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In Germany, the acquisition, possession, and trafficking of cocaine generally leads to a preliminary investigation and proceeding. In alone, around 20 tonnes of cocaine were seized in Germany. Although the problem also affects significant finds in harbours and at other border crossings, it mainly affects private individuals carrying comparatively small quantities of cocaine. It is advisable to be aware of the possible criminal consequences of possessing, trafficking, or consuming cocaine before the seizure. In addition, it is crucial to know how to behave if drugs are found and confiscated. Even if the German Narcotics Act BtMG specifies simple basic formulas for narcotics offences, this should not obscure the fact that each offence consists of several complex elements. Therefore, a sound knowledge of German criminal law is necessary to judge the individual case correctly. Such cases can be particularly difficult for foreigners who may be unfamiliar with German law and find themselves charged with cocaine offences in Germany. Whether you have been accused of a narcotics offence or preliminary proceedings have already been initiated against you, our German criminal defence lawyers are at your side. Thanks to our in-depth legal knowledge and extensive experience, we guarantee the best possible results for our clients. Contact us today to benefit from our expertise and commitment. Google Rating Based on reviews. Doping offences. Driving bans. Possession of cannabis. Drug offences and narcotics criminal law. Customs criminal law. Extradition proceedings Interpol search. Cocaine is one of several narcotics that are categorised as prohibited substances under German law. The German Narcotics Act BtMG applies to the classification of narcotics as prohibited substances and the standardisation of the associated criminal offences. According to Section 29 1 BtMG , the cultivation, manufacture, trade, acquisition, and other placing on the market or obtaining of narcotics is a punishable offence. Possession without written permission to purchase is also a punishable offence. Furthermore, driving under the influence of cocaine can also lead to punishment, e. Driving under the influence of cocaine in Germany can result in the withdrawal of a driving licence. Numerous factors play a role in determining the penalty for a cocaine offence in Germany. The expected range of punishment depends on the modalities of the offence and always depends on the circumstances of the individual case. In addition to the basic criminal liability for offences involving cocaine, numerous provisions in Section 29 of the German Narcotics Act BtMG can increase or reduce the penalty , or lead to the case being closed. Depending on the circumstances of the individual case and the presence of certain additional requirements or elements of the offence, the penalty for cocaine-related offences can, therefore, vary considerably in Germany. The following circumstances are particularly relevant for determining the sentence:. One of the primary criminal offences in connection with cocaine, among many other forms of dealing, such as production and trafficking, is possession of cocaine under Section 29 BtMG. The pure consumption of cocaine is not listed among these punishable acts. However, the distinction between pure consumption and possession for personal use is often complicated and poses some problems of proof in criminal proceedings. Possession of cocaine in Germany generally requires that the accused carries the substance on their body. This means that the accused must be aware that the cocaine is in their bodily sphere. The offence may, therefore, not be charged if the accused is carrying the substance to destroy it or if it has been planted on them without their knowledge. However, the accused must be able to prove these opposing motives or disprove the intent resulting from the finding of cocaine. If cocaine is found on a suspect during a house search, it is assumed that they are in possession of it either for their own use or for commercial purposes. On this basis, criminal proceedings can be initiated. If you find yourself in a situation where a search of your private or business premises is imminent or has already taken place, you should seek our legal advice immediately. Our German lawyers will advise you on your rights and obligations in the event of search and seizure measures. The quantity of cocaine detected is particularly decisive for criminal liability and sentencing in Germany. The BtMG standardises three different quantity concepts, which can be structured differently in the federal states in Germany regarding specific gram quantities. Case law defines a small quantity as up to three units of consumption based on a non-dependent user. In turn, a unit of consumption is understood to be the quantity of a narcotic that is necessary and sufficient to achieve a state of intoxication in the usual form of consumption. Accordingly, it is not the quantity of the substance that is important, but the quantity of active substance contained, i. According to the Bundestag in Germany, the limit value for cocaine is 99 mg of cocaine hydrochloride. However, to reduce the workload of the authorities, the actual weight of the cocaine detected may be considered to avoid prosecution. The federal states have different limits in this respect. In Hamburg, for example, the limit is 1g of cocaine, in NRW it is 0. It should be emphasised at this point that the authorities can refrain from prosecution or discontinue the proceedings. This is not mandatory. The penalty ranges in Germany from a fine to a five-year prison sentence. According to the normal quantity, a quantity is not small if the normal value is exceeded. A non-minor quantity of cocaine is therefore assumed to be 5g of pure cocaine or more. The police will take away the cocaine found on your person. It serves as evidence and is essential for further investigation so that it is seized or confiscated following Section 94 of the German Code of Criminal Procedure StPO. In this case, you are obliged to hand it over following Section 95 StPO. If you refuse to do so, the police may use administrative and coercive measures. Following the seizure, the cocaine can be confiscated under Section 33 BtMG. As a result, the official measures mean that any drugs you are carrying , including drugs other than cocaine, will be taken away from you and will not be returned. The confiscated quantities of cocaine and other narcotics will be destroyed after a specific time. Section 29 BtMG constitutes the basic offence and provides for a prison sentence of up to 5 years or a fine. The following circumstances are considered as aggravating circumstances regarding cocaine:. For the generally increased custodial sentences, the custodial sentence may be reduced in less serious or exceptional cases. Another area in which dealing with cocaine can lead to a criminal conviction is driving under the influence of cocaine. Anyone who drives a vehicle on the road despite being unable to drive safely because of taking intoxicating substances such as cocaine is liable to prosecution under Section of the German Criminal Code StGB and may face a fine or a prison sentence of up to one year. In addition can the driving licence be revoked. Driving under the influence of cocaine also becomes particularly relevant if the person concerned is involved in a road accident. If the influence of cocaine causes an accident in which the life and limb of another person or third-party property is specifically endangered, the penalty under Section c StGB is up to five years imprisonment. A blood test can be ordered to determine the specific value if this test is positive. If such an order is issued, contacting an experienced criminal lawyer is advisable to ensure your rights throughout the investigation and proceedings. In contrast to alcohol, there is no recognised limit for driving under the influence of narcotics. This means that the authorities have discretionary powers , as unfitness to drive must be determined based on all the circumstances of the individual case. Regardless of the amount consumed, this may constitute an administrative offence under Section 24a 2 StVG , which carries a fine of up to 2, euros. According to German law, it is an offence to d rive a motor vehicle while under the influence of an intoxicating substance. The effect is indisputably present if the substance can be detected in the blood. In cases where there is a threat of driving licence revocation and personal mobility is at stake, it is essential to contact an experienced criminal law expert for further information and support. The offence of trafficking in cocaine in Germany is very broadly defined. According to the definition, trafficking in cocaine includes any self-serving endeavour aimed at facilitating or promoting the sale of cocaine. It primarily consists of the sale, import or other distribution of cocaine. In addition, it also includes activities that serve the purpose of cocaine trafficking in a broader sense, such as. Trafficking is also assumed in the case of a one-off or occasional activity. The accusation of trafficking in narcotics can, therefore, be made quickly. For example, anyone who sells their drugs to friends is also liable to prosecution for cocaine trafficking. The criminal liability for cocaine trafficking can be aggravated if the offence is carried out on a commercial basis. There is also an aggravated criminal charge if weapons are involved in cocaine trafficking. Overall, this is a broadly defined offence in Germany that relates to many aspects of the supply chain and can already be fulfilled in the run-up to actual cocaine trafficking e. In any case, an experienced German criminal defence lawyer and expert in narcotics offences should be consulted as soon as possible in case of such an accusation. Please use our online form to outline your request to us. After receiving your request, we will make a brief initial assessment based on the facts described and provide you with a cost offer. You can then decide whether you would like to engage our services. You can use this mechanism to send us encrypted files and messages. The contents are encrypted with a password assigned by you, which you must send to us via a third channel. You can also send us the request directly via PGP. However, we recommend using our secure server for sending files. Mo — Fr: — 24h Contact: Email: info se-legal. Berlin , Potsdamer Platz Frankfurt , Hanauer Landstrasse B. Hamburg , Neuer Wall German Criminal Lawyers. Our Services. Content show. Our Expertise in Narcotics Criminal Law. Cocaine as an Illegal Narcotic. Cocaine Offences: What are the Penalties and Sentences? Cocaine Possession. Relevance of the Quantity Found. What Happens to the Cocaine that is Found? Aggravating Circumstances regarding Cocaine. Contact us. Criminal Legal Defence:. Gang-related drug offences. Commercial and non-commercial trafficking. Supply of narcotics to minors. Possession of narcotics. Cross-border narcotics offences Import, export and transit of illegal substances. Reduction of sentence Proof of personal use Refutation of trafficking Careful quantity determination. Related Legal Services. The following circumstances are particularly relevant for determining the sentence: Has a criminal or drug offence been committed for the first time or is it a repeat offence? Did the offender intend to obtain a continuous source of income of some duration and scope through repeated drug offences and to some extent, i. Was the drug offence committed as part of organised crime? What quantity of cocaine was found? The following circumstances are considered as aggravating circumstances regarding cocaine: As a member of a gang : The trafficking, cultivation and production of cocaine as a member of a gang that has joined together to continue committing such drug offences is punishable under Section 30 para. Supply to minors : If a person over the age of 21 has been found to have supplied cocaine to a minor , to have administered it to a minor, or to have given it to a minor for consumption , they are generally punished with a prison sentence of not less than one year , following Section 29a 1 no. If the offender induces the minor to trade in cocaine or otherwise place it on the market, the standardised penalty is increased to a minimum of five years imprisonment under Section 30a 2 no. Commercial : Commercial handling of cocaine is punishable by a prison sentence of no less than two years following Section 30 1 No. Recklessly causing death : Anyone who recklessly causes the death of another person by dispensing or administering cocaine or giving it to that person for immediate consumption is also punished, Section 30 para. In addition, it also includes activities that serve the purpose of cocaine trafficking in a broader sense, such as the transport of money, the recruitment and control of dealers or traffickers, the financing of the trade and thus the respective background transactions or courier trips. Practice Group: German Criminal Law. Online Form. Philip Busse. Julius Hagen. Thorsten Weckenbrock. Adjunct Prof Dr. Peter Rackow. Of Counsel Freelance. Contact our Lawyers for German Criminal Law. Notice: JavaScript is required for this content. Conference Rooms.
Following this, provisions covering all other dangerous drugs including cocaine and morphine follow. The first schedule of this Ordinance.
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Most indicators continue to suggest that cocaine availability on European consumer markets remains at historically high levels and that the markets continue to expand across Europe. While most cocaine consumers remain concentrated in a limited number of western and southern European countries, whose markets appear to be continuing to expand, there are also indications that cocaine retail markets continue to grow in northern and eastern Europe. However, there are also indications that these markets are growing and are emerging in countries where they were not observed before. Affordability of drugs is a measure that incorporates drug purity and accounts for differing national economic conditions as quantified in the price level indices PLI for fuller details and limitations, see Groshkova et al. Affordability allows a more sophisticated comparison of retail drug markets across countries and over time. Source: The source data for this graphic is available in the source table on this page. This finding is in line with trends noted in other indicators of retail markets such as retail prices and purity, estimated prevalence of drug use, wastewater analysis and numbers of cocaine seizures, which all suggest a further increase in cocaine availability since the last edition of this report EMCDDA and Europol, It should also be noted that cocaine affordability in Europe does not appear to have been impacted by the COVID pandemic and associated measures restricting movement in Europe, as it remained stable or slightly increased in see Figure Changes in average affordability of cocaine in a group of 16 EU Member States. The purity of cocaine at the retail level has been increasing in Europe since , and in it reached its highest level in the last decade, although adulteration continues to take place see Box Recent trends in cocaine adulteration. Overall, the retail price of the drug remained stable between and This appears to confirm the trend, identified in the previous edition of this report, that more cocaine is now available on European retail markets than before EMCDDA and Europol, The COVID pandemic does not seem to have impacted retail prices or the increase in purity recorded since in significant ways, even if a slight increase in price and a stabilisation of purity can be observed in see Figure Indexed trends in cocaine retail price and purity. This is likely due to an increase in the availability of high-purity cocaine at the wholesale level see Box Profiling European cocaine and to competition between the numerous criminal networks involved at the various levels of the cocaine market see Cocaine: increasingly attractive for a wider range of criminal networks. The increasing production of cocaine hydrochloride in Europe may also have played a role see Section Manufacturing cocaine: new developments highlight larger European role in global production. In Europe, the retail market for cocaine has historically been concentrated in the western and southern parts of the continent. This is where most of the drug first enters the EU, and they are the most populated and wealthiest regions of Europe. Data on prevalence of cocaine use, expressed in estimated numbers of users during the last year, may be viewed as an indicator of the location and approximate size of retail markets, with the latest available data signalling that the largest retail markets continue to be located in western and southern Europe. Two Nordic countries, Denmark and Sweden, follow these countries, but report much lower estimated numbers of users. Meanwhile, the available data indicate that Poland may be the largest cocaine market in eastern Europe. However, due to a lack of recent general population survey data from some countries in this part of Europe, this may not be the case. While western and southern Europe remain the main markets, signs such as cocaine consumption becoming more common in cities in eastern Europe suggest that the cocaine retail market is also developing in other regions EMCDDA, Recent trends based on data from 15 countries that have conducted surveys on last year cocaine use since indicate that levels of use are increasing in 8 countries, remaining stable in 5 and decreasing in 2 EMCDDA, a. While an overall decrease in cocaine use was visible in , likely due to COVID and the restrictions imposed on social gatherings and the nightlife scene, there are indications of recovery in and overall signals that the cocaine retail market continues to expand. Wastewater information provides some details on the characteristics of European cocaine retail markets see Overview of data and methods. Likely due to a temporary reduction in cocaine use during the initial lockdown period of the COVID pandemic, data on cocaine residues namely the benzoylecgonine cocaine metabolite in municipal wastewater showed a decrease in the majority of cities in compared to EMCDDA, However, in an increase in cocaine residues was observed in 32 out of 58 cities compared to , with 12 reporting no change and 14 reporting a decrease EMCDDA, a. Furthermore, wastewater data from 12 European cities covering the period show increasing longer-term trends. While this cannot be readily interpreted as an increase in the number of cocaine users, although this is a possible explanation, other factors could have caused this increase in metabolites. Higher concentrations of metabolites could mean that the same number of people used more cocaine, or they could reflect the increased purity of cocaine found on European retail markets. A combination of these three causes could also be an explanation. Treatment data can also provide some insight into the drug retail trade. Between , first-time entries to specialised drug treatment for cocaine problems increased in 14 countries EDR Overall, new entries to treatment for problems associated with cocaine use have increased in Europe since Most of the drug seizures reported in Europe are of small amounts of under 10 grams, likely confiscated on retail markets. Out of the 26 countries with sufficient data, only Bulgaria and Greece, which report comparatively small numbers of cocaine seizures, did not report a decrease between and Indeed, as already mentioned, lockdowns across Europe impacted on levels of cocaine use, and it is also probable that less police time and resources were focused on enforcing drug laws at retail level in , since many officers were mobilised in the enforcement of COVID restrictions. However, the impact of COVID on European retail markets for cocaine in should not obscure the steady increase in the number of cocaine seizures observed between and , a general trend which, put in the context of the other indicators reviewed in this report, may have only been temporarily interrupted by the effects of COVID In this respect, it will be important to continue monitoring numbers of cocaine seizures in Europe in the future. The country reporting the largest estimated number of cocaine seizures in and in previous years is Spain 35 followed by Italy 7 , Belgium 5 , and Sweden 4 However, it must be noted that data are not available for several countries usually reporting large numbers of seizures. The countries reporting the highest numbers of seizures also report some of the highest estimated numbers of cocaine users. It should be noted that the Netherlands, one of the top retail markets in terms of numbers of cocaine users, does not report numbers of drug seizures and as a result is not included in this analysis. Trends in numbers of seizures and other indicators presented in the edition of the EU Drug Markets Report EMCDDA and Europol, suggested that the largest cocaine retail markets of western and southern Europe continued growing, while other markets were emerging or expanding in eastern Europe and in the Nordic countries. New seizure data broadly confirm that these trends continued until the shock caused by COVID in East European countries generally report much lower numbers than the rest of Europe, reaching a few hundred cocaine seizures annually at the most. Seven countries Estonia, Croatia, Latvia, Lithuania, Hungary, Romania and Slovakia reported record numbers of cocaine seizures in However, data from the police are not available, so this may not reflect the true level. Furthermore, Turkey reported 3 cocaine seizures in , seven times the number reported in and the seventh largest number of cocaine seizures in Europe that year. Although the number of Turkish seizures started declining after the peak of 3 , it remains at significantly higher levels than in the mids, continuing to suggest that a sizeable cocaine retail market exists in Turkey see Figure Indexed trends in numbers of cocaine seizures in 11 Eastern EU countries and Turkey. Similarly, Danish, Finnish and Norwegian seizures were more numerous in and than in Denmark and Finland, like Sweden, broke records in , before the pandemic hit Europe. Historically, small freebase cocaine markets have existed in a few western and southern European countries including Germany, Spain, France, Italy and the Netherlands. The available information indicates that use of freebase cocaine in eastern and northern Europe continues to be very limited. Although there is little doubt that the European market for smokeable freebase products is much smaller than the market for hydrochloride powders, it is difficult to monitor and the data available at present are unlikely to reflect its true dimension. Should the other main freebase cocaine markets in Europe have experienced a similar increase in the number of users over this time period, of which there are some indications, then there would potentially be over freebase cocaine users in Europe. An important distinction between the two cocaine markets is that while cocaine powders are invariably bought from dealers, the freebase market involves products that are either manufactured by the users themselves from purchased powders or purchased as crack from dealers. Based on the available evidence, it is difficult to estimate which of these two types of products is the most prominent, but basification for own use i. Those who manufacture their own freebase products may not identify themselves as crack users but as cocaine users, which may lead to an underestimation of the number of freebase cocaine users in Europe EMCDDA and Europol, Thus, for a number of reasons, it is likely that the European market for freebase cocaine products is both underestimated and under-documented. Caution is therefore required when interpreting the available data. Freebase cocaine is primarily smoked, but some users inject it. In some countries such as France and Portugal, low-threshold facilities report that injection of freebase is not infrequent. Freebase users appear to predominantly belong to vulnerable high-risk populations, and are often also current or former users of opioids. Migrants from Africa and east European countries are reported to make up a sizeable proportion of freebase cocaine users in some EU Member States. There are also indications of cocaine freebase use among some recreational drug users in France and Italy, which suggest that use is spreading to a new customer base. Only a handful of countries report the number of crack cocaine seizures consistently, and as a result it is difficult to distinguish trends. Nevertheless, it would appear that since the last edition of this report EMCDDA and Europol, , seizures have continued to be relatively stable and low in both numbers and quantities among the reporting countries. However, other datasets suggest that in recent years, some long-standing freebase markets may have grown, although they remain small, while new markets seem to have emerged in countries where they previously were not observed, resulting in an increase in Europe as a whole. For example, the overall number of people seeking treatment for problems with crack use tripled between and , when 7 people entered treatment. Notable increases were observed in countries with long-standing markets, such as Spain, France and Italy, but also in others including Belgium, Ireland and Portugal. Crack use was also reported in some German cities where it was rarely observed in the past. Similar trends emerge from other datasets. For instance, low-threshold services in Brussels, Lisbon and some areas of Ireland and Italy reported a significant increase in the number of crack users among their clients in In addition, wastewater analysis performed in 13 cities of six western European countries in found freebase residues in all cities and during all sampling days, indicating daily use EMCDDA, b. The highest loads were encountered in Amsterdam and Antwerp, that is, in cities located in countries identified as major entry points for wholesale cocaine shipments to the EU see Section Exploitation of global logistics: European and Latin American ports. Cocaine freebase markets often entail serious consequences in terms of public health and security, and can be particularly challenging to deal with for the public services concerned. Dependence on crack cocaine is characterised by high-frequency use, serious mental and physical health problems, and aggression. Notable harms associated with cocaine freebase use in Europe include intimidation, violence and forced prostitution, and it frequently leads individuals to financial ruin. At the global level, and particularly in South America, a bigger range of smokeable cocaine products are available to consumers than in Europe. The majority are made from the intermediary products, coca paste and cocaine base, that are formed during the manufacture of cocaine hydrochloride from coca leaves see Figure The cocaine production process and the different cocaine products. These are smuggled in wholesale amounts within and across borders from production areas in Bolivia, Colombia and Peru. In some South American countries, especially the three main cocaine-producing countries, there is evidence to suggest that markets for smokeable products are larger than those for powder cocaine UNODC, e. As already mentioned, the availability in Europe of large quantities of coca paste and cocaine base creates a risk that new smokeable cocaine consumer products similar to those available in South America could emerge on the European market in the future see Section Manufacturing cocaine: new developments highlight larger European role in global production. Compared to other aspects of the cocaine market, there is limited systematic information available on the methods used to retail cocaine directly to consumers in Europe. Overall, the nature of the connections between the players active at different levels of the market — importation, wholesale distribution, mid-market distribution and retail sales — is generally poorly documented. Until more and better data are systematically collected on these aspects, it will be difficult to paint a comprehensive picture of how the cocaine retail market operates in Europe. That said, like the diversification of the criminal networks involved in the importation and distribution of cocaine in Europe analysed earlier see Cocaine: increasingly attractive for a wider range of criminal networks , some evidence exists to show that retail markets have seen the emergence of new players and are becoming more diverse, in terms of where and how they operate. While research on the cocaine retail trade is limited, it is generally thought that face-to-face methods for buying and delivering cocaine to consumers is most common. However, data collected through novel methods and on internet-based platforms have provided some insights into the market and how it may be changing. The diversification of the cocaine retail market has potentially been influenced by, among other things, the direct delivery to consumers of small amounts of cocaine purchased through the darknet. There is relatively good data on darknet markets, which have provided insights into estimated sales volumes, for example. Based on such data, cocaine has been estimated to be one of the drugs that generates the highest revenues for dealers operating in anonymised darknet markets. While darknet markets have been a relatively important source of supply for European cocaine consumers, there are indications that they are losing ground as a method for retailing cocaine and other drugs Groshkova et al. Research and analysis also suggest that public social media platforms and encrypted communication tools are commonly and potentially increasingly used across Europe for mid-level and retail cocaine trafficking. In Sweden, for example, ongoing research has found that the retail drugs trade has moved increasingly to social media platforms Bloem and Svederborn, , with one study finding that cocaine is offered in smaller quantities on Facebook compared to one of the largest Swedish cryptomarkets, namely Flugsvamp 2. Web-based surveys can also be a quick and inexpensive tool for collecting information from relatively large numbers of people who use drugs. While their results cannot be generalised to the population as a whole, or indeed to all people who use drugs, they can paint a detailed and timely picture of drug consumption and purchasing patterns and are a useful complement to traditional data-collection methods. A smaller proportion of these respondents provided detailed information enabling further analysis of how cocaine is retailed in Europe. Interestingly, the use of these methods differed between countries. While this indicates that some methods of purchase are more common in some countries than others, indicating that the retail markets may differ somewhat across Europe, it should be stressed that sample sizes were very small in several countries. Source: European Web Survey on Drugs, Twenty-one EU countries and Switzerland. The source data for this graphic is available in the source table on this page. The Figure In the last 12 months, how was the cocaine powder usually delivered to you? Similarly, the use of delivery methods greatly differs between countries, again suggesting differences among European countries. Early analysis on the impact of the pandemic on EU drug markets indicated that the effects of COVID restrictions appeared to be more noticeable at the retail level than at the wholesale level. Although large quantities of cocaine were available in Europe, the logistics of transporting smaller batches, including retail quantities, were more difficult to orchestrate. New modi operandi observed in some EU Member States indicated that some dealers quickly adapted to new challenges. It is too early to tell whether the pandemic will have any lasting effects on the retail trade for cocaine in Europe. It will be important to continue monitoring these aspects in the coming years. Although caution is needed in interpreting these data, the number of listings provides a useful indicator of the scale of activity on darknet markets. Compared with data from previous monitoring periods, when the origin of cocaine offered on darknet markets was limited to a few EU Member States EMCDDA and Europol, , the current data show considerable diversification, with cocaine now apparently being shipped from every corner of the EU. The typical quantity most frequently observed value of cocaine powder offered was 10 grams 1 listings , followed by 20 grams 1 The typical price per gram was consistently EUR 60 per gram, up to 50 grams, at which point a bulk discount was evident — listings of 50 grams and grams were typically offered at EUR 50 per gram. The typical quantity of crack offered was 1 gram 14 listings , followed by 0. There were listings of 1 kilogram or more cocaine powder. There were 47 listings for 2 kilograms; one listing each for 2. However, price data were not available for these quantities. The Netherlands and Germany together accounted for over half of the listings of bulk quantities see Figure Proportion of bulk cocaine listings on major darknet markets shipping from EU countries. Consult the list of references used in this resource. Homepage Quick links Quick links. GO Results hosted on duckduckgo. Main navigation Data Open related submenu Data. 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Recent news How do economic recessions influence illicit drug use? Quick links Search news Subscribe newsletter for recent news Subscribe to news releases. Breadcrumb Home Publications European Drug Markets Cocaine Cocaine retail markets: multiple indicators suggest continued growth and diversification. On this page. Cocaine retail markets: multiple indicators suggest continued growth and diversification. PDF is being prepared. This make take up to a minute. Once the PDF is ready it will appear in this tab. Sorry, the download of the PDF failed. Last update: 6 May
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