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These datasets underpin the analysis presented in the agency's work. Most data may be viewed interactively on screen and downloaded in Excel format. All countries. Topics A-Z. The content in this section is aimed at anyone involved in planning, implementing or making decisions about health and social responses. Best practice. We have developed a systemic approach that brings together the human networks, processes and scientific tools necessary for collecting, analysing and reporting on the many aspects of the European drugs phenomenon. Explore our wide range of publications, videos and infographics on the drugs problem and how Europe is responding to it. All publications. More events. More news. We are your source of drug-related expertise in Europe. We prepare and share independent, scientifically validated knowledge, alerts and recommendations. About the EUDA. The content of this summary does not necessarily reflect the official opinion of the European Union, nor the official opinion of the Republic of Kazakhstan, and should be seen as the product of CADAP 5. Further information on drug situation in the Republic of Kazakhstan available on the website of the Monitoring Centre on Alcohol and Drugs. According to the data obtained in that study, the number of people dependent on drugs in the Republic of Kazakhstan was 1. Of these, The study found that 4. In view of the fact that the above study was conducted a number of years ago, currently there are no epidemiological studies that reflect the actual situation associated with drug use among the population. Key measures for the prevention of drug use are identified in the Resolution of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan No. In addition, each region approved regional programmes to combat drug abuse and drug trafficking. The performance of these programmes is reviewed annually. Regional programmes, like the national programme, are the basic instruments in the field of drug prevention and drug use among different population groups. In total, during the implementation of the Action Plan Programme for —11, more than 23 measures were organised, aimed at the primary prevention of drug abuse among young people and with a total coverage of over 1 million people. According to the Ministry of Tourism and Sports, particular attention is paid to the development of youth sports as alternatives to drug and alcohol use among young people. The Republican Centre for Healthy Lifestyles, which has branches in all the regions of Kazakhstan, plays an active role in the prevention of drug addiction and other diseases. It supports 17 youth health centres in the country, which provide comprehensive medical and psychosocial services, taking a friendly, accessible approach towards young people. Educational institutions still remain the major social institutions where most of the preventive measures take place. In , with the support of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime UNODC , an evaluation of preventive programmes in educational institutions took place in the country for the first time Espenova et al. This programme is now routine, and is carried out throughout the school year in each school. In accordance with the international definition, problem drug use PDU in the Republic of Kazakhstan is attributed primarily to injecting drug use. There are no reliable data on the use of cocaine, amphetamines and methamphetamines among the population of Kazakhstan. It should be noted that the high cost of these drugs in the country significantly limits their availability; most of the substances seized were attributed to the cities of Astana and Almaty. Recently, problems related to the emergence of desomorphine in the country have become apparent. Desomorphine is a home-made product that is manufactured from available codeine medications. Additionally, in there were reports in some regions of Kazakhstan indicating the abuse of tropicamide by drug users. At the end of , the estimated number of people who had injected drugs in the previous 12 months was in the figure was In there were 4 demands for inpatient care stemming from drug dependence, including 2 people who were seeking drug treatment for the first time in their life. The treatment demand indicator data collection covered In the past three years, the number of patients treated in state drug dispensaries has tended to decrease. At the same time, the number of people applying for drug treatment for the first time has shown an increasing tendency. For most cases, treatment is related to mental and behavioural disorders caused by the consumption of opioids F11 in the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th Revision ICD , , and the combined consumption of psychoactive substances F19 in ICD, Opioids have been the most problematic drug among patients treated since In opioids were the primary drug for According to the demographic characteristics, the majority of patients treated in were male The average age of patients was Some Many of the patients The average number of hospitalisations among individuals who had been treated previously was 4. In a total of 17 people in Kazakhstan were human immunodeficiency virus HIV positive, of which In recent years the proportion of cases for which injecting drug use was the route of infection among newly diagnosed cases of HIV has been decreasing, while the proportion of cases of sexual transmission is increasing Republican AIDS Centre, a. According to a repeated sentinel bio-behavioural surveillance survey BBS , the prevalence of HIV infection among injecting drug users was 3. The prevalence of HCV was higher in people aged 25 and older The prevalence of syphilis among IDUs in was Over five years the prevalence of syphilis in IDUs was within the range 8. In the Republic of Kazakhstan a forensic medical examination is carried out in accordance with the law for all deaths related to poisoning, including overdoses on narcotics and psychotropic substances. The rate of overdoses on drugs and psychotropic substances per 1 inhabitants fell more than two times from 0. The proportion of the total number of poisonings with narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances who were classed as young people increased from 4. During this period, the proportion of women among the total number of overdoses on narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances also increased, from A comparison was made between the overall mortality rate in the population of the Republic of Kazakhstan in and the mortality rate among drug users except alcohol and tobacco , and the relative risk of death in the population of drug users as compared with mortality in the general population was calculated standardised mortality ratio — SMR. The SMR for men who use drugs was 2. The total SMR, including men and women who use drugs, was 2. The availability of a budget for outpatient treatment in some regions of the country especially in rural areas may be limited by the lack of primary healthcare PHC and a lack of professionals working in addiction treatment. Moreover, budgetary limitations on inpatient treatment result in low accessibility of treatment for people from remote areas and villages. In the public sector, hospital treatment of patients with drug and alcohol addiction is provided by 22 drug treatment clinics, five psychiatric hospitals and nine addiction clinics for compulsory drug treatment RSPC MSPDA, Outpatient drug treatment in was provided in cities by the dispensary departments of urban and regional drug treatment clinics 22 organisations , in small towns by the dispensary departments of psychiatric dispensaries five companies and in rural areas by drug advisory places in PHC organisations RSPC MSPDA, OST was first provided in the country in October Since the start of the OST project, individuals have attended it. No case of death from ingestion or overdose has been identified during the period of the project. Around Regional drug treatment clinics conduct annual monitoring of the proportion of patients in remission among all the patients of the dispensary who are registered as drug users. The purpose of the trust points is to provide safe injecting equipment and promote safe sexual behaviour among IDUs. In some 14 IDUs independently attended trust points, which is The direct coverage of prevention programmes of IDUs was In , the systematic coverage of IDUs by prevention programmes at least once per month was equal to In some Overdose prevention in the country is limited primarily to information and educational activities among drug users. These events are run by drug treatment organisations, AIDS centres, and specialised non-governmental organisations. Naloxone, which is the medicine often used in the prevention of overdoses among drug users, is available in healthcare facilities and has been added to the list of essential medicines in the country. Naloxone is used at ambulance stations and in emergency rooms in hospitals and intensive care units. However, it is not available in pharmacies. The main proportion of drug seizures in the Republic of Kazakhstan are of cannabinoids, which is due to the presence of wild cannabis in large areas country. In the past four years the volume seized from illegal drug trafficking has remained stable. In the total quantity of drugs seized was 33 tons kilograms Ministry of the Interior of Kazakhstan, The operational data of the Anti-Narcotics Committee of the Ministry of the Interior of Kazakhstan indicates that both wholesale and retail prices for all kinds of drugs increased significantly during —10; in prices remained at a similar level to According to the results of examinations conducted by the National Laboratory for the Legal and Scientific Support of State Control of Trafficking in Drugs, Psychotropic Substances and Precursors, it was found that the content of tetrahydrocannabinol in the marijuana that was seized ranged from 0. The purity of heroin varied from 1. During preparation for sale, diphenhydramine, citramon, analgin, aspirin, paracetamol and acetylsalicylic acid had been added, while in some cases, chloramphenicol, streptocid, sugar, baking soda, and citric acid had been used as cutting agents. Eighteen types of medicines containing codeine which is the raw substance for the preparation of desomorphine are registered. Of the reported drugs containing codeine, seven items are under strict control and 11 are not. Since codeine medications such as Solpadein, Yunispaz, Pentalgin-P or Antispazm have only been available by prescription. This measure is due to a sharp increase in the number of cases of abuse of these drugs Ministry of the Interior of Kazakhstan, According to the statistics of the Committee on Legal Statistics and Special Records of the General Prosecutor of the Republic of Kazakhstan, law enforcement authorities registered 4 crimes related to illicit trafficking in narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and precursors in , as compared with 8 in , which represents a decrease of The crimes committed under Article of the Criminal Code, as a proportion of the total number of registered drug-law offences, was The basic document governing the legal basis of state policy in the field of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances, and precursors and establishing measures to counter illicit trafficking is Law No. The commission of any acts storage, distribution, etc. Criminal liability for the sale of narcotic drugs or psychotropic substances is irrespective of the amount involved. Drug abuse is not a criminal offence in Kazakhstan. The same acts repeated within a year incur a higher fine. Administrative detention is provided for a person who has been arrested twice within a year for this act. It provides criminal penalties for the illegal purchase, transportation, or storage without the purpose of selling of narcotics or psychotropic substances in large quantities. Since , administrative responsibility has been stipulated for the commission of this act Part p. The main directions of the national drug strategy — a reduction in the demand for drugs, drug supply reduction, a reduction of consumption and harm reduction — are in line with international practices in drug policy. On the basis of Decree No. The main objective of the programme is the further improvement of the system of effective government and public opposition to drug addiction and drug trafficking. The activities of the programme involve the implementation of a number of legislative initiatives that, in general, follow the direction of the previous programmes: the introduction of alternative forms of punishment, which is provided for drug addicts who have committed minor offences, and alternatives to criminal sanctions imprisonment in the form of compulsory treatment of drug addiction. Additionally, on the basis of Decree No. In September an inter-agency committee was formed at the level of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan to coordinate the activities of state bodies aimed at combating drug abuse and drug trafficking. The country continues an active policy of integration and cooperation with international partners and other countries, strengthening the international legal framework in the fight against drug trafficking. This strategy sets out the general direction for improving the system against illicit drug trafficking, the prevention of drug abuse and the treatment and rehabilitation of drug addicts. Activities on a number of joint projects aimed at the improvement of the measures taken by governmental bodies to combat drug abuse and drug trafficking were performed. Espenova, M. Lavrentyev, O. Homepage Quick links Quick links. GO Results hosted on duckduckgo. Main navigation Data Open related submenu Data. Latest data Prevalence of drug use Drug-induced deaths Infectious diseases Problem drug use Treatment demand Seizures of drugs Price, purity and potency. Drug use and prison Drug law offences Health and social responses Drug checking Hospital emergencies data Syringe residues data Wastewater analysis Data catalogue. Selected topics Alternatives to coercive sanctions Cannabis Cannabis policy Cocaine Darknet markets Drug checking Drug consumption facilities Drug markets Drug-related deaths Drug-related infectious diseases. Recently published Findings from a scoping literature…. Penalties at a glance. Frequently asked questions FAQ : drug…. FAQ: therapeutic use of psychedelic…. Viral hepatitis elimination barometer…. EU Drug Market: New psychoactive…. EU Drug Market: Drivers and facilitators. Statistical Bulletin home. Quick links Search news Subscribe newsletter for recent news Subscribe to news releases. Breadcrumb Home Publications Overview of the drug situation in Kazakhstan Overview of the drug situation in Kazakhstan Contents Drug use among the general population and young people Prevention Problem drug use Treatment demand Drug-related infectious diseases Drug-related deaths Treatment responses Harm reduction responses Drug markets and drug-law offences National drug laws National drug strategy Coordination mechanism in the field of drugs References.

ILLEGAL DRUG TRADE IN KAZAKHSTAN

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Opium, heroin and hashish are produced and smuggled in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan—the latter three border Afghanistan. In the s Almaty became a crossroads for opiates and hashish from southwest Asia. This role resulted in large part from lax customs controls and the city's position as a transportation hub. In an estimated 1. Kazakhstanbased networks are also small, but probably benefit from the best international connections. David Trilling of Eurasia. Net, May 18, \]. The majority 84 percent of cultivation was in remote, mountainous areas. In , Kazakhstan officially reported a substantially lower 0. From Kyrgyzstan there are three major routes into Kazakhstan. Again from Bishkek, a second route passes. It is believed that the bulk of the illegal drugs that pass through Kazakhstan on their way from Afghanistan to Russia and Europe is transported by trucks. Kazakh and Russian officials cannot check each and every load. One of the most enduring means of concealing drugs is within shipments of fruits and vegetables directed to the Russian Federation. These are a major import product for the Russian Federation, but Kazakhstan is not an exporter which means most of this supply is in transit from other Central Asian countries - and to a lesser extent China. Uzbekistan, for example, exported , tons of fresh fruits, vegetables and dried fruits to the Russian Federation in - a 50 per cent increase since In Tajikistan, 96 per cent of fruits and vegetables produced are destined for the Russian market. In , the largest seizures using this modus operandi were effected in the Russian Federation and had travelled from Kyrgyzstan through Kazakhstan. There are thus ample opportunities for traffickers to blend drugs into trade flows and traffic large loads into the Russian Federation through Kazakhstan; for instance, a truck hauling 20 tons of fruit can hide hundreds of kilograms of heroin. TIR trucks operate according to the international Customs system and are not subject to Customs control for tax purposes. The risk is that the seal can be tempered with and drugs placed and removed at any point during the trajectory. Additionally, although drug flights from Kazakhstan into the Russian Federation are rarely - if ever- reported, it should be noted that there are records of heroin being shipped by air from Afghanistan or Pakistan into Kazakhstan and further to China. Given the increasing demand for Afghan heroin in China and the developing commercial links with Kazakhstan, this supply route will likely expand. Missing from the picture is Turkmenistan, which shares a remote and largely forgotten km border with Kazakhstan. As previously mentioned, a handful of heroin shipments sourced in Iran were destined to be trafficked through Kazakhstan in The numerous major road and railway links across the Kazakh-Russian border, as well as its length 6, km and topography make anti-trafficking efforts difficult. Nevertheless, Kazakhstan, due to its significant financial resources, is probably the best equipped of all Central Asian states to tackle the trafficking threat. From there, shipments move towards Karaganda, reaching Astana, then Kokshetau and lastly Petropavlovsk before arriving on Russian territory. The second route mimics the first one until its reaches Bukhara. It then crosses into Tashavuz Turkmenistan before coming back into Uzbekistan at Kungrad. From here, drugs are shipped via rail through Beineu on the border with Kazakhstan and continuing north crossing into the Russian Federation. The third route also starts in Dushanbe but crosses into Chorjou Turkmenistan from Bukhara via Bekdash railway crossing and continuing north through Atyrau and into the Russian Federation. From Bishkek, the second route passes through Almaty then onwards through Saryshagan to Petropavlovsk before reaching the Russian Federation. From there, one route proceeds through the Shu valley into Karaganda before exiting the country via Pavlodar. The second branch of this route proceeds east into Taldykugan then moving to Georgievka and Ust-Kamenogorski before crossing into the Russian Federation. The third route from Uzbekistan begins in capital of Karakalpakstan, Nukus, moving into Beineu and Makat before reaching Atyrau and exiting the country through the small village of Ganyushkino. This route provides access to north and western Kazakhstan and facilitates onward trafficking to areas such as Orenburg in the Russian Federation which has large numbers of drug users. Authorities have effected only minor seizures in oblasts neighbouring Turkmenistan — Atyrau and Mangystau — but a large volume of seizures is recorded in Western Kazakhstan, presumably of drugs leaving the country. It is estimated that most illegal shipments entering Kazakhstan by train cross at the border points of Arys and Biney on the borders with Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan respectively. Drug trafficking using vehicles enters the country mostly across the borders in Shymkent, Zhambyl and Almaty provinces. Southern Kazakhstan, Almaty City and eastern Kazakhstan are the only places in Kazakhstan with reasonably consistent opiate seizures, reflecting their centrality to trafficking operations. For the most part, shipments appear to move directly through Kazakhstan although one often mentioned convergence point is the city of Karaganda, which straddles the major route. The key entry point for traffickers on the Uzbek-Kazakh border is Shymkent, considered a strategic node for drug trafficking. With a sizeable Uzbek population, Shymkent city is kilometres from Tashkent and has come to resemble Osh in its importance as a regional drug trafficking centre. It has also drawn comparisons with Osh due to the growth of extremism in the city and the wider region. According to Kazakh officials, 90 per cent of drugs trafficked through the country are transported by road or rail. For their part, Russian FDCS officials have publically stated that the majority of drugs is trafficked into the Russian Federation by rail. The welldeveloped rail network through Kazakhstan thus appears to be both targeted and vulnerable. Rail networks are an efficient means of transport and popular method of drug trafficking. At the same time, the fixed nature of rail networks allows authorities greater interdiction opportunities than with vehicles. Nevertheless, whereas Uzbekistan continues to make numerous seizures of heroin bound for Kazakhstan and further to the Russian Federation, the tally for Kazakhstan and neighbouring Kyrgyzstan is limited. Trafficking is dealt with much more harshly, and is considered a threat to national security; in , amendments to the Criminal Code introduced maximum life sentences for drug trafficking. Kazakhstan retains the death penalty, but uses it only in exceptional cases and does not apply it to drug trafficking charges; the death penalty has been suspended since , but has not been formally abolished. In the s there were virtually no drug treatment centers in Kazakhstan. The Ministry of Health ran a center offering treatment and prevention programs. However, by lack of resources had made treatment on demand impossible and stimulated reorganization of the program. In the mids, the five former Soviet republics agreed to cooperate to combat drug smuggling through Central Asia. In Kazakhstan, an An active government narcotics control program began in , although limited personnel and funding handicapped its efforts. In only police, sniffer dogs, and twelve special investigators were active. Most Ministry of Internal Affairs interdiction occurs along the Chinese border. Cooperation has been sought with the narcotics programs of other Central Asian states and Russia. In and , Russian forces made eradication sweeps through the Chu Valley, but Russian helicopter support ceased in Antinarcotics agreements have been signed with Turkey, Pakistan, China, and Iran. Kazakhstan also has requested United States aid in drafting narcotics provisions in a new penal code. Kazakh authorities seized less than 1 percent of the tons of heroin that passed through in , even though the oil-rich country has the best trained and best paid border forces in the region. The largest heroin seizure volumes were in Southern Kazakhstan The largest opium seizure volumes were in Almaty city Large opiates seizures are conspicuously absent from Zhambyl oblast as it is contiguous with oblasts with high seizures, particularly Southern Kazakhstan oblast, and it is located on the main transport corridor between Bishkek and Almaty. Geographically, it is worth noting that there is not a regional concentration of seizures, which indicates that opiates transiting the country are bound for markets as far apart as London and Beijing and utilizing the maze of possible transit corridors through the country. The shipment was scanned and seized by Customs on the border with the Russian Federation. Since then, no seizure made in has exceeded 55 kilograms and most are significantly smaller. The largest seizure reported in was effected in southern Kazakhstan and consisted of 36 kilograms of heroin. Heroin seizures, for example, decreased markedly in North Kazakhstan 79 percent and Eastern Kazakhstan 94 percent while increasing by over 5, percent in Western Kazakhstan. Similarly, opium seizures have varied markedly with Southern Kazakhstan recording a 78 percent decrease and Pavlodar recording an increase of over percent. This trend may be partially explained by the frequency of large volume seizures. Kazakhstan opiate seizures kilograms , 1, Between and opiate seizures remained fairly consistent, hovering near Almost 90 per cent of seizures in Central Asia are made before the heroin reaches Kazakhstan. Apart from a brief spike in , Kazakh seizures have averaged less than 1 per cent of the total estimated flow transiting the country. In , the country seized kilograms of heroin. In it had seized less than half of this figure kilograms. This is reason for concern, given that tons of heroin are estimated to have been trafficked through Kazakhstan in Smaller volumes are seen in opium seizures, which totalled kilograms in Opium seizures in fell to historic lows totalling only 9. As shown on the map below, seizures virtually disappear in Kazakhstan only to reappear in the Russian Federation. Crossing on foot or horse is common in more isolated areas of the Kyrgyz-Kazakh border. Vehicles can also bypass official border checkpoints with reasonable ease, as there is a low risk of detection in many border areas. Seizures made in Kazakhstan usually consist of small to medium size shipments. By contrast, the Russian Federation regularly seizes large shipments tracked to Kyrgyzstan or Uzbekistan. As in Kyrgyzstan, few seizures take place at the Kazakh borders. Once heroin has been trafficked through the initial border crossing, only good intelligence or good luck will expose a large shipment, suggesting this route is exceedingly well organized. Distribution of opiate seizures by Customs and other seizing agencies in Kazakhstan : As an example, the Program on Combating Drug Addiction and Narco-Business in Kazakhstan prioritized further strengthening the southern border with inspection equipments - scanners, sniffer dogs and drug test kits. Counter-narcotics divisions of the Ministry of Interior have also been provided with three mobile scanning machines for the inspection of trucks in the south-Kazakhstan region and in Kyzylorda, Almaty and Zhambyl provinces. It should be noted however that the quality of the equipment can vary. The truck had been scanned on the Kazakh side, but only the Russian scanner had been able to identify the concealment of drugs inside the truck. The officer explained that the Kazakh side of border control has a scanner of poorer quality compared to the more reliable one at the Russian crossing. This should not detract from the fact that receiving bribes simply to look the other way during border crossings is also a reality at the various entry points across Kazakh borders. If Customs has reasonable suspicion and no drugs are found upon inspection, the concerned law-enforcement agency will bear all expenses and reimburse all damages incurred by the transporter. This is a highly de-motivating factor for law enforcement officers and here the importance of scanners is obvious. A possible indication that current measures are insufficient is that many law enforcement officials are actually clamouring for reconsideration of the rules of the TIR Convention, to allow for inspection of vehicles. As of , Russian and Kazakh Customs are no longer operating on the RussianKazakh border 6, km , in line with the Customs union agreement between the two countries and Belarus. On paper, this constitutes a significant strengthening of the Kazakh border regime. It could also enhance cross-national cooperation between Customs Union members in the gathering and sharing of intelligence. However, assessing the actual impact is difficult at the time of this writing given that complete seizure data is unavailable. Page Top. This site contains copyrighted material the use of which has not always been authorized by the copyright owner. Such material is made available in an effort to advance understanding of country or topic discussed in the article. This constitutes 'fair use' of any such copyrighted material as provided for in section of the US Copyright Law. In accordance with Title 17 U. Section , the material on this site is distributed without profit. 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