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By using our site, you agree to our collection of information through the use of cookies. To learn more, view our Privacy Policy. To browse Academia. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the actual condition of the students of University of Rajshahi RU regarding drug abuse and addiction. Using case study method the research was conducted with four objectives: a to find out how respondents began drug abuse; b to discover the causes of their drug addiction; c to understand the process of their drug abuse; and d to find out the economic, social and health effects of drug abuse. Methods: Case study method was used in this research. Through snowball sampling 18 drug- addicted students of RU were selected as respondents. In-depth interview with a schedule was used to collect data from the respondents in January Their average monthly expenditure for collecting drugs Drug abuse refers to the use of prescribed or over the counter drugs in excess of the directions and any non-medical use of drugs. The objectives of this study were to identify various drugs used by students, the prevalence of such practices and the factors that influence in university students to use drugs. The study was conducted in the six universities of Dhaka with a total of students. Relevant data were obtained using a questionnaire designed for conducting university surveys on drug abuse. The drugs were used mostly anytime and mainly by oral route of administration. There was a high frequency of psychotropic drug use among the students with caffeine being the most widely used. Drug use by the youths could be attributed to psychosocial perceptions of self need and peer influence. The International Journal of Indian Psychology, Addiction may be perceived as an aberrant behaviour and as a social problem in metropolitan cities in India. It is regarded as an evidence of individual's social maladjustment and viewed as a widespread condition that has harmful impact on society. Today, in Indian metropolitan cities, illicit drugs and alcohol are not only being consumed by street children but school going children have also fallen prey to it. Majority of the addicted students in Pune are slum dwellers and belong to the lower middle class of society. Through this study, efforts have been made to focus on the causes leading to addiction amongst school going students, and on the impact of addiction on students' physical health, mental health and social behaviour. Researcher has also highlighted the major kinds of addiction amongst school going students in the age group of 10 to 16 years and efforts made by teachers for eradication of addiction among school going students. The result of the study shows that, the rate of drug abuse is very high, and there are many ill effects of addiction on the psychological condition of the students. It is also found that, teachers are facing several challenges in the counselling process for addicted students due to poor response of parents. Drug abuse is the willful misuse of either licit or illicit drugs for the purpose of recreation, perceived necessity or convenience. Drug abuse is a more intense and often willful misuse of drugs often to the point of addiction. In the eastern world the incidence shows a decline or a static pattern but the number of drug addicts is still enormous.. The major drug of abuse are heroin and marijuana but designer drugs are shown to be on the increase. The aim of the study is to determine the ratio of the drug abuse in student. High proportion of students was found abusing drugs. From this study, we came across multiple factors which are the main cause of drug abuse in medical student including depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, as well as personality disorder like antisocial personali The practice of drug abuse is one of the pressing issues in educational institutions. Here, we investigate the causes, effects, and the acuteness of this issue from Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad. We also studied the role of authorities to overcome this practice. A quantitative research method was used in this research by employing multi-stage cluster sampling. The data for this study was obtained through the close-ended questionnaire involving individuals. Among many negative effects of drug abuse, some are poor academic performance, damage to the cognitive system resulting in weaker memory, inclination towards crime to fulfil the demand of drugs, and stigmatization in the society. In this study, we found out that the negligence of authorities and administration of campus, and lack of sanctions to avoid this practice are causing the rise in numbers of students practicing drug abuse. There should be compulsory drug tests and strict drug policies to curb the practice of the drug abuse. Key words: Acuities, drugs abuse, substance Socio-psychological problems. Journal of Medical Science And clinical Research, The previously known features, specifically the monumental rock-cut tombs, were suggested a new, Late Second Temple date 2nd c. BC — 1st c. Its unique appearance and location in the landscape of the Battle of Beth Zacharia were interpreted as the possible symbolical? Additional subterranean features are published for the first time: a burial cave, possibly hewn already during the Iron Age II ca. BC with evidence for further use during the Late Second Temple Period, a Jewish ritual bath miqveh from the Late Second Temple Period and a unique for the region cave church, hewn by the Russian monk Lazar Sudomoikin at the beginning of the 20th c. In addition, the bulk of Byzantine architectural finds from Khirbet Beit Zakariya is presented, suggesting the identification of the site as the burial place of prophet Zecharia depicted on the Madaba map. Journal of Religion and Literature, Vol. Notices of the American Mathematical Society, Proceedings of the 15th international conference on Parallel architectures and compilation techniques, Log in with Facebook Log in with Google. Remember me on this computer. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. Need an account? Click here to sign up. Drug abuse and drug addiction among students of University of Rajshahi Faiqua Tahjiba. Drug abuse among the students Junaid Qureshi. Socioeconomic, demographic study on substance abuse among students of professional college in a southern town, Berhampur of Odisha state India Dhaneswari Jena. Their average monthly expenditure for collecting drugs was in between Taka 8,, They collected those drugs from rickshaw pullers at different points within the campus and from Mizaner Mor, Budhpara slum and other places outside the campus. The respondents opined that drugs were available if sufficient money could be spent. The respondents had senior and junior fellow students and local boys as companions while taking drugs. Most of them faced physical problems after taking drugs, and some of them tried to get rid of this curse of drug addiction. Conclusion: The findings of this research show that the rate of drug addiction among the students of RU was quite alarming. Background: Addiction is a disease that affects brain and behavior of a person. When people become addicted to drugs, they cannot resist the urge to use them, no matter how much harm the drugs may cause. Drug abuse occurs when a person uses legal or illegal substances in the ways he shouldn't. Addiction refers to that stage when he cannot stop taking those substances. Students who are addicted to drugs and abuse those substances cause great harm to themselves and also to the society. The Drugs Act, is one of those. The main objective of this Act is to regulate the import, export, manufacture, distribution and sale of drugs1. According to section 37 of this Act, any person who does not sell the patent or proprietary medicines or pharmaceutical specialties according to this Act and sell drugs in public street etc. The Drugs Control Ordinance, is an ordinance, which was declared in order to control, manufacture, import, distribution and sale of drugs2. Recently, Narcotics Control Bill, has been passed in parliament. If they have more than 25 grams, the punishment could be death or life imprisonment. In the existing law, there is no provision for death sentence or life imprisonment for offences related to heroin and cocaine. The maximum punishment is 15 years3. In spite of these Acts and the punishments for the offence of drug abuse, the threat of drug addiction is spreading all over the country day by day. Peace and tranquility of the society is hampering greatly by the curse of drug. Students, as well as people of ages and classes are facing the adverse situation. This research tried to find out drug abuse and drug addiction among the students of Rajshahi University. Definition of Terms: Drug: Drug is a medicine or other substance which has a physiological effect when ingested or otherwise introduced into the body. The Drugs Act, gives the definition of drug. Drug Abuse: Drug abuse refers to the use of certain chemicals for the purpose of creating pleasurable effects on the brain. It is considered as a brain disorder because it involves functional changes to brain circuits involved in reward, stress and self-control and those changes may last a long time after a person has stopped taking drugs5. Review of Literature: As far as I have gone through, there has not been any research conducted specifically relating to drug addiction and its abuses at University of Rajshahi. However, findings of the studies that I have found to be concerned with the present study in one way or another are summarized below: The Smoking and Tobacco Products Usage Control Act, , as amended by the Smoking and Tobacco Products Usage Control Amendment Act, , is the principal law governing tobacco control in Bangladesh. The Act is comprehensive and covers smoke free policies; tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship; and packaging and labeling of tobacco products, among other areas. The Smoking and Tobacco Products Usage Control Rules, are the implementing rules of the Act and provide further details regarding many provisions of the law6. Chloe C. In this article the authors discussed various drugs of abuse7. In her book Like a Diamond in the Sky, explored the reasons for which the youth in Bangladesh are feeling alienated. She also tried to find out the factors that led to their addiction and drew a picture of how they were constantly blamed by the government, parents and friends, which make the addicted person more frustrated8. In the book of Anxiolytic Drugs: Dependence, Addiction and Abuse, showed the abuse of benzodiazepined and flunitrazepam as drugs in the UK. He showed that the main cause of taking those drugs regularly in high doses was physical dependence as manifested by a withdrawal syndrome on discontinuation of the drug9. He also noted that physical dependence is not entirely due to the changes in the autonomic nervous system Mark A. Kleiman, Jonathan P. According to the authors drugs lead people to commit crime because: 1. Its impact on the physical and mental health is also discussed Robert T. Ammerman, Peggy J. Ott, Ralph E. Torter in the book Prevention and Societal Impact of Drug and Alcohol Abuse brought substance use and abuse at the forefront of the social problems. They also paid attention to the progress that has been made in explicating the impact and consequences of the substance use and abuse He also highlighted the problem of drug abuse during pregnancy Kovatsi, D. They also identified the lacking remaining in the strategies to decrease the toxicity of these drugs on human body The edited book titled Drugs and Youth: The Challenge of Today by Ernest Harms took note of the increase in the use of drugs by teenagers during the s. Research Gap: From the review of literature by the researcher, it is found that the concept of the actual condition of drug addiction among the students of Rajshahi University is missing. The researcher found out this gap and tried to explore the cause of drug addiction of the students of RU, the percentage of the addicted students, their level of addiction and also the awareness of the administration or RU in this regard. Mainly, the limited information on the addicted students of RU is the research gap in this study. Research Questions: 1. How do the students become drug addicts? What are the causes of their drug addiction? Who are the suppliers? Are they students of RU or not? What are the harmful effects they are facing after becoming drug addicts? Is the administration of RU concerned enough about drug abuse? Objectives 1. To find out how the respondents began drug abuse; 2. To discover the causes of their drug addiction; 3. To understand the process of drug abuse; 4. To find out the economic, social and health effects of drug abuse. Methodology: Case Study was the method used for this study. The study locale was the University of Rajshahi RU. The students of RU were the population of this research. The total number of the students studying at RU is around 37, Among them 18 drug addicted students, who agreed to participate in this study were selected as respondents. Case study method was used in this research. Through snowball sampling 18 drugaddicted students of RU were selected as respondents. All of the respondents were male. The researcher was not able to find any female drug addicted student who agreed to take part in the study as a respondent. Type of the Research: The research is qualitative in nature. Data have been collected from 18 drug addicted students through in-depth interview. Sources of Data: The sources from which data have been collected can be classified into two types-- primary and secondary. Primary Sources: The data and information about the abuses of drug in RU, directly collected from respondents are the primary data used in this research. Secondary Sources: The data and information which were collected from books, articles, study reports etc. The researcher used various information provided in many books articles, records etc. Sampling Design: It is not easy to reach drug addicted students and to convince them to participate as a respondent in a research. Snowball sampling was used to select the respondents for this study. In snowball sampling the researcher gathers information the information given by the first few respondents the researcher succeeded in collecting data from 18 drug addicted students of University of Rajshahi. She took information from only those who were willing to be respondents for this research. In this manner the researcher was able to collect data from 18 students. Data Collection Method: In-depth interview using a schedule was employed to collect data from the respondents in January Data processing and analysis: The data were processed manually and simple statistics e. Research Findings: In this section data collected from the students of RU are presented using simple statistical tools e. Information presented in this section has been collected from the addicted students, who were 18 in number. Thirtythree per cent of the respondents had 2 earning family members while 17 per cent of them had 3 earning members in their families. Only 5 per cent of the respondents had more than 3 earning members in their families Table 3. Table 3. Twenty-eight percent of them had their own sources of income Table 3. Twenty-two percent of them said that they got enough scope for recreation Table 3. The respondents consumed different types of drugs. All of them consumed Ganja. Eleven percent of the respondents used other drugs Table 3. Fifty percent of them collected drug from the tea and cigarette sellers. Six percent of the respondents did not answer this question Table 3. Fifty percent of them told that the amount was around Taka on their part. Forty four percent of the respondents answered that their expenditure was more than Taka per month for the purpose of drugs Table 3. Seventeen percent of them were not willing to come out from this curse Table 3. Fifty three percent of the respondents opined that they maintained groups while taking drugs. Twenty two percent of them remained silent. Sixty four percent of the respondents responded that they were not involved in any such activities. Case Studies: This section presents five cases of drug addiction using pseudonyms of respondents. The researcher interviewed in an in-depth manner 5 addicted respondents to obtain the case studies from the 18 addicted respondents. This interview deeply focused on the beginning of their drug addiction, reasons behind their addiction, the drugs which they usually take, whether there is specific reasons on their choosing these drugs or not, the places from where they collected these drugs, their monthly expenditure for the purpose of drugs, their opinions about the percentage of addicted students in RU and whether they tried to come out from the curse of drug or not. Case 1: Rakib Hasan pseudonym , a 4th year student of University of Rajshahi, is addicted to drugs since the last 3 years. He started to take drugs through his friends and finally became fully addicted. He is addicted to more or less all kinds of drugs. But, most of the time, he takes yaba and phensydyle. He has some specific reasons for choosing these drugs. His expenditure in drugs is not the same every month. He gets this money from his family and other sources. His level of taking drug depends on his financial situation. Case 2: Nafis Ahmed pseudonym , a 3rd year student of RU, has been addicted to drugs since last 4 years. It became extensive after he was admitted to RU. Now he takes drugs regularly. He is a chain smoker and he takes more or less all sorts of popular drugs including yaba, phensydyle and ganja. He thinks that drugs have different effects on human body and mind. And when he felt these types of effects by taking drugs, he became addicted and wanted to feel that same feeling again and again. He mainly collected drugs from the political personnel who came from outside the campus. He spent about 20, Taka every month for the purpose of consuming drugs. He earns some money through his political activities and in maximum cases those activities were illegal. He took money from his family by telling lies. He used this money for the purpose of drugs. He never tried to get rid of this curse of addiction. But he wants to recover from it. He already had to drop a year for the adverse effect of drug addiction. So, he thinks that he should leave this addiction as soon as possible. Case 3: Mahin pseudonym , a 4th year student of RU became addicted to drugs after he got admitted to the University of Rajshahi. He belongs to an upper class family. But, now he is fully addicted to drugs. He is also addicted to gambling. When he wins in gambling , he uses that money for the purpose of buying drugs. When he is defeated in gambling, he manages the money for drugs at any cost. He takes these drugs to get the pleasant feeling derived from taking those. He collected these drugs from the other gamblers and drug addict students. He could easily get these drugs from them. His expenditure for the purpose of drug consumption was about Taka per month. He has no specific idea about the percentage of addicted students in RU. Mahin never tried to get rid of the curse of this addiction. But he wanted to come out of it, though he thinks that he has to face various problems if he tries to do that. Case 4: Sakib pseudonym is a student of 3rd year in RU. He was a smoker from class 9. After being admitted to college, he started taking ganja. His addicted life started mainly after his entrance to the university. There was none to make him refrain from such activities. He mainly started taking drugs to satisfy his curiosity. He mentioned some specific reasons for his choosing these drugs. After taking cigarette, when one takes ganja, he feels energetic. Yaba brings a pleasant feeling in body and it increases the sexual excitement of a person. Phensydyle makes a person more attentive to his works. So, Sakib has chosen these drugs. His monthly expense for drugs is about Taka. He is involved in politics. He was influenced to take drugs by his friends. He thought ganja makes the body feel light. Yaba makes mind and body refreshed and it increases attraction to the people of opposite sex. And so, he has to involve in more illegal activities. He collects these drugs from various places of RU and the rickshaw pullers help him a lot in finding those drugs. He does not have any specific rate of expense for the purpose of drugs. He himself was involved in dealing drugs. He collected drugs from drug peddlers he was acquainted to at a low price and sold those to the students at a high rate. And thus, he earned a lot of money. He used this money to buy drugs for himself. He did not have any specific idea about the percentage of the addicted students in RU. He never tried to come out of this curse of drug addiction. Discussion: In this research, the researcher found out the answers to some important questions about drug addiction through the respondents. Though smoking is not normally treated as a form of drug addiction, still it works as a gateway to the addicted life of the students. This is quite an alarming situation. In maximum cases, university friends and local friends of the respondents played the significant role in their drug addiction. The main reasons for their drug addiction were frustration, not being satisfied with their academic results, family problems etc. Here, the researcher found that most of the drug addicted students collected drugs from the other drug addicted students of RU, rickshaw pullers around RU and the outsiders. In case of monthly expenditure for drugs, most addicted students informed that the amount was within Taka. Drug addiction has brought about a severe harmful effect on the economic, social, physical and mental condition of the students. Conclusion: Findings of this research clearly show that drug abuse has already immerged as a threat among the students of RU. The researcher found that, drugs were quite easily available to the students at RU. If students have enough money, they can easily buy drugs. This availability of drugs increased the rate of drug addiction among the students. The rickshaw pullers, who pull rickshaw within RU campus were considered as a great source of drugs. They supplied drugs to the students of RU and gave them information about drugs. Sometimes, students become drugs dealers. Thus, they earned a lot of money by drug dealing and used that money for collecting drugs for themselves. An alarming information found from the research is that drugs were quite easily available in the halls of RU. So, it is clear that the students and other staffs of the halls were involved in drug dealing. This caused high risk to the nonaddicted students, because there is every chance for them to become addicted. There are some specific places, where the addicted students gathered together for taking drugs. Students in general faced awkward situations by the activities of the addicted students. The availability of drugs in RU is increasing addiction day by day among the students. It is undoubtedly a risky condition for the safety of the students as well as the peaceful environment of the university. Wong, Chloe C. Drugs and Addiction: An Introduction to Epigenetics. Omar, Shazia. Like a Diamond in the Sky. Zubaan Publishers. Bangladesh; Lander, Malcolm. Anxiolytic Drugs: Dependence, Addiction and Abuse. Elselvier Inc. London; Isbel, Harris and Frazer, H. Addiction to Analgestics and Barbiturates. Kleiman, Mark A. Oxford University Press. New York; Barnard, Marina. Drug Addiction and Families. Jessica Kingsley Publishers, London; Ammerman, Robert T. Torter, Ralph E. Lawrence Elbaum Associates Publishers, London; Hepburn, M. Forrester Cokburn ed. The Pathenan Publishing Group, Pp. Kovatsi, L. Njau, S. Harms, E. Drugs and Youth: The Challenge of Toda. Paragon Press, Ltd, Canada. The Drugs Act, Act no. XXIII of The Drugs Control Ordinance, Mandal Ananya. What is drug abuse. Luscher C, Ungless MA. The Mechanistic Classification of Addictive Drugs. PLoS Med , 3 11 : e Author Contribution: The author conceived the idea, did the literature review and wrote the manuscript. She also checked the manuscript meticulously. La vida en las plataformas. Diccionario del agro iberoamericano Jose Muzlera. Peter Adey, David J. Dynamic indicators influencing design solution for modernization of the freight rolling stock Angela Shvets. Compiling for stream processing Abhishek Das. Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and lymphoedema: lymphangiographic aspects francis Brunelle. The reform of British television post Peacock : a study Mark Wheeler.

Gray death: a powerful opioid combination leading to rapid fatality – correspondence

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Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Corresponding author. E-mail address: talhabmb bgctub. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 4. Gray death is a street name or a slang term that is frequently used to describe a mixture of illegal drugs — mainly synthetic opioids and other synthetic narcotics. Psychoactive components such as heroin, fentanyl, or U an extremely strong synthetic opioid painkiller are commonly found in drug cocktails. Occasionally, it is in combination with other substances like cocaine, amphetamines, or other synthetic designer drugs. This mixture resembles concrete powder or tiny rocks in appearance. It can be injected intravenously, processed into a fine powder, snorted intranasally, smoked, or consumed orally in tablet form 1. This illicit drug first appeared in the South at the beginning of , mostly in Alabama and Georgia. This drug also spread in Ohio and Pennsylvania. Twenty persons in Argentina died in February from cocaine use linked with carfentanil 3. From January to April , the substance has been involved in at least 50 incidents and 17 overdoses in Georgia alone. The National Institute on Drug Abuse claims that it is not one drug but rather a mixture of several very strong opioids, including any that a drug dealer may have on hand. It generally includes the extremely potent addictive opioids Heroin, made from morphine found in the opium poppy Papaver somniferum plant. It also contains fentanyl, a synthetic opioid medicine up to times stronger than other opioids, and U Therefore, a dangerous designer drug is made; its low dosages can be fatal or deadly. It may include a dangerous combination of other highly strong opioids and toxins, such as carfentanil which is times stronger compared to fentanyl and 10 times stronger compared to morphine 5. The adverse effects of gray death can be mild to severe because no two batches are exactly the same in composition. Confusion, difficulty moving, tiredness, tremors, balance loss, seizures, mental fog, vomiting and nausea, myosis, spasms or generalized convulsion, and hypoventilation are some of the major side effects of gray death. Symptoms of gray death overdose include a faded or sweaty face, a languid body, grunting noises, purplish or bluish lips, shallow breathing, irregular pulse, and speech difficulties 4. Multiple doses of the opioid-reversing drug naloxone Narcan may be needed to treat gray death overdose. It is frequently used to combat respiratory problems brought on by opioid overdose. Some patients may require a maximum of 10 doses for healing 6. When using buprenorphine and naloxone to treat overdoses of strong narcotics from the fentanyl group, problems may frequently develop. When it comes to the potential of overdosing, gray death may be the scariest of all drugs. Nowadays, the National Institutes of Health, along with private organizations, are collaborating together on three distinct sectors: the development of enhanced overdose-reversing medications and preventative strategies to reduce death rates, the protection of lives and recovery through innovative pharmaceutical and technological remedies, and the discovery of effective, nonaddictive, and safe treatments for chronic pain 7. Hyperlink to your specific registration must be publicly accessible and will be checked : not applicable. We have read and understood the policy on the declaration of interests and have no relevant interests to declare. The responsibility for the content lies with the author, and the views stated herein should not be taken to represent those of any organizations or groups with and for which he works. Sponsorships or competing interests that may be relevant to content are disclosed at the end of this article. This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Ann Med Surg Lond. Find articles by Tanvir Hasan. Find articles by Saad A Sami. Find articles by Jaytirmoy Barmon. Find articles by Mohammed K Hossain. Find articles by Talha B Emran. Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. Tanvir Hasan and Saad A. Sami contributed equally to this article. Similar articles. Add to Collections. Create a new collection. Add to an existing collection. Choose a collection Unable to load your collection due to an error Please try again. Add Cancel.

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