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These datasets underpin the analysis presented in the agency's work. Most data may be viewed interactively on screen and downloaded in Excel format. All countries. Topics A-Z. The content in this section is aimed at anyone involved in planning, implementing or making decisions about health and social responses. Best practice. We have developed a systemic approach that brings together the human networks, processes and scientific tools necessary for collecting, analysing and reporting on the many aspects of the European drugs phenomenon. Explore our wide range of publications, videos and infographics on the drugs problem and how Europe is responding to it. All publications. More events. More news. We are your source of drug-related expertise in Europe. We prepare and share independent, scientifically validated knowledge, alerts and recommendations. About the EUDA. Much of our knowledge about cocaine trafficking routes results from law enforcement activity and intelligence. Information on types and quantities of drugs seized and information on the origin and destination of shipments give indications of the main routes and modes of transport. However, such information is affected by factors such as law enforcement strategies, resources and priorities, as well as temporary changes to routes and practices in response to interdiction efforts or new opportunities. Hence, caution is needed in interpreting these data. The 1 tonnes of cocaine seized worldwide in was the highest ever to be reported. As in previous years, the vast majority of the global total was seized in the Americas, followed by western and central Europe. Although small in comparison with the Americas and Europe, quantities seized in emerging cocaine markets in Africa and Asia also reached record highs in UNODC, a see Figure Global quantity of cocaine seized. The source data for this graphic is available in the source table on this page. Record levels of cocaine production have been matched by record quantities seized, especially from containers handled in the numerous ports along the transatlantic cocaine routes. Most of the cocaine seized in the EU is transported by sea, primarily in maritime shipping containers. Cocaine is shipped to the EU directly from the countries of production but also from neighbouring countries of departure in South and Central America as well as the Caribbean. Based on quantities of cocaine seized in European ports and in ports elsewhere destined for Europe see Box Detailed analysis of cocaine seized in or destined for EU , Brazil about 71 tonnes , Ecuador The latter is a relative newcomer in the top countries of origin for shipments destined for Europe, confirming that Central America now has a more significant role EMCDDA and Europol, This is likely to reflect a diversification of trafficking routes within the Americas. In total, 25 countries in the Americas reported seizures of cocaine with Europe as the intended destination in In addition to the countries previously listed, also mentioned are Paraguay There have traditionally been two main areas through which maritime and air shipments of cocaine transit en route to Europe: the Caribbean, and the West African mainland and neighbouring islands of Cape Verde, Madeira and the Canaries. While these are likely to remain significant transit areas, there are indications that North Africa continues to grow in importance and that transhipment through the Western Balkans, while remaining more limited in scope, may also have increased. From the Caribbean, cocaine is typically shipped on pleasure craft via the Azores, or by air, either on direct flights or via a variety of transit points. The quantities of cocaine seized in the West African mainland and neighbouring islands, together with those seized in Europe coming from the region appear to be small in comparison to the amounts seized at departure points in the Americas. Data reported at the international level indicate that cocaine seizures in West Africa totalled This includes a finding that more than 16 tonnes of cocaine was seized in the region that year, reversing the dearth of seizures recorded since Bird, Large seizures were also reported in This includes a shipment of 2. According to media reporting, Gambian drug authorities were searching for the owner of the consignment, a French national, in connection with the incident News24, ; Reuters, Although considerably less cocaine was seized in North Africa 1. However, developments in the last four or five years suggest that the region, particularly its coasts on the Atlantic and the Mediterranean, is a growing transit and storage hub for cocaine both arriving by sea directly from South America and coming via West Africa by land for onward transport to Europe or elsewhere, for instance the Middle East EMCDDA and Europol, ; GI TOC, The main cocaine hub of North Africa is probably Morocco. The country has traditionally seized the largest quantities of cocaine in the region, which continued in with seizures totalling 1. There are indications that the Moroccan total could be even higher. For instance, in October , more than 1. The drugs were concealed in a container on a ship that had departed from Brazil and was bound for Antwerp, Belgium, and Portbury, a middle-sized port in Bristol, United Kingdom Kundu, On a much smaller scale than Morocco, international cocaine trafficking activities in Algeria and Libya reported in the last edition of this report EMCDDA and Europol, ; Micaleff, appear to have continued in the recent period. In , Algeria reported seizing about kilograms UNODC, a , while there are indications that Libyan seizures amounted to over 44 kilograms. In December , there were two significant seizures from containers bound for Libya: one in Ecuador on a container bound for Libya and Syria kilograms , and another in Malta from a container originating in Ecuador kilograms Dixon, This area is a known hub for the transhipment of drugs at sea, particularly cannabis resin from Morocco, on ships bound for Europe or Libya, while significant quantities of cocaine have been seized in the port of Oran recently Ben Yahia and Farrah, For instance, non-routine data reported by the European Border and Coast Guard Agency Frontex on drug seizures at a number of border posts between the EU and the Western Balkans in and indicate that comparatively small amounts of cocaine enter the EU from that region. Meanwhile, Frontex data confirm the large quantities of cocaine seized in Spain, a traditional entry point for cocaine into the EU Frontex, Nevertheless, individual seizures in and could suggest that cocaine trafficking through ports in the Western Balkan region, particularly in Albania and Montenegro, may have increased. For example, kilograms was seized in the port of Durres, Albania in April Exit. Montenegrin authorities also suspect that more than 3 tonnes were smuggled through the port of Bar in the second half of Kajosevic, Furthermore, Kosovo seized a shipment of kilograms of cocaine in May after it had been smuggled through the Albanian port of Durres Halili, For the fourth consecutive year, record amounts of cocaine were seized in Europe in At Meanwhile, new records were also established elsewhere in , including Greece 1. This indicates that entry points of cocaine shipments are diversifying and that cocaine consumer markets are developing in eastern Europe including Turkey see Cocaine retail markets: multiple indicators suggest continued growth and diversification. Source: The source data for this graphic is available in the source table on this page. Data available for a few key countries indicate that even larger quantities of cocaine were seized in the EU in For instance, data on cocaine seizures in Belgium indicate that almost 92 tonnes of cocaine was seized in , almost all in the port of Antwerp. If seizures made elsewhere of shipments that were destined for Antwerp are taken into account, then close to tonnes of cocaine was seized in connection with Antwerp in Belgian Federal Police, personal communication. The preliminary data available from a few countries indicates that more than tonnes of cocaine were seized in the EU in , exceeding the previous record European total Cocaine traffickers flexibly use a wide range of innovative trafficking methods, which evolve over time in response to enforcement efforts and other factors. Although cocaine also enters the EU by air, the main route used to smuggle the drug into Europe is still the maritime route from South America to western Europe, especially taking advantage of the licit containerised trade. Maritime transport allows the smuggling of large quantities, and the nature of international commercial maritime traffic means that a vast number of routes can be and are used. In addition, smaller, private sailing boats or even semi-submersible vessels are capable of bringing in large quantities of cocaine in single shipments, entering Europe at many points see Box First two semi-submersible drug-smuggling vessels captured in Europe. Criminal networks involved in cocaine trafficking now also more frequently employ methods of transport such as mother ships, pleasure craft, fishing vessels, cruise ships and the drop-off method. Major European container ports have recorded many seizures of large cocaine shipments in recent years. In addition to targeting major ports, organised criminal networks are now increasingly shipping larger amounts of cocaine from South America to smaller ports in the EU or neighbouring countries, where security measures may be easier to circumvent. Corruption of maritime and aviation port employees and security officials throughout Europe is, in most cases, a key condition for the successful use of these facilities for cocaine importation by criminal networks. Most of the cocaine available in Europe continues to be smuggled into the largest container ports of the EU located in Belgium Antwerp , the Netherlands Rotterdam and Spain Valencia and Algeciras. The German authorities have attributed the recent increase in seizures in the port of Hamburg to the activities of Balkan and Albanian-speaking organised crime networks BKA, The use of these ports shows how criminal networks continue to exploit established commercial maritime routes between Latin America and Europe to smuggle cocaine into the EU. Taking advantage of the large volume of containerised trade in goods between the two regions, criminal networks are able to conceal large quantities of cocaine in individual shipments. As a result, the main European container ports have recorded increasing numbers of large-volume cocaine seizures in recent years. While these main container ports continue to be targeted, it is likely that law enforcement activities at these facilities have pushed some criminal networks to find alternative smuggling routes, resulting in a recent intensification of cocaine shipments to smaller ports in the EU or in neighbouring countries where security measures may be viewed as easier to evade. The available data suggest that cocaine trafficking towards the EU continued during the COVID pandemic without any apparent disruption. At least tonnes of cocaine destined for Europe was seized in Some tonnes was seized at departure ports located in Latin America, and approximately tonnes was seized at EU ports. As in previous years, the largest quantity of cocaine in the EU was seized in Belgian ports 69 tonnes , followed by Dutch 45 tonnes and Spanish ports 26 tonnes. In Latin America, the largest amount was seized at ports in Brazil 45 tonnes , Ecuador 24 tonnes and Colombia 18 tonnes see Figure Top 10 countries for quantity of cocaine destined for Europe seized at ports in A total of 60 tonnes of cocaine was seized in such secondary EU ports in see Figure Top 10 EU seizing ports for quantity of cocaine. For a description of different concealment methods, see Figure Maritime trafficking: diversification of modus operandi. The available data indicates that in Latin America, the largest quantities of cocaine destined for Europe were seized in Guayaquil, Ecuador 23 tonnes , and Santos, Brazil 21 tonnes. If all seizures departing from these ports are taken into consideration, totalling about 61 tonnes shipped from Guayaquil and 31 tonnes from Santos, it becomes clear that these two ports are used intensively by cocaine trafficking criminal networks. Analysis of concealment methods emphasises some key features that enable large quantities of cocaine to be smuggled to the EU. Criminal networks are creative and appear to be able to rapidly adapt to avoid detection, which explains why a range of modi operandi are implemented. The data indicate that the port of Antwerp is probably the main entry point for cocaine smuggled into the EU. Europol intelligence suggests that most of the cocaine entering Antwerp is destined initially for the Netherlands, where further distribution is arranged. Focusing exclusively on cocaine seized outside Europe and destined for Belgian ports in the period, a variety of modi operandi can be observed in the 10 main shipping ports see Figure Top 10 source ports for quantity of cocaine destined for Belgian ports. The reasons for this are unclear and require additional research and closer monitoring. That said, Ecuador, which shares land borders with both Colombia and Peru, two of the main cocaine-producing countries, seems to have transformed in the last decade or so from a transit country into a major trafficking hub. Furthermore, it is now also reportedly emerging as a cocaine-producing country Pichel, Such transformation is thought to have fuelled recent violence between local gangs rumoured to be used by important cocaine trafficking networks from Colombia and Mexico. A recent surge in assassinations, which nearly doubled between and , including violent prison gang riots in which hundreds of inmates died in , are reportedly linked with cocaine trafficking in the country, particularly in the port of Guayaquil. Only the top 5 ports with data available for all years are shown. Operations supported by Europol have exposed the role played by corruption in the functioning of drug markets in Europe, a factor that may have been underestimated in the past. Corruption is a crime enabler for all types of criminal activities and is a significant facilitator of drug trafficking activities. In this regard, corruption is used by traffickers to gain entry to ports, to access drugs hidden in containers, to set up or ensure control over businesses used as covers for smuggling activities, such as renting transport vehicles or storage premises, and also to facilitate money laundering, among others. Indeed, various modi operandi used to smuggle cocaine through EU ports require corruption, and recent investigations in some EU ports have provided valuable insights on the methods used by criminal networks to retrieve cocaine shipments from containers in the EU. Of course, the threat of corruption is not restricted to EU ports, since it is also used in most other ports targeted by criminal groups globally. Subsequently, criminal actors will need to introduce the drugs into the container and replace the seal that has been broken during this process with a counterfeited one. Usually, this operation takes place after customs have cleared the container. In the destination port, the criminal network will, again, need inside help and information as they usually require the targeted container to be placed in a specific location in order to facilitate access to it, for instance on the ground and with unimpeded access to the doors. Additionally, they must receive confirmation that the container has been placed in the desired location and, depending on the type of rip-off method used, extract the cocaine from the container and transport it outside the port area. Other modi operandi may also require corruption as a facilitator. Concealing cocaine within shipments of legitimate goods can also use corruption, for instance in order to be informed and take necessary action if the container has been selected for physical inspection, or to receive customs clearance without such inspection. According to a law enforcement official from Seaport Police, a unit of the Dutch Police, interviewed in the press in , acts of corruption involving staff from shipping companies were identified in the port of Rotterdam in the previous two and a half years Driessen and Meeus, An investigation that led to the seizure of An ex-governor, a harbour master, three police officers and a lawyer were among the 22 suspects arrested during this operation Eeckhaut, Workers in other large EU ports such as Le Havre, France, or Alicante, Spain, have been targeted by criminal networks and engaged to facilitate cocaine importation. Recruitment into corrupt activities is usually carried out by offering large sums of cash or other valuable assets and services, but can also be achieved using violence and intimidation Gil, Kidnappings and murders of port workers have been reported in various EU ports in recent years Auvray, ; Europol, e. Cocaine smuggling by air primarily involves the use of commercial passenger flights, cargo aircraft and general aviation private aircraft. Fairly large shipments of cocaine are smuggled directly from South America and the Caribbean to western Europe by private business aircraft, and use of this method is expected to increase in the future. Stricter border controls and more effective security checks may encourage criminal networks to use secondary international airports and small airfields see Box Private jets: the Achilles heel in the fight against cocaine trafficking by air. With some travel restrictions remaining in place and significantly reduced air passenger traffic, it is likely that the use of air couriers will remain limited compared to the pre-COVID period. In the pre-pandemic period, smaller quantities of cocaine were smuggled using commercial flights. Couriers flew from airports in South and Central America and the Caribbean to major European airports, either directly or after stopovers in countries such as Morocco, Nigeria and the United Arab Emirates. After arrival at the main EU distribution hubs, cocaine shipments are primarily trafficked by road in passenger vehicles and lorries to local markets. Intra-EU trafficking of cocaine also involves commercial flights, light aircraft and helicopters, railway, sea transport, and post and parcel services. Cocaine loads are often hidden in sophisticated concealed compartments in cars, trucks and other vehicles, sometimes with shipments of other drugs. These compartments are also used to transport cash back to the distribution hubs. In addition, Europol intelligence indicates that some European criminal networks orchestrate cocaine shipments directly from South America to Asia without the drugs ever entering the EU. In , cocaine was the most frequently seized substance from air couriers intercepted at European airports and the third most frequently detected drug at European mail centres, after cannabis and other psychotropic substances Council of Europe, The COVID pandemic accelerated an expansion in the use of post and parcel services to fulfil orders placed online. Postal and parcel services are exploited for the distribution of drugs such as cannabis, cocaine, synthetic drugs Council of Europe, , new psychoactive substances, counterfeit currency, stolen and fraudulent documents, and many other illicit commodities. The distribution of illicit goods using post and parcel services is set to increase further in line with the expected growth of online retail activity. Consult the list of references used in this resource. Homepage Quick links Quick links. GO Results hosted on duckduckgo. Main navigation Data Open related submenu Data. Latest data Prevalence of drug use Drug-induced deaths Infectious diseases Problem drug use Treatment demand Seizures of drugs Price, purity and potency. Drug use and prison Drug law offences Health and social responses Drug checking Hospital emergencies data Syringe residues data Wastewater analysis Data catalogue. Selected topics Alternatives to coercive sanctions Cannabis Cannabis policy Cocaine Darknet markets Drug checking Drug consumption facilities Drug markets Drug-related deaths Drug-related infectious diseases. Recently published Findings from a scoping literature…. Penalties at a glance. Frequently asked questions FAQ : drug…. FAQ: therapeutic use of psychedelic…. Viral hepatitis elimination barometer…. EU Drug Market: New psychoactive…. EU Drug Market: Drivers and facilitators. Statistical Bulletin home. Quick links Search news Subscribe newsletter for recent news Subscribe to news releases. On this page. Europe and the global cocaine trade. PDF is being prepared. This make take up to a minute. Once the PDF is ready it will appear in this tab. Sorry, the download of the PDF failed. Last update: 6 May

Half a ton of cocaine found floating off Algerian coast

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Human trafficking is prevalent in Algeria, with West African criminal networks driving the crime market. These networks exploit children and women from the region for begging and sexual exploitation in the country. The trafficking market emerged in southern Algeria but has now spread to northern cities, with more than half of the victims coming from the region of Zinder in Niger. Moreover, irregular migrants travelling through Algeria are also vulnerable to human trafficking and extortion by smugglers. Reports indicate that instances of exploitative and bonded labour are common, particularly for smuggled individuals from sub-Saharan Africa. Algeria is a transit and destination country for human smuggling, which is a growing problem. A higher volume of migrants has been received by the country in recent years, some of whom have reached Algeria using smuggling routes. On the other hand, Spain has registered an increase in irregular entries of Algerians, who are the largest nationality recorded. Human smuggling networks operate along Algeria's southern borders, which serve as a vital transit site for people traveling to Morocco and Libya. Though Algerian authorities have dismantled several smuggling networks, their efforts have largely failed to reduce the size and reach of the market. Smuggling networks are now increasingly involved in lodging and subsidiary services, in addition to transportation. Extortion and protection racketeering is also prevalent in the country with smuggled individuals being vulnerable to such illicit activities carried out by smugglers who intercept them in border areas with Niger, Algeria, Chad, and Sudan and demand money in exchange for transportation. Arms trafficking in Algeria is primarily linked to the southern region of the country. It is unclear whether the larger dynamics of arms trafficking within the country are still active, but the recent disruption caused by the war in Ukraine has raised concerns within the military and security services about Algeria's ability to maintain its weapons stockpile and acquire new arms. Most of the weapons imported into Algeria come from Russia. The criminal economy of arms trafficking is dominated by a small number of regional players who have transnational connections through family and tribal fraternities, and local intermediaries in Algeria. Although the legal framework for intellectual property IP rights in Algeria has improved, enforcement of laws remains inadequate, particularly in cosmetics, clothing, shoes, toys, electrical appliances, pharmaceutical products and some consumer and food products. However, the Algerian authorities have boosted efforts to improve IP protection and enforcement, including disbanding informal trade markets that sell counterfeit merchandise and increasing coordination between customs authorities and law enforcement. Algeria is also a significant origin, transit, and destination country for the illicit trade of cigarettes. Illicit cigarettes from Mali, Guinea, Benin, and Togo are smuggled into convoys heading towards Libya, Algeria, and Sudan, with Algeria being the leading outflow country in the Maghreb area towards Europe. However, the market continues to be pervasive in Algeria. The illegal trafficking of flora in Algeria has been consistent over the past two years. Locals continue to illegally log cedar and fir trees in the Atlas Mountains, destroying many old-growth forests and endangering species such as the Tassili cypress, Numidian fir, and black pine. The pandemic has worsened the problem, leading to higher rates of illegal logging and endangering the Algerian oak species. Several fauna species in Algeria are in danger of extinction as well as a result of poaching and illegal wildlife trade. The illegal hunting of the endangered gazelle and bearded mouflon is particularly concerning and is often underreported. Smuggling of birds, including the coveted goldfinch, is a growing trend in Algeria, where the bird has all but disappeared due to hunting. Other endangered species traded in the country or transiting through it, include the Genette, Saharan Barbary sheep, Atlas leopard, hyenas, jackals, fennec, cheetahs, spur-thighed tortoises, grey parrots, and chameleons. Actors from various Gulf countries play an important role in the fauna crimes market in Algeria, participating in poaching and the purchase of animal trophies. Fuel smuggling is significant issue, resulting in close to a billion dollars in losses a year. Most of the fuel is diverted to neighbouring countries on account of large price differentials, and smuggling networks are primarily based in borderlands or nearby cities. While the government has stepped up efforts to combat illegal small-scale gold mining, gold trafficking has become prevalent in the far south of Algeria in recent years. Foreign groups dominate illicit gold mining in the region, with few locals involved. This market causes serious environmental damage as a result of the use of chemical agents such as mercury and lead. In a recent development, airline employees have become involved in smuggling gold bars abroad. Algeria's heroin market is small owing to the lack of cultural appeal for its consumption and being situated away from heroin trafficking routes. Although heroin seizures have increased indicating an uptick in trafficking, little production has been found in Algeria. Poppy plantations have been uncovered in the southwest, but opioids have a small, localized market. Algeria is emerging as a new and significant hub for cocaine trafficking, linking Latin American cartels with drug markets in Europe. Large quantities of cocaine transit Algerian waters and port facilities, with corrupt security officials, local business, political elites, and overseas criminal organizations facilitating the trade through the country. Recent cocaine seizures and its availability in popular areas in Algiers suggest the emergence of a still small local consumption market as well. The cocaine trade is shifting from the West African drug route to the northwest African route, stretching from southern and northern Morocco to eastern Algeria. Cannabis trafficking is the most prevalent criminal market in Algeria, with long-standing regional connections to Moroccan counterparts. While cannabis cultivation is low and destined for domestic consumption, cannabis resin is produced and used in large quantities, with Algeria becoming a source country for this product to France and Europe. However, most of the cannabis circulating in the country comes from Morocco, with Algeria being a major destination and transit market. Hashish smuggling is increasingly moving at the edge of Algeria's southern borders. There has also been a rise in the use of kif in Algeria, even though the authorities have cracked down on several networks. The synthetic drug market has been growing at a fast pace in the past two years, with seizures increasing. Tramadol and codeine smuggling dominate the market, and pregabalin smuggling is a growing business. Synthetic drugs are easily accessible because of their cheap price, but violence is rarely associated with the market. Container shipments in major northern ports in Algiers, Oran, and Annaba are one way the commodity penetrates Algeria, with a surprisingly large quantity also smuggled in overland, either from Tunisia or Sahelian countries. The consumption of synthetic drugs is becoming more common than cannabis among young people. Algeria is considered to be at high risk of cybercrimes, with many cases of mobile devices being infected with malware. The police have reported close to a quarter increase in cybercrime cases from to Algeria is particularly vulnerable to spyware attacks and has been targeted by foreign malware. The lack of specific legislation focused on cybersecurity and a general lack of awareness among the population, and authorities contribute to this situation. Embezzlement, misuse of funds, and other financial crimes are prevalent in Algeria, with many cases involving corruption among powerful individuals and businesspeople, rather than organized crime groups. These crimes often involve interconnected networks of patrons and clients. The country's large informal, cash-based economy, estimated at almost half of the GDP, is vulnerable to abuse by criminals. Additionally, tax evasion and fiscal fraud in the informal sector cost the country hundreds of billions a year. There is currently no evidence of mafia-style criminal groups operating in Algeria. However, criminal networks remain highly active and economically dominant in the country, with transnational linkages and involvement in illegal activities such as human and drug trafficking, smuggling of basic and excise products, and arms trafficking. These networks are concentrated in metropolises of Algeria and are associated with varying levels of violence, from low to medium-high. Although there are no state-embedded criminal organizations tied to the Algerian government, corruption remains pervasive, with the presence of high-level criminal actors. Insufficient checks and balances contribute to corruption. It is difficult to assess the presence of foreign criminal actors in Algeria because of strong regional bonds and communal and family ties. While historically, foreign actors played more of an intermediary role in domestic criminal markets, there is more evidence of their presence, particularly in the south, involved in illegal gold extraction, arms trafficking, human smuggling and trafficking, and food and oil trafficking. Private-sector actors have been involved in corruption schemes during ex-President Abdelaziz Bouteflika's government, but there is no evidence of private businesses facilitating or collaborating with organized crime groups. Algeria is known for its strong law enforcement and military leadership in the fight against transnational organized crime. The country is considered the main security power in the region, with a reputation as a stabilizing force. The security apparatus links the fight against organized crime with terrorism, resulting in a tough on-the-ground approach against criminal networks. The government has prioritized the fight against corruption, and several political leaders from the previous government have been tried and convicted. Nevertheless, these measures seem are not sufficient and no real reforms on transparency have taken place. Algeria has signed major international treaties and conventions related to organized crime and has established standards and systems for international cooperation. The country is leading the implementation of Afripol, the AU police cooperation mechanism headquartered in Algiers. However, information-sharing related to high-level tax evasion cases or common judicial trials is limited. Algeria has upped its diplomatic activity since , particularly towards neighbouring countries, aimed at assuring more stability in the region and tackling transnational organized crime. Strong anti-organized crime laws are in place, with severe penalties for crimes such as drugs, human trafficking, arms smuggling, and other offences. Algeria has a robust law enforcement capacity to combat organized crime on the ground, with well-trained and well-equipped personnel. However, the tough-on-crime policy can lead to operational excesses, and cooperation between forces can be problematic. While the country has deployed impressive law enforcement measures along its vast borders, many breaches exist, and it is unlikely that the army can achieve complete control over such a vast territory in a fragile environment. There are micro-zones where the state is weak, and although it can project authority at times, it struggles to assert it continuously. These zones are known to harbour terrorist groups. Territorial integrity remains the highest priority for the security apparatus given that Algeria has the largest territory among African countries, with three large borders with conflict-torn countries Mali, Libya, and Morocco. Algeria has yet to implement a comprehensive strategy to prevent cyber infiltrations and is vulnerable to spyware attacks. The extent of money laundering through Algeria's formal financial system is minimal due to stringent regulations and a banking sector dominated by state-owned banks. The numerous checks on money transfers make the system highly bureaucratic, which discourages illicit transactions. However, vulnerabilities outside the formal financial system continue to be an issue, particularly in the real estate sector, where transactions are mainly conducted in cash with no requirement to prove their origin. The country's tax authority and financial intelligence processing unit have made little progress in tackling money laundering, and there is a lack of political will to do so. Algeria's economic crisis continues to worsen, with the prices of essential goods increasing, and the Algerian Dinar losing half of its purchasing power over the last decade. While the government increased the basic minimum wage in , the prices of goods are surpassing income increases, likely leading to the necessity of seeking external debt. And as a result of the budget deficit, the government lifted food subsidies as they became unaffordable. Due to fiscal limitations, the government has yet to implement a plan to tighten its budget, which can further destabilize the national market. Algeria's capacity to support victims and witnesses is inadequate, and although there have been some advances, drug users still face challenges in accessing effective treatment and support. Efforts to combat human trafficking have improved compared to previous years, including increased investigations and prosecutions. However, victim identification systems remain insufficient and victim protection services are inadequate. The government claims to have provided an unspecified number of victims with medical, legal, and psychological aid, but it has failed to supply tailored shelter or protection services. Prevention activities in Algeria fall below global standards. Organized crime prevention efforts focus on drug consumption and human trafficking, and a new national anti-trafficking action plan is being drafted. However, many activities related to the previous national anti-trafficking action plan were postponed following COVID restrictions and prolonged political paralysis. Civil society in Algeria faces numerous challenges. For instance, NGOs deal with considerable bureaucratic obstacles when trying to establish and operate in the country, leaving them in a legally precarious position. Political restrictions make it difficult for them to conduct field activities or public conferences. Despite the challenges, civil society in Algeria remains dynamic and vocal. The criminal markets score is represented by the pyramid base size and the criminal actors score is represented by the pyramid height, on a scale ranging from 1 to The resilience score is represented by the panel height, which can be identified by the side of the panel. Capital Algiers. Population 44,, Geography type Coastal. Income group Lower middle income. GINI Index Criminal markets 5. Human trafficking 4. Human smuggling 7. Extortion and protection racketeering 3. Arms trafficking 4. Trade in counterfeit goods 6. Illicit trade in excisable goods 6. Flora crimes 2. Fauna crimes 5. Non-renewable resource crimes 7. Heroin trade 2. Cocaine trade 4. Cannabis trade 7. Synthetic drug trade 6. Cyber-dependent crimes 4. Financial crimes 8. Criminal actors 4. Mafia-style groups 1. Criminal networks 5. State-embedded actors 7. Foreign actors 5. Private sector actors 4. Government transparency and accountability 3. International cooperation 5. National policies and laws 6. Judicial system and detention 3. Law enforcement 6. Territorial integrity 6. Anti-money laundering 5. Economic regulatory capacity 4. Victim and witness support 3. Prevention 3. Non-state actors 2. Analysis Download full profile english. People Human trafficking is prevalent in Algeria, with West African criminal networks driving the crime market. Trade Arms trafficking in Algeria is primarily linked to the southern region of the country. Environment The illegal trafficking of flora in Algeria has been consistent over the past two years. Drugs Algeria's heroin market is small owing to the lack of cultural appeal for its consumption and being situated away from heroin trafficking routes. Cyber Crimes Algeria is considered to be at high risk of cybercrimes, with many cases of mobile devices being infected with malware. Financial Crimes Embezzlement, misuse of funds, and other financial crimes are prevalent in Algeria, with many cases involving corruption among powerful individuals and businesspeople, rather than organized crime groups. Criminal Actors There is currently no evidence of mafia-style criminal groups operating in Algeria. Leadership and governance Algeria is known for its strong law enforcement and military leadership in the fight against transnational organized crime. Criminal justice and security Algeria has a robust law enforcement capacity to combat organized crime on the ground, with well-trained and well-equipped personnel. Economic and financial environment The extent of money laundering through Algeria's formal financial system is minimal due to stringent regulations and a banking sector dominated by state-owned banks. Civil society and social protection Algeria's capacity to support victims and witnesses is inadequate, and although there have been some advances, drug users still face challenges in accessing effective treatment and support. Next Skip.

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