist Patricia Newcomb, her housekeeper Eunice Murray, a photographer named Lawrence Schiller, and her psychiatrist Ralph Greenson were also present, off and on, for most of that day. In , a U. Before leaving for the night, Dr. Greenson asked Murray, who had lived with the movie star, to keep a close eye on Marilyn. Marilyn was last seen alive at 8 p. At around a. An arm was stretched across the bed and a hand hung limp on a telephone. Greenson, who, upon arrival, broke through the window door with a fireplace poker to get to Marilyn. Sadly, it was too late. As the entire world learned later that morning, Marilyn Monroe had died of an apparent, or accidental, suicide. Who was she trying to call just before she closed her eyes for the last time? Was she murdered? Who was involved? And what about those pesky and unsubstantiated rumors about the involvement of John and Bobby Kennedy, not to mention the Mafia, the CIA and even members of the Communist Party? On and on it goes, each theory seeming to be crazier or more far-fetched than the last. But because of the sequestered nature of her demise, we will likely never know the precise details. What remains most cautionary to 21st century readers is that the majority of the substances Marilyn was abusing were prescribed to her by physicians, all of whom should have known better than to leave a mentally ill patient with such a large stash of deadly medications. The barbiturates that killed her are rarely, if ever prescribed, today. Nevertheless, Monroe, like Judy Garland, Michael Jackson, Prince, and too many other famous Hollywood stars who overdosed, was adept at manipulating her doctors to prescribe the drugs she craved and felt she needed to get through her tortured days and nights. The full-length, flesh-colored dress Monroe wore during her famous birthday tribute to President John F. Kennedy in , in background, is among the items to be auctioned. In , enough prescription painkillers were prescribed to medicate every American adult every four hours for one month. The most abused prescription drugs are painkillers, e. Although doctors prescribed many of these pills, many others were either purchased illegally or stolen from friends or relatives. Opiate or opioid narcotic painkiller drugs are the most common cause of prescription overdose deaths today. According to the U. Center for Disease Control and Prevention, prescription opioid overdose deaths have quadrupled since ; so, too, have the sales of these prescription drugs. From to , more than , Americans died from overdoses related to prescription opioids. In , alone, more than 14, people died from overdoses involving prescription opioids. Five decades after she died, and with the development of so many new, addictive, and potentially lethal painkillers and sedatives, this epidemic has only grown worse. Today, physicians, nurses, family members, and patients are all still struggling to grapple with its effects and stem its deadly tide. Howard Markel writes a monthly column for the PBS NewsHour, highlighting momentous historical events that continue to shape modern medicine. Support Provided By: Learn more. Monday, Oct The Latest. World Agents for Change. Health Long-Term Care. For Teachers Newshour Classroom. NewsHour Shop. About Feedback Funders Support Jobs. Close Menu. Yes Not now. By — Dr. Leave your feedback. Share on Facebook Share on Twitter. Enter your email address Subscribe.