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Search tables for keyword Search Please note: A selected table may take a few minutes to load. The following key lists select demographic, geographic, and socioeconomic and health characteristic variables along with substance use and mental health variables used throughout the Results from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Detailed Tables. This key also provides the specific categories displayed for each variable in the tables. Definitions for many of the measures listed in the key are available in Appendix A. The label assigned to each variable listed in the key maps directly to the labels used in the table of contents but may differ slightly from those used in the detailed tables. This key can be used in conjunction with the Table of Contents and other tools described in the Reference Tools section to help navigate the detailed tables. Youth Age Categories : , , , Detailed Age Categories : 12 or Older, , 21 or Older, , , , , 18 or Older, , , , 26 or Older, , , , , , , 50 or Older, , , , 65 or Older. Adult Detailed Age Categories : 18 or Older, , , , 26 or Older, , , , , , , 50 or Older, , , , 65 or Older. Substance Use Initiation Age Categories : 12 or Older, , 21 or Older, , , , , , 18 or Older, , , , 26 or Older. Underage Age Categories : , , , Pregnancy Age Categories : , , , Driving Age Categories : 16 or Older, , , , 26 or Older. College Enrollment Status : Full-Time College Students, Other People including not enrolled in school, enrolled in college part time, enrolled in other grades full time or part time, or enrolled with no other information available Note: This variable is defined for adults aged Employment Status : Full-Time, Part-Time, Unemployed, Other including students, people keeping house or caring for children full time, retired or disabled people, or other people not in the labor force Note: This variable is defined for adults aged 18 or older. County Type : Large Metro; Small Metro; Nonmetro including urbanized counties, less urbanized counties, or completely rural counties.

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Worldwide cocaine use in all its various forms is increasing; cocaine users exceeded 17 million in the world. In Brazil, this data is also alarming. A survey conducted in found that the country has more than , crack-cocaine users. To evaluate the effects of exercise on anthropometric variables and components of physical fitness in ex-crack cocaine users. The exercise contributed to the maintenance of anthropometric variables, while the control group had an increased in total body fat and visceral fat. Regarding physical fitness, resistance training led to the increase of most variables studied, particularly strength and cardiorespiratory capacity. The exercise showed beneficial effects on the components of physical fitness and maintenance of body composition. World consumption of cocaine in its various forms is increasing, cocaine users has passed 17 million in the world. In Brazil, this data is also alarming, a survey done in found that the country has more than , crack-cocaine users 1 1 - United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. World Drug Report Rev Assoc Med Bras. Arch Latinoam Nutr. The loss of lean body mass, specifically muscles, is common in cocaine users, and also alcohol poisoning via carbon monoxide, and one of its main sources of production is smoking 6 6 - Raposo JN, Joao A, Namora J, Carvalho A. Med Int. AF, Araujo RB. Revista H. This factor is usually associated with cardiovascular disease. The important relationship between desirable body composition, health and overall well-being. Literature reports behavioral effects such as the reduction of anxiety and depressive symptoms in this population 9 9 - Chaouloff F. Effects of acute physical exercise on central serotonergic systems. Med Sci Sports Exerc. Specifically, the recent study showed a decrease of anger, confusion, depression, fatigue and tension in drug addicts after physical activity. Likewise, the physical training focusing on muscular strength and resistance and aerobic activities provided decreased depression and tension. Although, the information of how this occurs and the most effective training to achieve physical and behavioral goals remain obscure. Godfrey et al. The exercise-induced growth hormone response in athletes. Sports Med. Many papers describe resistance training as synonymous with strength training, performed in opposition to a given force that imposes resistance through body weight or with the aid of machines or free weights. Therefore, the starting point on resistance training in this population will be considered the opposition to force with their own body weight and with the aid of free weights as a training method. The role of exercise as an adjunct therapy to psychiatric treatment is well recognized in the scientific community. However, exercise contribution on the health aspects of crack-cocaine users remain an unknown field of research. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the effects of resistance exercise on the anthropometric parameters and components of physical fitness in ex-crack cocaine users. This study is characterized as randomized controlled trial conducted with institutionalized ex-crack users, was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense under protocol The institution had men, ex-drug users admitted for detoxification. Inclusion criteria used were: the obligation to point out the use of crack as the primary reason for admission, have made the use of this substance for a minimum of six months, in addition to a predicted time of hospital stay equal of greater than 90 days. Applying the inclusion criteria and considering the interest in participating in the trial, 20 ex-crack cocaine users were included. The division of the groups was randomized by drawing lots using shredded paper and plastic bag led by senior researcher, thus maintaining the allocation concealed. The exercise was prescribed as recommended by the American College Sports Medicine, which include one to two exercise for each muscle group: shoulder, arms, chest, back, hips, legs and abdomen and we also supervised stretching after the exercise sessions. Participants were evaluated by a semi-structured questionnaire, developed by the research team, which contained medical, sociocultural, socioeconomic information, Brazilian Association of Research Companies Abep , health status and history of drug abuse, carried out in two stages, before and after the exercise intervention. To assess physical fitness, specific tests were established. For anthropometry: body weight kg and height cm measurements, a digital scale Filizola of up to kg was used. The assessment of cardiorespiratory capacity VO 2max. Cardio respiratory fitness of obese boys. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. Abdominal test followed the protocol having supine position to start the test. The test was performed indoors on a non slippery rubber mat. Assessing muscular strength in youth: usefulness of standing long jump as a general index of muscular fitness. J Strength Cond Res. Lumbar Traction was performed using dynamometer Takei. The test was carried out semi-inflected trunk legs and arms outstretched. For the handgrip test was used Jamar dynamometer. In a standing position, the participant gripped the dynamometer with one hand and extended his. Trunk flexibility was tested by the sit and reach test. Using a standard sit and reach test box, with palms down, the participant reached forwards ling hands along the measuring scale as far as possible without bending the knee of the extended leg 13 13 - Wells KF, Dillon EK. The sit and reach. A test of back and leg flexibility. Res Quart. The characterization of data was described using absolute and relative frequencies. The values regarding anthropometric variables and the components of physical fitness were assessed for normality using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. After verification of normality, comparisons between groups and within groups were made using the unpaired and paired t test, respectively. All tests were performed using the SPSS statistical package The exercise program applied in G1 was conducted over three months, the frequency of three times a week, totaling 36 sessions. The choice of this training model is due to the place where the study was carried out, which did not have a gym. All the training protocol features are in accordance with the recommendations of the American College of Sports Medicine for healthy subjects 14 14 - American College of Sports Medicine.. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Progression models in resistance training for healthy adults. Exercises were supervised and accompanied by a student of the undergraduate course of Physical Education and by the senior research staff at the institution. A total of 20 ex-crack cocaine users were randomized into two groups of equal number. All participants began and finished the study, so there was no loss of follow-up. In Figure 1 , it is demonstrated how a sample was selected and its allocation according to the groups determined for the study. Figure 1 Selection and division of the sample. Table 1 describes the characteristics of the participants with the following information: age, marital status, economic status, occupation, crack cocaine usage time, tobacco and other substances. The data had normal distribution for both groups. Table 2 shows the values of anthropometric variables weight, BMI, body fat percentage, fat mass, lean body mass and waist-hip ratio and physical fitness and health flexibility, strength of upper limbs, lower limb strength, abdominal strength, handgrip strength, back strength and analysis of VO2max comparison between in the baseline G1 and G2. The variables compared in the baseline showed no significant difference using t test. The Table 3 show dates comparison between groups post-intervention the variables anthropometrics and physical fitness. In general, there is consistent evidence in recent decades that regular exercise improves physical fitness and promote the reduction of mortality in the adult population 15 15 - ACSM's Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription. The various methods of exercises, improving physical fitness and physical activity are related to prevention, with the rehabilitation of diseases and the quality of life. However, there are few studies regarding the prescription of exercise in the population of former crack users, primarily related to business body composition and physical fitness related to health. Our results indicate that there was a beneficial effect of training in relation to physical fitness, and anthropometric variables. Subst Use Misuse. The majority of the sample investigated in this study reported being employed, a result that differs from other researches that users are mostly unemployed or without formal work bond 18 18 - Oliveira LG, Nappo SA. In other words, most users belong to economic level C1 and a minority is concentrated in the level D. The research that characterize the crack cocaine users profile emphasize increased consumption in poor and marginalized populations with compulsive pattern of drug use and placed in problematic environments 19 19 - Ferreira FOF, Turchi MD, Laranjeira R, Castelo A. Rev Saude Publica. According to the literature, the crack cocaine users are generally poly users, considering the fact that most start addiction to other drugs as well as maintains the concurrent use of other psychoactive substances to crack cocaine use. Similar to the results found in this study, alcohol and tobacco are the legal drugs consumed before the start of crack cocaine use, while marijuana is the illicit substance used by the users before starting the consumption of crack-cocaine 4 4 - Balbinot AD, Alves GSL, Amaral Junior AF, Araujo RB. Considering the anthropometric variables in this investigation, in the pre-intervention, both groups show similarities in the measurement, which reflects the homogeneity of the sample. Importantly, changes in BMI in cocaine users are associated with severe paranoid disorders, especially in anorexic users 8 8 - Ochoa ACG. It is known that the central effects caused by drug use can directly affect the control centers of hunger to satiety, causing decreased appetite. Cocaine-induced reduction of brain neuropeptide Y synthesis dependent on medial prefrontal cortex. In contrast, users in treatment present significant increase in the percentage of fat and fat mass 2 , similar to what was observed in this study. These observations may be related to dysfunctional eating patterns in individuals in recovery from drug addiction 21 21 - Hatcher AS. Weight matters during recovery: unhealthy eating behaviors can impede client progress. Addiction Professional. Surving crack: a qualitative study of strategies and tactics developed by Brazilian users to deal with the risks associated with drug. BMC Public Health. The excess intake followed by abstinence can be a mechanism for reestablishing the neurotransmitters serotonin and dopamine mainly of reward system during recovery of drug users 23 23 - Gold MS. From bedside to bench and back again: a year saga. Physiol Behav. Rev Bras Med Esporte. Therefore, these observations strongly justify the inclusion of effective exercise programs in order to prevent the incidence of metabolic diseases associated with rehabilitation of crack users. Assessments of physical fitness components in Table 3 indicate great effectiveness of exercise in the population. Comparisons between groups at post-intervention period indicate a beneficial effect of exercise program in improving the strength levels of the upper limbs, flexibility, abdominal strength, handgrip strength, back strength and VO 2 max. The effectiveness of exercise is also highlighted when compared to the mean pre and post intervention in the exercise group Table 4. Moreover, this is the first study that shows the strength gain in this specific population through a prescribed protocol in a controlled manner. In addition, in comparing pre- and post-intervention of the sedentary group, there was a reduction in upper limb strength, abdominal strength and VO 2 max Table 4. Those results are expected, considering that significant decreases in skeletal muscle mass and force production capacity are widespread problems that typically occur in the face of disuse 25 25 - Berg HE, Dudley GA, Haggmark T, Ohlsen H, Tesch PA. Effects of lower limb unloading on skeletal muscle mass and function in humans. J Appl Physiol. In this context, it is possible that three months of disuse associated with other factors related to the long period of drug use contribute to strength changes in this population. The population of drug users is at increased risk compared to the adult population that does not use drugs. The noradrenergic and dopaminergic stimulation generated during cocaine intoxication can induce convulsions, cardiac and cerebral ischemia. Regarding mental health, chronic use of cocaine induces psychiatric disorders such as depression, anxiety, panic and schizophrenia. Likewise, intellectual performance is impaired. The effect of crack cocaine use on the respiratory system is also described. Various problems such as cough, sputum, pneumonia, hemoptysis, bronchospasm and pulmonary edema are reported 26 26 - Gold MS. Cocaine and crack : clinical aspects. Substance abuse. A comprehensive textbook. The limitations of the research are related to the sample size, small number of participants who met the inclusion criteria, thus increasing the likelihood of selection bias. Due to characteristics of intervention, blinding participants and personnel was not possible. In this study, we showed evidence that exercise is a powerful intervention to help in the recovery process. These data justify the incorporation of physical education professional with multidisciplinary teams to contribute both to physical and mental health of crack user. Further studies focusing on modification of physical training methodology and outcomes such as quality of life should be explored. Open menu Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte. About the journal Editorial Board Instructions to authors Contact. Open menu. Text EN Text English. Objective: To evaluate the effects of exercise on anthropometric variables and components of physical fitness in ex-crack cocaine users. Results: The exercise contributed to the maintenance of anthropometric variables, while the control group had an increased in total body fat and visceral fat. Conclusion: The exercise showed beneficial effects on the components of physical fitness and maintenance of body composition. Keywords: crack cocaine; exercise; physical fitness; anthropometry. Table 1 Characterization of participants. Table 2 Comparison between groups for anthropometric and physical fitness variables - baseline. Table 3 Comparison between groups post-intervention for anthropometric and physical fitness variables - baseline. Table 4 Comparison of intragroup physical fitness components. Publication Dates Publication in this collection Jul-Aug History Received 06 Dec Accepted 10 Mar This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. Figures 1 Tables 4. Source: research data. Stay informed of issues for this journal through your RSS reader. PDF English. Google Google Scholar.

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