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Drug Abuse Adolescent Students. In recent years, the prevalence of drug abuse has increased throughout the world. On an annual basis, drugs such as heroin, cocaine, and so on cause the deaths of , people worldwide; drug abuse also leads to the disintegration of families 1. Furthermore, it imposes heavy economic and social costs through its effects on human health and increased crime and death in community; thus, it has become a major threat to society 2. Moreover, young people tend to be most at risk for drug abuse 3. As a developing country, Iran is currently experiencing major changes at different economic and cultural levels. Along with all these changes, the population is growing, and the number of young people is increasing. Alarm bells are going off as new studies show the high prevalence of addiction and risky behaviors in the Iranian youth population 4. Drug abuse among youths increases the risk of problems related to their well-being and health, resulting in an increased risk of injury and death from interpersonal violence, road accidents, risky sexual behaviors, unintended pregnancy, diseases such as acquired immune deficiency syndrome AIDS , and academic problems. Therefore, a survey to determine the causes of drug abuse among youths and how to prevent them is crucial 5. Preventive science suggests that negative health outcomes resulting from substance abuse can be prevented by reducing risk factors and enhancing protective factors 6. Prevention of substance abuse among adolescents requires awareness of characteristics that place youth at risk and targeting risk factors that are modifiable. Many studies have attempted to identify risk factors associated with adolescent drug and alcohol usage 7. This investigation was a cross-sectional study with a sample of university students who were selected using self-weighted stratified random sampling at the Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Northwest Iran. The information collection tool was a questionnaire. Research data were analyzed using the SPSS 19 software program, employing the descriptive and inferential statistical methods. The results showed that the mean age of the participants for both sexes was Among effective individual factors, strategies for emotional stress, loneliness and anxiety, curiosity, and rapid irritability were emphasized by the students. Some studies have confirmed the relationship between individual factors like depressive mood and substance use 8. The students also perceived that parental misuse of drugs and parental disagreements, as family factors, had a major role in promoting drug abuse among youths. The results of one study by Velleman et al. In addition to some individual and family factors, participants emphasized the impact of peers as a social factor in increasing the likelihood of drug abuse among youths. The results of Brook et al. In sum, it is essential to consider the factors described above when designing educational and counseling interventions to prevent drug abuse in the population, particularly among adolescents and youths. It is recommended to focus on changing the knowledge and attitudes of youths about the adverse effects of drug abuse on their health using appropriate educational and counseling programs. World development indicators Washington D. C: World Bank Publications; Njuho P, Davids A. Extent and influence of recreational drug use on men and women aged 15 years and older in South Africa. Secondary School Students, Raghibi M. Examining high risk behaviors among students of Zahedan Universities. Injury risk among medically identified alcohol and drug abusers. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. Promoting science-based prevention in communities. Addict Behav. Indian J Med Res. Longitudinal study of co-occurring psychiatric disorders and substance use. The role of the family in preventing and intervening with substance use and misuse: a comprehensive review of family interventions, with a focus on young people. Drug Alcohol Rev. Predictors of drug use among South African adolescents. J Adolesc Health. We use cookies to provide you with the best possible experience. They also allow us to analyze user behavior in order to constantly improve the website for you. References 1. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4. Leave a comment here:. Cookie Setting We use cookies to provide you with the best possible experience.

Age- and gender-specific acute poisoning with drugs and medications affecting nervous system

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Metrics details. We investigated acute poisonings resulting from medications affecting the nervous system and illicit substances at Loghman Hakim Hospital in Tehran. We analyzed the prevalence, trend, age and gender distribution of acute poisoning caused by nervous system agents. The present study included 16, There were 12, Most cases were intentional The proportions of men and women varied significantly between different age groups and nervous system agents. For women, the most common agent was alprazolam, whereas for men, methadone. The overall trend of acute poisoning with drug used in addictive disorders, opioids and alcohol was increasing but decreasing with benzodiazepines and antidepressants. Acute poisoning by nervous system agents led to more deaths in men 1. Methadone intoxication was common especially among young men and most of these intoxications were intentional. Women and men aged 20—29 most frequently suffer poisoning from alprazolam and clonazepam, respectively. Women over 60 and men over 30 used opium. Illicit drugs caused more than half of the deaths, and opium dominated. This study may create awareness and develop educational and preventive gender and age-specific local programs. Peer Review reports. Acute poisoning can result from a single or multiple exposures to a toxic substance within a short period, either intentionally or unintentionally. In addition to causing significant morbidity and mortality, it also poses a significant challenge to health care systems globally \[ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 \]. Various factors influence poisoning patterns in a country, including geography and climate, social and economic factors, culture, and religious beliefs of the society \[ 5 \]. According to the World Health Organization WHO , approximately 2—3 million unintentional acute poisoning cases occur worldwide yearly. In most cases, poisoning occurs in developing countries due to inadequate resources and a lack of regulation, contributing to poisoning being an increasing prevalent condition \[ 6 , 7 , 8 \]. Various substances can cause acute poisoning, including industrial chemicals, household products, medications, illicit drugs, and environmental pollutants \[ 9 , 10 , 11 \]. Undoubtedly, drugs and medications that affect the nervous system are among the most significant subsets of toxic exposures. These drugs have profound effects on both the central and peripheral nervous systems, leading to a range of neurological symptoms and complications \[ 12 , 13 \]. It has been found that opioids, benzodiazepines, and antidepressants are the most common causes of poisoning in the United States \[ 14 \]. Although acute poisoning affects people of all ages and genders, certain populations are particularly vulnerable to specific toxins, highlighting the need for age- and gender-specific research and interventions \[ 16 , 17 \]. For instance, older adults may be more susceptible to poisoning with benzodiazepines and opioid analgesics, whereas younger adults may be more at risk of poisoning with illicit drugs and prescription stimulants. Additionally, the risk of medication poisoning may differ according to gender due to differences in drug metabolism, hormonal factors, and social determinants of health \[ 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 \]. As reported by Wightman et al. In terms of gender differences, several studies have shown that males are more likely than females to become involved in acute drug poisoning. Intentional self-harm is more common in women, while accidental overdoses and substance abuse-related poisonings are more prevalent in men \[ 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 \]. The nature and patterns of drug and medication abuse have changed with the introduction of new drugs and medications on the market. For this reason, it is imperative that we understand the epidemiology of acute poisoning and the factors contributing to its occurrence to develop effective prevention strategies. In this study, our primary objective was to study the age and gender-based disparity in cases of acute poisoning caused by substances affecting the nervous system. Our secondary objective was to examine the pattern and types of poisonous agents and the associated mortality. The cases assigned with diagnosis code T Poisoning by narcotics and psycholeptics hallucinogens , T Poisoning by antiepileptics, hypnotics-sedatives, and antiparkinsonian agents, and T Poisoning by psychotropic drugs, not elsewhere classified based on the 10th International Statistical Classification of Diseases and related health problems ICD coding system were retrieved. We did not include code T51 toxic effect of alcohol because our study was focused on poisoning by medications. Various demographic characteristics were collected, such as age, sex, admission date, type of poisoning deliberate self-poisoning, accidental poisoning, or not reported , and outcome discharge or death. Gender is based on self-report of male or female. The age at admission was rounded to the nearest year. Using a case chart, we assigned the ATC codes to each medication and categorized the drugs into nine categories. Two further categories were established for alcohol and illicit substances. Multi-substance ingestion cases were assigned codes associated with every substance consumed. The causality assessment for poisoning was enhanced by excluding cases whose chart reviews included medications other than the ATC code N. This study assessed prevalence, age and gender distribution of acute poisoning by agents affecting the nervous system. Using chi-square independent testing, we compared categorical variables across genders and age groups. Additionally, we determined statistical significance p -value between the median ages of the male and female groups using the Mann-Whitney U test. We examined trends in the number of patients poisoned by these agents and gender differences over a period of five years. A z-test was used to test the relative significance of the overall trends, while a Mann-Kendall trend test was used to assess their significance. Data analysis were performed using Excel and R version 4. From 49, patients admitted to the hospital for acute poisoning during the study period who took at least one substance acting on the nervous system, 29, met our inclusion criteria. Intention of poisoning was not recorded in cases We identified 85 medications which we classified into 14 groups based on the second or third level of their respective ATC code. Further, we used two groups of illicit drugs and alcohol for the nine other agents Supplementary file. Regardless of age or gender, methadone in the category of drug used in addictive disorders was the most frequently used poisoning medication with hospitalized cases, followed by clonazepam in the antiepileptic class cases and alprazolam in the benzodiazepine class Among illicit drugs, opium was the most commonly used substance, followed by methamphetamine and crack cocaine Deliberate poisoning was most commonly caused by methadone , alprazolam , and clonazepam Over half of the accidental poisonings were caused by opium use. We found that 1. Drugs used in addictive disorders were the most common cause of death among medications. Acute poisoning by anxiolytics, other nervous system drugs, anesthetics and antidementia have not been associated with death Table 1. A chi-square test of independence revealed that gender was significantly associated with the intention of poisoning, repeated exposure, discharge of patients, and hospitalization year, but not with the season of hospitalization Table 2. It was found that most women In deliberate poisonings, alprazolam , clonazepam and diazepam were most commonly used by women, while methadone , tramadol and opium were most commonly used by men. A significant gender difference was found in all classes of medications and substances except antiparkinson, anesthetics, antidementia and other nervous system drugs Table 1. Trend in poisoning caused by medications that affect the nervous system, —, gender-specific analysis sorted by the total number of admitted patients. A significant proportion of men died from acute poisoning caused by nervous system agents men 1. Among the deaths caused by deliberate poisoning, were men and 37 were women male-to-female ratio of 4. Accidental poisoning resulted in 20 deaths 2. More deaths were caused by methamphetamine, methadone, and opium poisoning in men than any other agent, likely as a result of their frequent usage among men. The most common causes of death among women were methadone, opium, and clonazepam, while the main cause of acute poisoning was alprazolam, clonazepam, and methadone. The age and gender distribution are shown in Fig. Out of 11, men who attempted suicide, In both men and women, deliberate self-poisoning and accidental poisoning were more prevalent in those aged 20—29 years old. Only 8. In women aged 20—59, benzodiazepines were most frequently responsible for acute poisoning while illicit drugs were the most common cause among women aged 60 and over. In men over 20 years of age, illicit drugs were more likely to cause acute poisoning. As a result of poisoning by illicit drugs, men were admitted to hospitals 4. In infants under 12 months of age, illicit drugs were the most common cause of acute poisoning in both genders. The most prevalent agents in children aged 1 to 12 years were drugs used in addictive disorders in both females and males. Nevertheless, girls and boys aged 13—19 years were most likely to be acutely poisoned by antiepileptics and opioids, respectively. According to the Mann-Withney U test, there was a significant age difference between females and males with regard to acute poisoning with illicit drugs median age in females: 27 years vs. Distribution of poisonings caused by medications that affect the nervous system by age and gender. In both genders, children aged 12 years and younger were primarily poisoned with methadone, opium, and methamphetamine. Men aged 30—39 accounted for Death was also common among men aged 70 and older, with Female deaths were more common in 20—29 years with alprazolam and 70 years and older with opium poisoning. We studied gender differences in incidence of acute poisoning with drugs and medications affecting nervous system per age category of patients admitted to the largest referral center of toxicology in Tehran, in pursuit of a study reported these agents were accounted for The gender differences in acute poisoning cases have been examined in various studies conducted in Iran. Inconsistencies in the findings suggest the need for further research to better understand the causes of these gender disparities. A noteworthy aspect of our study is that we had a specific target group of poisoning patients with a large sample size over a six-year period. In line with previous studies, this study found that men are more likely than women to be acutely poisoned and to suffer deliberate and accidental poisoning \[ 6 , 27 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 \]. However, two previous studies in LHHPC \[ 35 , 36 \] and others in other cities of Iran reported higher female to male ratios in acute poisoned patients \[ 2 , 26 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 \]. In the present study, statistically significant differences were found between genders with respect to age. Men had a higher median age of 29 years than females at 26 years. Additionally, individuals aged 20 to 29 years were more likely to suffer acute poisoning. The prevalence of poisoning was higher among men in various age groups, except for the 6 to 19 years age group, which was contrary to other studies with smaller sample sizes \[ 33 , 34 , 35 \]. Most women Furthermore, a significant proportion of male suicide attempts An analysis of 71, poisoned patients in Mashhad concluded that There were 8. Gender-specific variations were seen in the trend of intentional poisoning, particularly suicide attempts. Among women, the overall trend of intentional poisoning decreased, which is consistent with the WHO report on age-standardized suicide rates from 3. Our study, however, found inconsistent results from the WHO report regarding intentional poisoning in men. It is possible that these variations are influenced by the specific agents that were assessed in our study, and further investigation is warranted \[ 43 \]. There was no significant seasonal difference in the rate of intentional or unintentional poisonings in this study. However, this finding differs from a previous study by Ghafarian Shirazi, et al. Our observed mortality rate was 1. It confirms the study, which found that out of 10, 1. It was found that death was significantly more common in men According to previous research \[ 34 \], men are more likely to die from acute poisoning regardless of their intention. According to our findings, methadone was the most common drug that caused hospitalization poisoned patients. Methadone has been identified as the most common agent of acute poisoning in other studies as well \[ 29 , 30 , 34 \]. Our previous study showed that methadone poisoning increased from to \[ 45 \]. The systemic review of methadone-related poisoning in Iran found that it caused Patients between the ages of 20 and 39 were more likely to be poisoned by agents used in addictive disorders, including methadone. Methadone poisoning rates may be high in Iran as a result of unstandardized methadone maintenance treatment programs and its availability in the black markets \[ 49 \]. Accordingly, the probability of accidental poisoning might be increased by family members of methadone-dependent patients. To our knowledge, this is the first study conducted in Iran to examine whether acute poisoning by the nervous system agents differs by gender and age. This study, however, had limitations: the retrospective nature of the study, incomplete records, lack of random sampling, and lack of justification for medication utilization limited the generalizability of the findings. In addition, the records of patients hospitalized due to alcohol-related toxic effects were not included in our study, which may have resulted in an underestimate of the true incidence of acute alcohol poisoning. In summary, methadone was the most common cause of acute poisoning by nervous system agents, followed by illicit substances. Even though most poisoning cases were intentional suicides, the mortality rate of the study population was low. Poisoning was more prevalent among young people, especially men. To reduce poisonings, measures such as gender and age-specific educational programs, and the availability of these drugs, can be implemented. The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, BM, upon reasonable request. Acute poisoning in children in Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. Sci Rep. Pharmaceutical toxicity is a common pattern of inpatient acute poisonings in Birjand City, East of Iran. Mortality and morbidity associated with acute poisoning cases in north-east India: a retrospective study. J Family Med Prim Care. Acute poisoning in Shenyang, China: a retrospective and descriptive study from to BMJ Open. Pattern of acute poisoning in Al Majmaah region, Saudi Arabia. Am J Clin Exp Med. Article Google Scholar. A narrative review of acute adult poisoning in Iran. Iran J Med Sci. Patterns and epidemiology of acute poisoning in Ethiopia: systematic review of observational studies. Arch Public Health. Clin Toxicol Phila. The individualized management approach for acute poisoning. Adv Pharmacol Sci. 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Sex- and gender-based pharmacological response to drugs. Pharmacol Rev. Variation of drugs involved in acute drug toxicity presentations based on age and sex: an epidemiological approach based on European emergency departments. Gender differences in drug toxicity. Trends Pharmacol Sci. Sex differences in pharmacokinetics of antidepressants. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. Toxicological and pharmacologic sex differences in unintentional or undetermined opioid overdose death. Drug Alcohol Depend. Alnasser SM. Drug and chemical poisoning patterns in Makkah Region, Saudi Arabia. Drug Res. Gender differences in the prevalence of nonsuicidal self-injury: a meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev. Epidemiological study of poisoning in patients referring educational and clinical center of Ayatollah Kashani hospital, Shahrekord West of Iran throughout — Pattern of acute poisoning in Tehran-Iran in Hum Exp Toxicol. R Core Team. A language and environment for statistical computing. Acute adult and adolescent poisoning in Tehran, Iran; the epidemiologic trend between and Arch Iran Med. PubMed Google Scholar. Epidemiologic characteristics and outcomes of drugs poisoning in the Hamadan, Iran: — The trend of top five types of poisonings in hospitalized patients based on ICD in the northeast of Iran during — a cross-sectional study. Health Sci Rep. Trends of acute drug and chemical toxicities in adults and adolescents in Tehran, Iran between and a retrospective chart review. Drug Chem Toxicol. Epidemiological and clinical profiles of acute poisoning in patients admitted to the intensive care unit in eastern Iran to BMC Emerg Med. J Rafsanjan Univ Med Sci. A retrospective study of poisoning in Tehran. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. Age and gender differences in the use of various poisoning methods for deliberate parasuicide cases admitted to Loghman hospital in Tehran — Suicide Life Threat Behav. Pattern of acute poisonings in Mashhad, Iran — Acute adult poisoning cases admitted to a university hospital in Tabriz, Iran. Study of mortality rate and poisoning status by using pesticides, drugs, and chemicals in Meshkinshahr, Ardabil province. Iran J Health Sci. Epidemiology of adult poisoning in Talegani hospital of Urmia — Nurs Midwifery J. Singap Med J. Thanacoody R, Anderson M. Epidemiology of poisoning. World Health Organization. Age-standardised Suicide Rates for — Suicide in the Islamic Republic of Iran: an integrated analysis from to East Mediterr Health J. Methadone related poisoning on the rise in Tehran, Iran. Public health risks associated with methadone in Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Methadone toxicity in a poisoning referral center. J Res Pharm Pract. Forensic toxicology perspectives of methadone-associated deaths in Tehran, Iran, a 7-year overview. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. Methadone toxicity: comparing tablet and syrup formulations during a decade in an academic poison center of Iran. Download references. The authors thank Ms. Hedie Mobasheri for her assistance in obtaining data and converting into a digital format. This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. BM participated in conceptualization, methodology, analysis, writing— original draft and visualization. SF performed validation, data curation, writing— review and editing. AA and SS involved in conceptualization, methodology, and review of the manuscript. All authors gave final approval of the version to be published. All authors agree to be accountable for all aspects of this work. Correspondence to Bita Mesgarpour. As de-identified data was utilised in this study, individual consent was not required. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Reprints and permissions. Mesgarpour, B. Age- and gender-specific acute poisoning with drugs and medications affecting nervous system. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 25 , 37 Download citation. Received : 14 August Accepted : 19 June Published : 01 July Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:. Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Skip to main content. Search all BMC articles Search. Download PDF. Abstract Background We investigated acute poisonings resulting from medications affecting the nervous system and illicit substances at Loghman Hakim Hospital in Tehran. Results The present study included 16, Conclusions Methadone intoxication was common especially among young men and most of these intoxications were intentional. Background Acute poisoning can result from a single or multiple exposures to a toxic substance within a short period, either intentionally or unintentionally. Results From 49, patients admitted to the hospital for acute poisoning during the study period who took at least one substance acting on the nervous system, 29, met our inclusion criteria. Table 1 Gender-based comparison of acute poisoning and relevant death by class of agent affecting the nervous system Full size table. Table 2 Gender-based comparison of patient characteristics Full size table. Full size image. Trend in poisoning by illicit drugs and alcohol, —, gender-specific analysis. Distribution of poisoning patients at Loghman-Hakim Hospital by age and gender, — Distribution of poisoning by illicit drugs and alcohol by age and gender. Discussion We studied gender differences in incidence of acute poisoning with drugs and medications affecting nervous system per age category of patients admitted to the largest referral center of toxicology in Tehran, in pursuit of a study reported these agents were accounted for Conclusion In summary, methadone was the most common cause of acute poisoning by nervous system agents, followed by illicit substances. Data availability The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, BM, upon reasonable request. Acknowledgements The authors thank Ms. Funding This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. View author publications. Consent for publication Not applicable. Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests. Electronic supplementary material. Supplementary Material 1. About this article. Cite this article Mesgarpour, B. Copy to clipboard. 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