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The Swiss city of Basel and its ports on the River Rhine are one of the access points for the vast amounts of cocaine arriving through the major Northern European seaports. SWI swissinfo. Thomas Kern was born in Switzerland in He was a founder of the Swiss photographers agency Lookat Photos in Thomas Kern has won twice a World Press Award and has been awarded several Swiss national scholarships. His work has been widely exhibited and it is represented in various collections. There are no boats in sight on the Rhine. Rippled by a biting wind, the river today belongs to the seagulls. The vessel had set off from Rotterdam, heading upstream with its load of 59 containers. They are the national transport hub in the freight corridor between Rotterdam and Basel, as well as the main centres for the transshipment of goods from water to road or rail. In , nearly 5, vessels carrying some , containers External link docked at these ports. Kitted out with helmets and reflective vests, we are visiting the port with a deployment team from the Federal Office for Customs and Border Security. Our guide is Ioannis, head of the Basel customs control team, whom we can refer to only by his first name. While we walk to the terminal, two of his colleagues enter the transshipment area, informing the port managers of their intention to inspect three containers: two from China and one from Taiwan. There is no way they can inspect all the containers that pass through the Basel ports, which handled between five and six million tonnes of goods in In recent years, Europe, and thus also Switzerland, has been flooded with ever-growing quantities of cocaine. According to the European Drug Report External link by the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, a record tonnes of cocaine were seized by EU member states in , up from tonnes in Large-scale drug trafficking takes place mainly by means of containers. Roughly calculated, this means that between 3, and 6, tonnes of cocaine were sold in Europe in In , the snowfall of white powder was even heavier. This technique, which is the latest trend among drug traffickers, works as follows: at the port of departure, for instance Guayaquil in Ecuador, a container of bananas is illegally opened to hide a bag full of drugs inside. Immediately afterwards, it is closed again using stolen or 3D-printed lead seals, making the tampering difficult to detect. At the port of Rotterdam, the container is re-opened by a network of accomplices. This content was published on Jun 28, Criminal syndicates take advantage of container shipping lines to smuggle cocaine to Europe. The story of MSC Gayane sheds light on the issue. The gangs active in the Netherlands prefer to leave transport to Basel to other groups, he says. The drugs thus change hands several times along the supply chain. The widespread distribution of cocaine in Switzerland is in the hands of criminal organisations, including ones from the Balkans. Other smaller groups, such as Turkish-Kurdish networks, are also active. These criminal networks, contrary to what was previously thought, tend to work together rather than operating as isolated entities, replacing the old vision of impenetrable clans. Cocaine is imported into Switzerland by various means. Some couriers swallow up to half a kilo of the substance before boarding a plane, while others try to evade airport controls by hiding up to 20 kilos in their suitcases. Drugs are also transported overland from the major European ports, concealed in false bottoms or other ingenious hidey-holes in cars and lorries. Large shipments are often smuggled in vehicle convoys to avoid random checkpoints. Containerised importation by cargo vessel is rather the exception, with traffickers preferring to transport cocaine by road since there is little risk of border controls between the Netherlands and Switzerland. The container from Taiwan, which was opened after a dock worker cut the seal, contains asparagus and bamboo shoots. After careful inspection of a package, and since the tester does not indicate the presence of drugs, the two doors are closed and sealed again, allowing the goods to continue on their way. Of the almost kilograms of the substance discovered last year, around kilograms was confiscated in a single police operation, when half a tonne of cocaine was discovered at the Nespresso factory in Romont in western Switzerland. This content was published on Mar 5, Investigations into a haul of cocaine seized at a Nespresso plant in Switzerland in have drawn a blank in Fribourg. But some progress is being made in Basel. According to a statistic, five tonnes of cocaine are consumed annually in Switzerland. It is the most widely consumed drug after cannabis. Cocaine is widespread in all social contexts, even at village festivals, partly because its price is within reach of almost all wallets: a gram costs under CHF while a snort is less than a cocktail at a fashionable nightclub. Between and , cocaine use in Switzerland more than doubled. According to monitoring External link in a hundred European cities in , three Swiss cities were among the top ten for cocaine consumption: Zurich 5th place , Basel 6th and Geneva 8th. The turnover generated by cocaine in Switzerland is estimated at around CHF million. This is, of course, rich pickings for organised crime. These developments show that such people, operating from our country, manage the import and distribution of cocaine on a large scale, extending their operations beyond the national borders. His presence in Switzerland was a wake-up call for the federal police, a clear indication that high-profile criminals consider the country a safe place to continue managing their affairs. As noted in a Fedpol planning document External link for to , international drug trafficking is the core business of organised crime. Thanks to its well-established and extensive network, it imports cocaine on a large scale, communicating through encrypted messaging services, such as Sky ECC External link. Criminal organisations originating from the Balkans, meanwhile, are mainly involved in distribution and direct sales on the ground. This cooperation between different groups takes place without any particular conflicts or gang wars, as there is enough pie to go round for everybody — despite a recent spike in murders. After a steady decline in the murder rate, Switzerland is now witnessing a worrying rise in violent deaths. According to crime statistics data for External link , published by the Federal Statistical Office, acts of serious violence increased by more than These appear to be sporadic incidents, yet experience shows that criminal organisations could well be behind these acts. Determining the truth requires intensive investigation, says an expert from the Federal Office of Police. In any case, attracting attention through murders is bad for business — also in the criminal world. As for drugs, they have discovered nothing suspicious that could justify further scrutiny, such as the use of sniffer dogs or cargo scanning to search for goods concealed in secret compartments. The checks in Basel are over for today. The control team leaves the transshipment area. The cold gusts of wind are once more the sole masters of the quay, while the leaden sky is crisscrossed with the playful flight of seagulls, and the air filled with their shrill calls. Do you want to read our weekly top stories? Subscribe here. More: SWI swissinfo. You can find an overview of ongoing debates with our journalists here. Please join us! If you want to start a conversation about a topic raised in this article or want to report factual errors, email us at english swissinfo. Switzerland stands out for its innovative approach to the problem of drug addiction. This content was published on Jan 18, Last year, the Zurich cantonal police seized around 64kg of cocaine, 10kg of heroin, kg of khat, 64kg of marijuana and 20kg of hashish. Swiss perspectives in 10 languages. Search Close. Menu Close. Search Search. Swiss Abroad. Switzerland: How To. About us. Border guards check a container in a Basel Rhine harbour. It's the proverbial search for a needle in a haystack. This content was published on March 15, - Thomas Kern. More from this author Multimedia. Other languages: 9. Svizzera: crocevia insospettabile nel traffico internazionale di cocaina Original. Previous Next www. External Content. Drug trafficking and distribution in Switzerland. Rise in murders in Switzerland. Swiss detectives follow trail of cocaine seized at Nespresso factory. In compliance with the JTI standards. Read more. Next Previous More How far is Switzerland in decriminalising drugs? Read more: How far is Switzerland in decriminalising drugs? More 64 kilograms of cocaine seized at Zurich Airport in This content was published on Jan 18, Last year, the Zurich cantonal police seized around 64kg of cocaine, 10kg of heroin, kg of khat, 64kg of marijuana and 20kg of hashish. Read more: 64 kilograms of cocaine seized at Zurich Airport in Follow us. Data Privacy Statement. Terms of Use. Rights to content and liability. Play SWI. External Content Your subscription could not be saved. Please try again. Almost finished We need to confirm your email address. To complete the subscription process, please click the link in the email we just sent you. Discover our weekly must-reads for free! 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These datasets underpin the analysis presented in the agency's work. Most data may be viewed interactively on screen and downloaded in Excel format. All countries. Topics A-Z. The content in this section is aimed at anyone involved in planning, implementing or making decisions about health and social responses. Best practice. We have developed a systemic approach that brings together the human networks, processes and scientific tools necessary for collecting, analysing and reporting on the many aspects of the European drugs phenomenon. Explore our wide range of publications, videos and infographics on the drugs problem and how Europe is responding to it. All publications. More events. More news. We are your source of drug-related expertise in Europe. We prepare and share independent, scientifically validated knowledge, alerts and recommendations. About the EUDA. Much of our knowledge about cocaine trafficking routes results from law enforcement activity and intelligence. Information on types and quantities of drugs seized and information on the origin and destination of shipments give indications of the main routes and modes of transport. However, such information is affected by factors such as law enforcement strategies, resources and priorities, as well as temporary changes to routes and practices in response to interdiction efforts or new opportunities. Hence, caution is needed in interpreting these data. The 1 tonnes of cocaine seized worldwide in was the highest ever to be reported. As in previous years, the vast majority of the global total was seized in the Americas, followed by western and central Europe. Although small in comparison with the Americas and Europe, quantities seized in emerging cocaine markets in Africa and Asia also reached record highs in UNODC, a see Figure Global quantity of cocaine seized. The source data for this graphic is available in the source table on this page. Record levels of cocaine production have been matched by record quantities seized, especially from containers handled in the numerous ports along the transatlantic cocaine routes. Most of the cocaine seized in the EU is transported by sea, primarily in maritime shipping containers. Cocaine is shipped to the EU directly from the countries of production but also from neighbouring countries of departure in South and Central America as well as the Caribbean. Based on quantities of cocaine seized in European ports and in ports elsewhere destined for Europe see Box Detailed analysis of cocaine seized in or destined for EU , Brazil about 71 tonnes , Ecuador The latter is a relative newcomer in the top countries of origin for shipments destined for Europe, confirming that Central America now has a more significant role EMCDDA and Europol, This is likely to reflect a diversification of trafficking routes within the Americas. In total, 25 countries in the Americas reported seizures of cocaine with Europe as the intended destination in In addition to the countries previously listed, also mentioned are Paraguay There have traditionally been two main areas through which maritime and air shipments of cocaine transit en route to Europe: the Caribbean, and the West African mainland and neighbouring islands of Cape Verde, Madeira and the Canaries. While these are likely to remain significant transit areas, there are indications that North Africa continues to grow in importance and that transhipment through the Western Balkans, while remaining more limited in scope, may also have increased. From the Caribbean, cocaine is typically shipped on pleasure craft via the Azores, or by air, either on direct flights or via a variety of transit points. The quantities of cocaine seized in the West African mainland and neighbouring islands, together with those seized in Europe coming from the region appear to be small in comparison to the amounts seized at departure points in the Americas. Data reported at the international level indicate that cocaine seizures in West Africa totalled This includes a finding that more than 16 tonnes of cocaine was seized in the region that year, reversing the dearth of seizures recorded since Bird, Large seizures were also reported in This includes a shipment of 2. According to media reporting, Gambian drug authorities were searching for the owner of the consignment, a French national, in connection with the incident News24, ; Reuters, Although considerably less cocaine was seized in North Africa 1. However, developments in the last four or five years suggest that the region, particularly its coasts on the Atlantic and the Mediterranean, is a growing transit and storage hub for cocaine both arriving by sea directly from South America and coming via West Africa by land for onward transport to Europe or elsewhere, for instance the Middle East EMCDDA and Europol, ; GI TOC, The main cocaine hub of North Africa is probably Morocco. The country has traditionally seized the largest quantities of cocaine in the region, which continued in with seizures totalling 1. There are indications that the Moroccan total could be even higher. For instance, in October , more than 1. The drugs were concealed in a container on a ship that had departed from Brazil and was bound for Antwerp, Belgium, and Portbury, a middle-sized port in Bristol, United Kingdom Kundu, On a much smaller scale than Morocco, international cocaine trafficking activities in Algeria and Libya reported in the last edition of this report EMCDDA and Europol, ; Micaleff, appear to have continued in the recent period. In , Algeria reported seizing about kilograms UNODC, a , while there are indications that Libyan seizures amounted to over 44 kilograms. In December , there were two significant seizures from containers bound for Libya: one in Ecuador on a container bound for Libya and Syria kilograms , and another in Malta from a container originating in Ecuador kilograms Dixon, This area is a known hub for the transhipment of drugs at sea, particularly cannabis resin from Morocco, on ships bound for Europe or Libya, while significant quantities of cocaine have been seized in the port of Oran recently Ben Yahia and Farrah, For instance, non-routine data reported by the European Border and Coast Guard Agency Frontex on drug seizures at a number of border posts between the EU and the Western Balkans in and indicate that comparatively small amounts of cocaine enter the EU from that region. Meanwhile, Frontex data confirm the large quantities of cocaine seized in Spain, a traditional entry point for cocaine into the EU Frontex, Nevertheless, individual seizures in and could suggest that cocaine trafficking through ports in the Western Balkan region, particularly in Albania and Montenegro, may have increased. For example, kilograms was seized in the port of Durres, Albania in April Exit. Montenegrin authorities also suspect that more than 3 tonnes were smuggled through the port of Bar in the second half of Kajosevic, Furthermore, Kosovo seized a shipment of kilograms of cocaine in May after it had been smuggled through the Albanian port of Durres Halili, For the fourth consecutive year, record amounts of cocaine were seized in Europe in At Meanwhile, new records were also established elsewhere in , including Greece 1. This indicates that entry points of cocaine shipments are diversifying and that cocaine consumer markets are developing in eastern Europe including Turkey see Cocaine retail markets: multiple indicators suggest continued growth and diversification. Source: The source data for this graphic is available in the source table on this page. Data available for a few key countries indicate that even larger quantities of cocaine were seized in the EU in For instance, data on cocaine seizures in Belgium indicate that almost 92 tonnes of cocaine was seized in , almost all in the port of Antwerp. If seizures made elsewhere of shipments that were destined for Antwerp are taken into account, then close to tonnes of cocaine was seized in connection with Antwerp in Belgian Federal Police, personal communication. The preliminary data available from a few countries indicates that more than tonnes of cocaine were seized in the EU in , exceeding the previous record European total Cocaine traffickers flexibly use a wide range of innovative trafficking methods, which evolve over time in response to enforcement efforts and other factors. Although cocaine also enters the EU by air, the main route used to smuggle the drug into Europe is still the maritime route from South America to western Europe, especially taking advantage of the licit containerised trade. Maritime transport allows the smuggling of large quantities, and the nature of international commercial maritime traffic means that a vast number of routes can be and are used. In addition, smaller, private sailing boats or even semi-submersible vessels are capable of bringing in large quantities of cocaine in single shipments, entering Europe at many points see Box First two semi-submersible drug-smuggling vessels captured in Europe. Criminal networks involved in cocaine trafficking now also more frequently employ methods of transport such as mother ships, pleasure craft, fishing vessels, cruise ships and the drop-off method. Major European container ports have recorded many seizures of large cocaine shipments in recent years. In addition to targeting major ports, organised criminal networks are now increasingly shipping larger amounts of cocaine from South America to smaller ports in the EU or neighbouring countries, where security measures may be easier to circumvent. Corruption of maritime and aviation port employees and security officials throughout Europe is, in most cases, a key condition for the successful use of these facilities for cocaine importation by criminal networks. Most of the cocaine available in Europe continues to be smuggled into the largest container ports of the EU located in Belgium Antwerp , the Netherlands Rotterdam and Spain Valencia and Algeciras. The German authorities have attributed the recent increase in seizures in the port of Hamburg to the activities of Balkan and Albanian-speaking organised crime networks BKA, The use of these ports shows how criminal networks continue to exploit established commercial maritime routes between Latin America and Europe to smuggle cocaine into the EU. Taking advantage of the large volume of containerised trade in goods between the two regions, criminal networks are able to conceal large quantities of cocaine in individual shipments. As a result, the main European container ports have recorded increasing numbers of large-volume cocaine seizures in recent years. While these main container ports continue to be targeted, it is likely that law enforcement activities at these facilities have pushed some criminal networks to find alternative smuggling routes, resulting in a recent intensification of cocaine shipments to smaller ports in the EU or in neighbouring countries where security measures may be viewed as easier to evade. The available data suggest that cocaine trafficking towards the EU continued during the COVID pandemic without any apparent disruption. At least tonnes of cocaine destined for Europe was seized in Some tonnes was seized at departure ports located in Latin America, and approximately tonnes was seized at EU ports. As in previous years, the largest quantity of cocaine in the EU was seized in Belgian ports 69 tonnes , followed by Dutch 45 tonnes and Spanish ports 26 tonnes. In Latin America, the largest amount was seized at ports in Brazil 45 tonnes , Ecuador 24 tonnes and Colombia 18 tonnes see Figure Top 10 countries for quantity of cocaine destined for Europe seized at ports in A total of 60 tonnes of cocaine was seized in such secondary EU ports in see Figure Top 10 EU seizing ports for quantity of cocaine. For a description of different concealment methods, see Figure Maritime trafficking: diversification of modus operandi. The available data indicates that in Latin America, the largest quantities of cocaine destined for Europe were seized in Guayaquil, Ecuador 23 tonnes , and Santos, Brazil 21 tonnes. If all seizures departing from these ports are taken into consideration, totalling about 61 tonnes shipped from Guayaquil and 31 tonnes from Santos, it becomes clear that these two ports are used intensively by cocaine trafficking criminal networks. Analysis of concealment methods emphasises some key features that enable large quantities of cocaine to be smuggled to the EU. Criminal networks are creative and appear to be able to rapidly adapt to avoid detection, which explains why a range of modi operandi are implemented. The data indicate that the port of Antwerp is probably the main entry point for cocaine smuggled into the EU. Europol intelligence suggests that most of the cocaine entering Antwerp is destined initially for the Netherlands, where further distribution is arranged. Focusing exclusively on cocaine seized outside Europe and destined for Belgian ports in the period, a variety of modi operandi can be observed in the 10 main shipping ports see Figure Top 10 source ports for quantity of cocaine destined for Belgian ports. The reasons for this are unclear and require additional research and closer monitoring. That said, Ecuador, which shares land borders with both Colombia and Peru, two of the main cocaine-producing countries, seems to have transformed in the last decade or so from a transit country into a major trafficking hub. Furthermore, it is now also reportedly emerging as a cocaine-producing country Pichel, Such transformation is thought to have fuelled recent violence between local gangs rumoured to be used by important cocaine trafficking networks from Colombia and Mexico. A recent surge in assassinations, which nearly doubled between and , including violent prison gang riots in which hundreds of inmates died in , are reportedly linked with cocaine trafficking in the country, particularly in the port of Guayaquil. Only the top 5 ports with data available for all years are shown. Operations supported by Europol have exposed the role played by corruption in the functioning of drug markets in Europe, a factor that may have been underestimated in the past. Corruption is a crime enabler for all types of criminal activities and is a significant facilitator of drug trafficking activities. In this regard, corruption is used by traffickers to gain entry to ports, to access drugs hidden in containers, to set up or ensure control over businesses used as covers for smuggling activities, such as renting transport vehicles or storage premises, and also to facilitate money laundering, among others. Indeed, various modi operandi used to smuggle cocaine through EU ports require corruption, and recent investigations in some EU ports have provided valuable insights on the methods used by criminal networks to retrieve cocaine shipments from containers in the EU. Of course, the threat of corruption is not restricted to EU ports, since it is also used in most other ports targeted by criminal groups globally. Subsequently, criminal actors will need to introduce the drugs into the container and replace the seal that has been broken during this process with a counterfeited one. Usually, this operation takes place after customs have cleared the container. In the destination port, the criminal network will, again, need inside help and information as they usually require the targeted container to be placed in a specific location in order to facilitate access to it, for instance on the ground and with unimpeded access to the doors. Additionally, they must receive confirmation that the container has been placed in the desired location and, depending on the type of rip-off method used, extract the cocaine from the container and transport it outside the port area. Other modi operandi may also require corruption as a facilitator. Concealing cocaine within shipments of legitimate goods can also use corruption, for instance in order to be informed and take necessary action if the container has been selected for physical inspection, or to receive customs clearance without such inspection. According to a law enforcement official from Seaport Police, a unit of the Dutch Police, interviewed in the press in , acts of corruption involving staff from shipping companies were identified in the port of Rotterdam in the previous two and a half years Driessen and Meeus, An investigation that led to the seizure of An ex-governor, a harbour master, three police officers and a lawyer were among the 22 suspects arrested during this operation Eeckhaut, Workers in other large EU ports such as Le Havre, France, or Alicante, Spain, have been targeted by criminal networks and engaged to facilitate cocaine importation. Recruitment into corrupt activities is usually carried out by offering large sums of cash or other valuable assets and services, but can also be achieved using violence and intimidation Gil, Kidnappings and murders of port workers have been reported in various EU ports in recent years Auvray, ; Europol, e. Cocaine smuggling by air primarily involves the use of commercial passenger flights, cargo aircraft and general aviation private aircraft. Fairly large shipments of cocaine are smuggled directly from South America and the Caribbean to western Europe by private business aircraft, and use of this method is expected to increase in the future. Stricter border controls and more effective security checks may encourage criminal networks to use secondary international airports and small airfields see Box Private jets: the Achilles heel in the fight against cocaine trafficking by air. With some travel restrictions remaining in place and significantly reduced air passenger traffic, it is likely that the use of air couriers will remain limited compared to the pre-COVID period. In the pre-pandemic period, smaller quantities of cocaine were smuggled using commercial flights. Couriers flew from airports in South and Central America and the Caribbean to major European airports, either directly or after stopovers in countries such as Morocco, Nigeria and the United Arab Emirates. After arrival at the main EU distribution hubs, cocaine shipments are primarily trafficked by road in passenger vehicles and lorries to local markets. Intra-EU trafficking of cocaine also involves commercial flights, light aircraft and helicopters, railway, sea transport, and post and parcel services. Cocaine loads are often hidden in sophisticated concealed compartments in cars, trucks and other vehicles, sometimes with shipments of other drugs. These compartments are also used to transport cash back to the distribution hubs. In addition, Europol intelligence indicates that some European criminal networks orchestrate cocaine shipments directly from South America to Asia without the drugs ever entering the EU. In , cocaine was the most frequently seized substance from air couriers intercepted at European airports and the third most frequently detected drug at European mail centres, after cannabis and other psychotropic substances Council of Europe, The COVID pandemic accelerated an expansion in the use of post and parcel services to fulfil orders placed online. Postal and parcel services are exploited for the distribution of drugs such as cannabis, cocaine, synthetic drugs Council of Europe, , new psychoactive substances, counterfeit currency, stolen and fraudulent documents, and many other illicit commodities. The distribution of illicit goods using post and parcel services is set to increase further in line with the expected growth of online retail activity. Consult the list of references used in this resource. Homepage Quick links Quick links. GO Results hosted on duckduckgo. Main navigation Data Open related submenu Data. Latest data Prevalence of drug use Drug-induced deaths Infectious diseases Problem drug use Treatment demand Seizures of drugs Price, purity and potency. Drug use and prison Drug law offences Health and social responses Drug checking Hospital emergencies data Syringe residues data Wastewater analysis Data catalogue. Selected topics Alternatives to coercive sanctions Cannabis Cannabis policy Cocaine Darknet markets Drug checking Drug consumption facilities Drug markets Drug-related deaths Drug-related infectious diseases. Recently published Findings from a scoping literature…. Penalties at a glance. Frequently asked questions FAQ : drug…. FAQ: therapeutic use of psychedelic…. Viral hepatitis elimination barometer…. EU Drug Market: New psychoactive…. EU Drug Market: Drivers and facilitators. Statistical Bulletin home. Recent events EUDA webinar: Preventing substance-related crime in the community — how can we provide safer and healthier environments? Recent news How do economic recessions influence illicit drug use? Quick links Search news Subscribe newsletter for recent news Subscribe to news releases. On this page. Europe and the global cocaine trade. PDF is being prepared. This make take up to a minute. Once the PDF is ready it will appear in this tab. Sorry, the download of the PDF failed. Last update: 6 May
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