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These datasets underpin the analysis presented in the agency's work. Most data may be viewed interactively on screen and downloaded in Excel format. All countries. Topics A-Z. The content in this section is aimed at anyone involved in planning, implementing or making decisions about health and social responses. Best practice. We have developed a systemic approach that brings together the human networks, processes and scientific tools necessary for collecting, analysing and reporting on the many aspects of the European drugs phenomenon. Explore our wide range of publications, videos and infographics on the drugs problem and how Europe is responding to it. All publications. More events. More news. We are your source of drug-related expertise in Europe. We prepare and share independent, scientifically validated knowledge, alerts and recommendations. About the EUDA. The content of this summary does not necessarily reflect the official opinion of the European Union, nor the official opinion of the Republic of Kazakhstan, and should be seen as the product of CADAP 5. Further information on drug situation in the Republic of Kazakhstan available on the website of the Monitoring Centre on Alcohol and Drugs. According to the data obtained in that study, the number of people dependent on drugs in the Republic of Kazakhstan was 1. Of these, The study found that 4. In view of the fact that the above study was conducted a number of years ago, currently there are no epidemiological studies that reflect the actual situation associated with drug use among the population. Key measures for the prevention of drug use are identified in the Resolution of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan No. In addition, each region approved regional programmes to combat drug abuse and drug trafficking. The performance of these programmes is reviewed annually. Regional programmes, like the national programme, are the basic instruments in the field of drug prevention and drug use among different population groups. In total, during the implementation of the Action Plan Programme for —11, more than 23 measures were organised, aimed at the primary prevention of drug abuse among young people and with a total coverage of over 1 million people. According to the Ministry of Tourism and Sports, particular attention is paid to the development of youth sports as alternatives to drug and alcohol use among young people. The Republican Centre for Healthy Lifestyles, which has branches in all the regions of Kazakhstan, plays an active role in the prevention of drug addiction and other diseases. It supports 17 youth health centres in the country, which provide comprehensive medical and psychosocial services, taking a friendly, accessible approach towards young people. Educational institutions still remain the major social institutions where most of the preventive measures take place. In , with the support of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime UNODC , an evaluation of preventive programmes in educational institutions took place in the country for the first time Espenova et al. This programme is now routine, and is carried out throughout the school year in each school. In accordance with the international definition, problem drug use PDU in the Republic of Kazakhstan is attributed primarily to injecting drug use. There are no reliable data on the use of cocaine, amphetamines and methamphetamines among the population of Kazakhstan. It should be noted that the high cost of these drugs in the country significantly limits their availability; most of the substances seized were attributed to the cities of Astana and Almaty. Recently, problems related to the emergence of desomorphine in the country have become apparent. Desomorphine is a home-made product that is manufactured from available codeine medications. Additionally, in there were reports in some regions of Kazakhstan indicating the abuse of tropicamide by drug users. At the end of , the estimated number of people who had injected drugs in the previous 12 months was in the figure was In there were 4 demands for inpatient care stemming from drug dependence, including 2 people who were seeking drug treatment for the first time in their life. The treatment demand indicator data collection covered In the past three years, the number of patients treated in state drug dispensaries has tended to decrease. At the same time, the number of people applying for drug treatment for the first time has shown an increasing tendency. For most cases, treatment is related to mental and behavioural disorders caused by the consumption of opioids F11 in the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th Revision ICD , , and the combined consumption of psychoactive substances F19 in ICD, Opioids have been the most problematic drug among patients treated since In opioids were the primary drug for According to the demographic characteristics, the majority of patients treated in were male The average age of patients was Some Many of the patients The average number of hospitalisations among individuals who had been treated previously was 4. In a total of 17 people in Kazakhstan were human immunodeficiency virus HIV positive, of which In recent years the proportion of cases for which injecting drug use was the route of infection among newly diagnosed cases of HIV has been decreasing, while the proportion of cases of sexual transmission is increasing Republican AIDS Centre, a. According to a repeated sentinel bio-behavioural surveillance survey BBS , the prevalence of HIV infection among injecting drug users was 3. The prevalence of HCV was higher in people aged 25 and older The prevalence of syphilis among IDUs in was Over five years the prevalence of syphilis in IDUs was within the range 8. In the Republic of Kazakhstan a forensic medical examination is carried out in accordance with the law for all deaths related to poisoning, including overdoses on narcotics and psychotropic substances. The rate of overdoses on drugs and psychotropic substances per 1 inhabitants fell more than two times from 0. The proportion of the total number of poisonings with narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances who were classed as young people increased from 4. During this period, the proportion of women among the total number of overdoses on narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances also increased, from A comparison was made between the overall mortality rate in the population of the Republic of Kazakhstan in and the mortality rate among drug users except alcohol and tobacco , and the relative risk of death in the population of drug users as compared with mortality in the general population was calculated standardised mortality ratio — SMR. The SMR for men who use drugs was 2. The total SMR, including men and women who use drugs, was 2. The availability of a budget for outpatient treatment in some regions of the country especially in rural areas may be limited by the lack of primary healthcare PHC and a lack of professionals working in addiction treatment. Moreover, budgetary limitations on inpatient treatment result in low accessibility of treatment for people from remote areas and villages. In the public sector, hospital treatment of patients with drug and alcohol addiction is provided by 22 drug treatment clinics, five psychiatric hospitals and nine addiction clinics for compulsory drug treatment RSPC MSPDA, Outpatient drug treatment in was provided in cities by the dispensary departments of urban and regional drug treatment clinics 22 organisations , in small towns by the dispensary departments of psychiatric dispensaries five companies and in rural areas by drug advisory places in PHC organisations RSPC MSPDA, OST was first provided in the country in October Since the start of the OST project, individuals have attended it. No case of death from ingestion or overdose has been identified during the period of the project. Around Regional drug treatment clinics conduct annual monitoring of the proportion of patients in remission among all the patients of the dispensary who are registered as drug users. The purpose of the trust points is to provide safe injecting equipment and promote safe sexual behaviour among IDUs. In some 14 IDUs independently attended trust points, which is The direct coverage of prevention programmes of IDUs was In , the systematic coverage of IDUs by prevention programmes at least once per month was equal to In some Overdose prevention in the country is limited primarily to information and educational activities among drug users. These events are run by drug treatment organisations, AIDS centres, and specialised non-governmental organisations. Naloxone, which is the medicine often used in the prevention of overdoses among drug users, is available in healthcare facilities and has been added to the list of essential medicines in the country. Naloxone is used at ambulance stations and in emergency rooms in hospitals and intensive care units. However, it is not available in pharmacies. The main proportion of drug seizures in the Republic of Kazakhstan are of cannabinoids, which is due to the presence of wild cannabis in large areas country. In the past four years the volume seized from illegal drug trafficking has remained stable. In the total quantity of drugs seized was 33 tons kilograms Ministry of the Interior of Kazakhstan, The operational data of the Anti-Narcotics Committee of the Ministry of the Interior of Kazakhstan indicates that both wholesale and retail prices for all kinds of drugs increased significantly during —10; in prices remained at a similar level to According to the results of examinations conducted by the National Laboratory for the Legal and Scientific Support of State Control of Trafficking in Drugs, Psychotropic Substances and Precursors, it was found that the content of tetrahydrocannabinol in the marijuana that was seized ranged from 0. The purity of heroin varied from 1. During preparation for sale, diphenhydramine, citramon, analgin, aspirin, paracetamol and acetylsalicylic acid had been added, while in some cases, chloramphenicol, streptocid, sugar, baking soda, and citric acid had been used as cutting agents. Eighteen types of medicines containing codeine which is the raw substance for the preparation of desomorphine are registered. Of the reported drugs containing codeine, seven items are under strict control and 11 are not. Since codeine medications such as Solpadein, Yunispaz, Pentalgin-P or Antispazm have only been available by prescription. This measure is due to a sharp increase in the number of cases of abuse of these drugs Ministry of the Interior of Kazakhstan, According to the statistics of the Committee on Legal Statistics and Special Records of the General Prosecutor of the Republic of Kazakhstan, law enforcement authorities registered 4 crimes related to illicit trafficking in narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and precursors in , as compared with 8 in , which represents a decrease of The crimes committed under Article of the Criminal Code, as a proportion of the total number of registered drug-law offences, was The basic document governing the legal basis of state policy in the field of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances, and precursors and establishing measures to counter illicit trafficking is Law No. The commission of any acts storage, distribution, etc. Criminal liability for the sale of narcotic drugs or psychotropic substances is irrespective of the amount involved. Drug abuse is not a criminal offence in Kazakhstan. The same acts repeated within a year incur a higher fine. Administrative detention is provided for a person who has been arrested twice within a year for this act. It provides criminal penalties for the illegal purchase, transportation, or storage without the purpose of selling of narcotics or psychotropic substances in large quantities. Since , administrative responsibility has been stipulated for the commission of this act Part p. The main directions of the national drug strategy — a reduction in the demand for drugs, drug supply reduction, a reduction of consumption and harm reduction — are in line with international practices in drug policy. On the basis of Decree No. The main objective of the programme is the further improvement of the system of effective government and public opposition to drug addiction and drug trafficking. The activities of the programme involve the implementation of a number of legislative initiatives that, in general, follow the direction of the previous programmes: the introduction of alternative forms of punishment, which is provided for drug addicts who have committed minor offences, and alternatives to criminal sanctions imprisonment in the form of compulsory treatment of drug addiction. Additionally, on the basis of Decree No. In September an inter-agency committee was formed at the level of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan to coordinate the activities of state bodies aimed at combating drug abuse and drug trafficking. The country continues an active policy of integration and cooperation with international partners and other countries, strengthening the international legal framework in the fight against drug trafficking. This strategy sets out the general direction for improving the system against illicit drug trafficking, the prevention of drug abuse and the treatment and rehabilitation of drug addicts. Activities on a number of joint projects aimed at the improvement of the measures taken by governmental bodies to combat drug abuse and drug trafficking were performed. Espenova, M. Lavrentyev, O. Homepage Quick links Quick links. GO Results hosted on duckduckgo. Main navigation Data Open related submenu Data. Latest data Prevalence of drug use Drug-induced deaths Infectious diseases Problem drug use Treatment demand Seizures of drugs Price, purity and potency. Drug use and prison Drug law offences Health and social responses Drug checking Hospital emergencies data Syringe residues data Wastewater analysis Data catalogue. Selected topics Alternatives to coercive sanctions Cannabis Cannabis policy Cocaine Darknet markets Drug checking Drug consumption facilities Drug markets Drug-related deaths Drug-related infectious diseases. Recently published Findings from a scoping literature…. Penalties at a glance. Frequently asked questions FAQ : drug…. FAQ: therapeutic use of psychedelic…. Viral hepatitis elimination barometer…. EU Drug Market: New psychoactive…. EU Drug Market: Drivers and facilitators. Statistical Bulletin home. Quick links Search news Subscribe newsletter for recent news Subscribe to news releases. Breadcrumb Home Publications Overview of the drug situation in Kazakhstan Overview of the drug situation in Kazakhstan Contents Drug use among the general population and young people Prevention Problem drug use Treatment demand Drug-related infectious diseases Drug-related deaths Treatment responses Harm reduction responses Drug markets and drug-law offences National drug laws National drug strategy Coordination mechanism in the field of drugs References.
The exceptions to this were heroin, cocaine powder, prescription opioids, and inhalants. For these, no association with gender was found. Graph 5 summarizes the.
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Pilot and Feasibility Studies volume 6 , Article number: 3 Cite this article. Metrics details. Identifying and addressing heavy drinking represents a major public health priority worldwide. Whilst the majority of alcohol screening and brief intervention ASBI research has been conducted in western, high-income countries, evidence is growing that ASBI can also impact positively on heavy drinkers in low- and middle-income country populations. Six primary health care units in the region of Pavlodar will be cluster randomised to either an intervention WHO manualised 5 min alcohol brief intervention plus alcohol leaflet or control group simple feedback plus alcohol leaflet. Primary feasibility measures will be rates of participation at baseline and retention of eligible patients at the 3-month follow-up point. As the planning and assessment of implementation determinants is based on the RE-AIM framework, the project outcomes will be relevant for the future development, tailoring and implementation of ASBI in Kazakhstan. Peer Review reports. Alcohol is a leading global risk factor for premature death and disability, and causally related to over 60 different medical conditions, including liver cirrhosis, cancer and cardiovascular disease \[ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 \]. Alcohol harm contributes to health inequalities, with a larger impact on younger age groups, mainly due to the increased risk of injuries, and higher alcohol attributable mortality rates for men compared to women \[ 2 , 5 , 6 \]. Epidemiological data also confirm the greater alcohol-related disease burden experienced by socio-economically deprived and marginalised people \[ 2 , 7 , 8 \]. Importantly, alcohol is a cause of significant harm to others, resulting in negative social and economic consequences, which extend beyond the individual drinker to their families, local communities and society as a whole \[ 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 \]. As such, identifying and addressing heavy drinking represents a major public health priority worldwide \[ 16 , 17 \]. Globally, alcohol dependence is the most common substance use disorder; however, the prevalence of alcohol harm varies considerably across different populations \[ 1 \]. In Central Asia, Kazakhstan displays particularly high levels of consumption; 7. However, it remains challenging to determine the extent of excessive drinking in Kazakhstan due to lack of reliable data. Official statistics for suggest that 1. As in other former Soviet states, high levels of unrecorded alcohol production potentially contribute to this discrepancy. Within Kazakhstan itself, rates of alcohol consumption also vary, with the highest levels found in the Northern, Eastern and Central regions. In the Pavlodar region for example, the official prevalence of alcohol dependence in was about twice as high as that found nationally 2. Whilst this difference has declined in recent years 0. Primary health care PHC provides an ideal context for the early detection and secondary prevention of alcohol-related problems, due to its high contact exposure to the population \[ 23 \] and the frequency with which excessive drinkers present to clinicians \[ 24 \]. There is a particularly robust evidence for the delivery of alcohol screening and brief interventions ASBI in PHC, where patients tend to present with less acute symptoms, return regularly for follow-up appointments \[ 25 \] and often build long-term relationships with their health care provider \[ 26 \]. ASBI comprises two key elements. AUDIT was the first screening tool designed specifically to detect hazardous and harmful drinking in both primary and secondary care. Developed by the WHO AUDIT has ten questions that consider drinking frequency and intensity binge drinking , together with experience of alcohol-related problems and dependence. Thus, AUDIT is a highly accurate tool which has been validated in a large number of countries with consistently strong psychometric performance. Second, delivery of a brief behavioural intervention, designed to promote awareness of the negative effects of drinking and to motivate change \[ 29 , 30 \]. Across a series of systematic reviews, it has been consistently reported that brief alcohol interventions result in reduced weekly alcohol consumption \[ 31 \] alcohol-related problems \[ 32 \], healthcare utilisation \[ 33 \] and mortality outcomes \[ 34 \]. Despite this evidence, which is endorsed by the WHO \[ 35 \] and embedded in clinical guidelines in Europe, Australasia and the USA \[ 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 \], delivery of brief alcohol advice across global health systems remains low \[ 40 , 41 , 42 \]. Moreover, even in countries where ASBI initiatives have been implemented, there has been limited evaluation of either their impact on overall delivery rates, particularly over the longer term, or to understand the mechanisms of change by which such improvements have been achieved. As a result, little is known about how and when effective ASBI interventions are implemented successfully in routine health care. In order to bridge this evidence to practice translation gap, a better understanding of the processes influencing how such health innovations and interventions are both taken up and sustained in practice is key. Further, whilst the majority of research has been conducted in western, developed countries, there is a growing body of evidence which suggests that ASBI can also impact positively on heavy drinkers in low- and middle-income country populations \[ 43 , 44 , 45 \]. However, given the challenges experienced to date in achieving widespread implementation of alcohol interventions in countries where such preventative measures are already more established \[ 46 , 47 \], efforts to extend ASBI into novel settings must consider potential barriers and facilitators to effective adoption from the outset. Standardised alcohol screening and brief interventions are not regularly implemented in PHC settings in Kazakhstan at present. Patients are asked about their alcohol consumption at health checks and receive advice as appropriate to help reduce their drinking. Where a potential alcohol use disorder is suspected, patients can be referred to specialised units for treatment. However, validated alcohol screening tools are not currently used, and the alcohol advice provided is not based on evidence-based guidelines. This protocol describes the rationale, methods and analysis plan for a pilot cluster randomised trial with embedded qualitative process evaluation that will explore the feasibility, acceptability and potential impact of implementing evidence-based ASBI in routine primary health care in Kazakhstan. The primary aim of this study is to assess the feasibility of a proposed fully cluster randomised controlled trial of the effectiveness of ASBI in primary health care in Kazakhstan. The secondary aim is to explore the feasibility and acceptability of implementing ASBI in this setting from the perspective of patients and physicians. To explore the feasibility and acceptability of ASBI and trial processes to physicians and patients;. To estimate the parameters for the design of a definitive cRCT of ASBI in primary care in Kazahkstan, including rates of eligibility, consent, participation and retention. This pilot trial will use a two-arm cluster randomised design with embedded qualitative process evaluation to explore feasibility and acceptability in six PHC units PHCU in Kazakhstan. Stratified randomization with computer-generated random numbers will be used to allocate three PHCUs to the intervention and three PHCUs to the control group, with stratification based on an initial baseline assessment of the mean number of patient visits per PHCU per day. The study started in August This includes a 2-month site preparation phase following ethical approval from the Medical University of Almaty, 6-month recruitment period and follow-up assessments for each patient conducted 3 months after the patient was recruited baseline. Introduction of the study and provider training sessions were conducted in April and May Patient recruitment started in April Figure 1 describes the study process in detail. Consort flow-chart including cluster-randomised trial design. The list of participating PHCUs is provided in the trial register at www. The risk of contamination between intervention and control group is low, as every PHCU has its own catchment area and patients are only allowed to change their PHCU once a year between October and November. Furthermore, all participating physicians will be instructed to inquire whether a patient has already undergone screening in the same or any other PHCU, in order to prevent multiple screening and study contamination. As a secondary preventative measure, an objective of ASBI is the early identification of individuals with hazardous or harmful alcohol use, followed by the delivery of a brief behavioural intervention to those in need of support to prevent the development of alcohol-related problems, including dependent drinking, in the longer term. This target group, by definition, is usually not seeking treatment for existing alcohol problems. Therefore, all patients with an appointment in one of the participating PHCUs are eligible for recruitment. Patients with diagnosed lifetime alcohol dependency according to ICD criteria will be excluded. In both study arms, physicians will recruit patients presenting at routine care appointments. Patients potentially fulfilling the inclusion criteria will be informed about the study purpose and asked to take part. A show-card featuring the AUDIT-C questions and response options as well as illustrations of standard drink examples will be used as a visual aid for the screened patients. The target population of the study consists of all PHC patients with risky, hazardous or harmful drinking, defined by an AUDIT-C score of four points or more for women and five points or more or for men. In the intervention arm, patients with an AUDIT-C score of three or lower for females and four or lower for males will receive short verbal feedback based on their alcohol consumption and be given a patient information leaflet reinforcing the benefits of low-risk alcohol use. Patients with an AUDIT-C score of four or more for women and five or more or for men will receive a brief 5 min face-to-face alcohol intervention delivered by a trained PHC physician, plus a patient information leaflet with recommendations on low-risk alcohol use. The advice will include extended personalised feedback aimed at increasing patient awareness about their drinking habits and related consequences and to enhance self-efficacy to change their drinking behaviour. Training will be delivered by local research staff experienced in using Motivational Interviewing techniques and in providing training to health professionals. A questionnaire will be administered to participants before and after training sessions to assess changes in knowledge, attitudes and self-rated work skills in relation in delivering ASBI in routine practice. Participants will also be asked to rate their satisfaction with the quality of training. All physicians who decline to participate in the study will be asked to provide their work and training experience, as well as their reasons for not taking part. In order to assess intervention reach, the socio-demographic characteristics of non-participating patients will also be documented. At the end of the recruitment period, participating physicians will be asked to provide their views on the implementation and potential maintenance of ASBI using structured questionnaires which will be administered by local research staff. The key outcome measures to assess feasibility will be the percentage of eligible patients recruited to the study at baseline and the retention rate of eligible patients at 3-month follow-up. Trained local research staff will collect the anonymised data from the PHCUs and enter the data in a trial-specific database to monitor CRF delivery on a bi-weekly basis. Monitoring and query management regular descriptive queries on central database to identify errors, outliers, missing data and any irregularities will be carried out by national study coordinators. Original records containing any personal identifiable patient data will remain in the PHCUs. Only physicians that provide written informed consent will be eligible to participate in the focus group interviews. Discussions will be audio-recorded, transcribed in full, with any potentially identifying details removed by the transcriber. Electronic recordings will be stored on password-protected computers for analysis and will be permanently deleted once the transcription process is completed. Data will be anonymised prior to analysis and write-up to ensure confidentiality and anonymity, i. An anonymisation log table of all identifiers will be created to ensure consistency and accuracy, which will be stored separately to the interview data, and only accessible to members of the research team. External trained research staff will closely monitor the progress of the trial and ensure that the trial is conducted and recorded in accordance with the study protocol via bi-weekly site visits. PHC physicians are responsible for completion of the data sets. All PHC physicians will be briefed on the data documentation protocol in the training sessions. During the study, patient CRFs will be monitored continuously and checked for completeness, implausible values and correctness. If needed, corrections or additions will be made. Descriptive statistics will be used to evaluate quantitative outcome measures e. Due to the pilot character of the trial, a sample size calculation will not be made. However, on the basis of previous epidemiological data \[ 55 \] we assume that PHC patients will need to be screened to result in a sample size of patients with an AUDIT-C score of 4 or higher for women and 5 or higher for men. By considering a moderate intra-class coefficient ICC between 0. Paired t tests will be used for pre-post-comparison of drinking outcomes based on AUDIT-C score between baseline and follow-up within the groups. The qualitative data on the implementation processes and potential future maintenance will be summarized for a narrative analysis. Content analysis will be used to explore and analyse the qualitative data gathered in the structured questionnaires and provider focus groups. Qualitative content analysis represents a systematic coding and categorisation approach that can be used to identify trends and patterns within large quantities of textual data \[ 56 \] and has frequently been employed in applied health research. In this study, qualitative data from the provider questionnaires and focus groups will be subject to three broad phases of analysis \[ 57 \]. First, in the preparation phase, the open questionnaire response data and focus group transcriptions will be read and re-read in order to obtain a sense of the entire dataset. Second, the data will be organised, with initial open coding and categorisation of the data subsequently grouped into more refined categories and subcategories. In the final phase, the analysing process and results will be reported, through the presentation of emergent categories, and an overarching narrative. Data integration will occur primarily at the development stage, whereby themes identified in the structured questionnaire data will be used to inform the discussion topics of the provider focus groups \[ 58 \]. Despite the fact that there are several promising implementation strategies available to policymakers and practitioners at present, uptake of ASBI remains limited and inconsistent in most countries worldwide. Moreover, we still lack a sound understanding what works, in which context, when and specifically for whom when it comes to tackling drinking in general populations. This is the first trial to assess the feasibility of conducting a fully randomised controlled trial of the effectiveness of ASBI in primary care in Kazakhstan. By employing the pragmatic yet robust RE-AIM framework to evaluate implementation, the trial aims to deliver a comprehensive assessment of the impact of the intervention packages on the target population. In doing so, the study will provide valuable new insights into the potential effectiveness of ASBI in routine PHCU practice, and an improved understanding of which factors and processes influence the effective and thus sustainable implementation of such interventions across Kazakhstan. GBD Alcohol Collaborators. Alcohol use and burden for countries and territories, — a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study Global burden of disease and injury and economic cost attributable to alcohol use and alcohol-use disorders. Article PubMed Google Scholar. The relationship between different dimensions of alcohol use and the burden of disease-an update. Addiction Abingdon, England. Article Google Scholar. Association between alcohol and cardiovascular disease: Mendelian randomisation analysis based on individual participant data. BMJ Clinical research ed. Google Scholar. All cause mortality and the case for age specific alcohol consumption guidelines: pooled analyses of up to 10 population based cohorts. Alcohol dosing and total mortality in men and women: an updated meta-analysis of 34 prospective studies. Arch Intern Med. Chains of risk for alcohol use disorder: mediators of exposure to neighborhood deprivation in early and middle childhood. Health Place. Does drinking impair college performance? Wolaver AM. Does drinking affect grades more for women? Gender differences in the effects of heavy episodic drinking in college. Am Econ. Measuring costs of alcohol harm to others: a review of the literature. Drug Alcohol Depend. PubMed Google Scholar. Taylor B, Rehm J. The relationship between alcohol consumption and fatal motor vehicle injury: high risk at low alcohol levels. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. The more you drink, the harder you fall: a systematic review and meta-analysis of how acute alcohol consumption and injury or collision risk increase together. Binge drinking, sexual behaviour and sexually transmitted infection in the UK. Alcohol misuse, sexual risk behaviour and adverse sexual health outcomes: evidence from Britain's national probability sexual behaviour surveys. J Public Health Oxf. World Health Organization. World health report research for universal health coverage. Geneva: World Health Organization; Book Google Scholar. Global status report on alcohol and health Report No. World Health Organisation. Global Health Observatory data repository. Alcohol - Data by country. Republican Center for Health Development. The health of the population of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the activities of health organizations in Geneva: World Health Organisation; Ministry of Health Care of the Republic of Kazakhstan. London: Alcohol Education and Research Council; Managing alcohol use disorder in primary health care. Curr Psychiatry Rep. A preliminary report of knowledge translation: lessons from taking screening and brief intervention techniques from the research setting into regional systems of care. Acad Emerg Med. Implementation of brief alcohol interventions by nurses in primary care: do non-clinical factors influence practice? Fam Prac. AUDIT-C scores as a scaled marker of mean daily drinking, alcohol use disorder severity, and probability of alcohol dependence in a U. Kriston L. Meta-analysis: are 3 questions enough to detect unhealthy alcohol use? Ann Intern Med. Enhancing motivation for change in problem drinking: a controlled comparison of two therapist styles. J Consult Clin Psychol. Effectiveness of brief alcohol interventions in primary care populations. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. The effect of screening and brief intervention for risky drinking on health care utilization in managed care organizations. Med Care. The effects on mortality of brief interventions for problem drinking: a meta-analysis. Babor T, Higgins-Biddle J. Brief Intervenation for hazardous and harmful drinking: a manual for use in primary care. Alcohol-use disorders: preventing the development of hazardous and harmful drinking: NICE public health guidance Swedish National Institute of Public Health. Alcohol issues in daily healthcare. The Risk Drinking Project - background strategy and results. The research translation problem: alcohol screening and brief intervention in primary care—real world evidence supports theory. Drugs Educ Prevent Policy. Screening and behavioral counseling interventions in primary care to reduce alcohol misuse: U. Involvement of general practitioners in managing alcohol problems: a randomized controlled trial of a tailored improvement programme. Institutionalization of brief alcohol intervention in primary health care-the Finnish case. Comparison of brief interventions in primary care on smoking and excessive alcohol consumption: a population survey in England. Br J Gen Pract. Joseph J, Basu D. Efficacy of brief interventions in reducing hazardous or harmful alcohol use in middle-income countries: systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Alcohol Alcohol. A randomized controlled trial of a brief intervention to reduce alcohol use among female sex workers in Mombasa, Kenya. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. Effectiveness of nurse-practitioner-delivered brief motivational intervention for young adult alcohol and drug use in primary care in South Africa: a randomized clinical trial. Engaging general practitioners in the management of hazardous and harmful alcohol consumption: results of a meta-analysis. J Stud Alcohol. A multicountry controlled trial of strategies to promote dissemination and implementation of brief alcohol intervention in primary health care: findings of a World Health Organization collaborative study. Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test. Handbook of alcoholism treatment approaches. Effective alternatives, vol. Boston: Allyn and Bacon; Ann Fam Med. Anderson P. Managing alcohol problems in general practice. Br Med J. Am J Public Health. Analysing qualitative data. In: Pope C, Mays N, editors. Qualitative Research in Health Care. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing; Chapter Google Scholar. Elo S, Kyngas H. The qualitative content analysis process. Journal of advanced nursing. Teddlie C, Tashakkori A. A general typology of research designs featuring mixed method. Res Schools. International Committee of Medical Journal Editors. Download references. We would like to thank Oraz Mukashev Head of Department of Health in Pavlodar region, Republic of Kazakhstan and Aigul Mukusheva primary health care division manager of Department of Health in Pavlodar region, Republic of Kazakhstan for supporting the implementation of the trial. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. All authors reviewed and approved the final version of the manuscript. Correspondence to Bernd Schulte. The study protocol and the patient informed consent has received approval from an Independent Ethics Committee IEC of the ethical board of the Kazakh National Medical University in Almaty application no. The lead researcher will obtain assurance of IEC compliance with regulations. Any changes to the study protocol will be reported to the IEC and disclosed in the trial register. The study will be conducted with personnel who are qualified by education, training and experience to perform their respective tasks. Only patients with signed, dated informed consent are eligible to participate to ensure that subjects are fully informed about the purpose, potential risks and other critical issues regarding the study. The approved informed consent form will adhere to the regional requirements of the IEC and the ethical principles that have their origin in the Declaration of Helsinki. For all publications, authorship will be based on the criteria of the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors \[ 59 \]. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Reprints and permissions. Schulte, B. Feasibility of alcohol screening and brief intervention in primary health care in Kazakhstan: study protocol of a pilot cluster randomised trial. Pilot Feasibility Stud 6 , 3 Download citation. Received : 31 August Accepted : 20 December Published : 09 January Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:. Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Skip to main content. Search all BMC articles Search. Download PDF. Abstract Background Identifying and addressing heavy drinking represents a major public health priority worldwide. Methods Six primary health care units in the region of Pavlodar will be cluster randomised to either an intervention WHO manualised 5 min alcohol brief intervention plus alcohol leaflet or control group simple feedback plus alcohol leaflet. Background Alcohol is a leading global risk factor for premature death and disability, and causally related to over 60 different medical conditions, including liver cirrhosis, cancer and cardiovascular disease \[ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 \]. Specific objectives are as follows: 1. To explore the feasibility and acceptability of ASBI and trial processes to physicians and patients; 3. Design This pilot trial will use a two-arm cluster randomised design with embedded qualitative process evaluation to explore feasibility and acceptability in six PHC units PHCU in Kazakhstan. Study duration The study started in August Full size image. Discussion Despite the fact that there are several promising implementation strategies available to policymakers and practitioners at present, uptake of ASBI remains limited and inconsistent in most countries worldwide. Availability of data and materials No datasets were used or analysed in drafting this protocol. Google Scholar World Health Organisation. Acknowledgements We would like to thank Oraz Mukashev Head of Department of Health in Pavlodar region, Republic of Kazakhstan and Aigul Mukusheva primary health care division manager of Department of Health in Pavlodar region, Republic of Kazakhstan for supporting the implementation of the trial. View author publications. Consent for publication Not applicable Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. About this article. Cite this article Schulte, B. Copy to clipboard. Contact us Submission enquiries: Access here and click Contact Us General enquiries: journalsubmissions springernature.
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