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Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Vienna Austria , Austria. NCJ Number. Author s. Date Published. This study examined the supply, demand, and market clearing mechanisms of illegal drugs in Bangkok, Thailand, specifically amphetamines and the development of national and international drug policies. Sharing extensive borders with some of the largest producers in the world of amphetamines and heroin, drugs in Thailand are both cheap and easily available. With its geographic location, Bangkok, Thailand is experiencing an amphetamine epidemic among its youth. The drug is used predominately as a social drug with an increase in drug-related corruption as sellers and buyers pay-off law enforcement. The goals and objectives of this study were to investigate the decisions made by illicit drug consumers, producers, and distributors involved in the illegal drug market, provide a solid basis for the development of drug policies both nationally and internationally, and prepare a comprehensive study of the illicit drug market in Bangkok. This study was based on both primary and secondary research methodologies. Primary included a survey, interviews, and focus group discussions and secondary consisted of an extensive literature review. Study limitations included: a survey representative of primarily the poor; to be selected treatment centers had to be a sufficient size and have clients using both heroin and amphetamines; and the survey was slanted towards the type of drug users who ended up in treatment centers. The report consists of three primary sections: 1 the supply of drugs to Bangkok; 2 the demand and drug use in Bangkok; and 3 information about the price and quality of illegal drugs in Bangkok, and the market structure at different levels of the supply chain. Amphetamine is the most available drug in the market with few shortages occurring. The survey showed that drug users adjusted their behavior as prices changed. In addition, marijuana was also easy to find while heroin was prevalent only among specific groups. When amphetamines were used by youth, they were used before group activities such as drinking, motorcycle racing, dancing, and sports to increase their pleasure. Amphetamine and heroin users took drugs for different reasons. Heroin use was caused by the tension of personal and social problems and amphetamine use was the result of curiosity and peers. Anti-drug policies have not been effective on the demand side, experiencing many obstacles. Study recommendations included: 1 a national policy to cope with the drug issue should be broadened to cover other measures such as implementation community, and restructuring of the education system; 2 support for research on the feasibility of using amphetamine to assist heroin addicts in detoxification process; 3 law enforcement must be serious in prosecuting and incarcerating police officials found guilty of drug offenses; and 4 the industrial policy of Thailand should emphasize labor productivity growth and not seek further low-cost labor industries. References and appendices I-III. Additional Details Sponsoring Agency. United Nations. Sale Source. Publication Format. Document Online. Publication Type. United States of America. Downloads PDF. Availability Find in a Library.

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Foreign sources of opium are responsible for the entire supply of heroin consumed in the U. Efforts to reduce domestic heroin availability face significant challenges. Opium production occurs in three source regions — Southeast Asia, Southwest Asia, and Latin America — creating a worldwide problem. While an undetermined amount of the opium is consumed in the producing regions, a significant amount of the drug is converted to heroin and sent to Europe, Russia, Central Asia, China, and North America. The routes, volume, and methods for the transshipment of heroin vary between the producing regions. Historically, most of the world's illicit opium for heroin has been grown in the Golden Triangle of Southeast Asia. However, over the last decade, opium production in the Golden Triangle has declined while cultivation and production rates in Southwest Asia have increased considerably. In , Afghanistan, as the world's largest opium supplier, accounted for nearly 80 percent of the world's opium, according to UN estimates. During the 's, Latin America evolved as the primary supplier of heroin to the United States, with Mexican heroin most prevalent west of the Mississippi and Colombian heroin most prevalent east of it. Since , cultivation and potential opium production in Afghanistan declined for a third consecutive year in a row according to UN and USG estimates. An increasingly large portion of Afghanistan's raw opium crop is processed into heroin and morphine base by drug labs inside Afghanistan, reducing its bulk by a factor of 10 to 1, and thereby facilitating its movement to markets in Europe, Asia, and the Middle East through Iran, Pakistan, and Central Asia. In Afghanistan, there is a symbiotic relationship between narco-traffickers and the insurgency, as narcotics traffickers provide revenue and arms to the insurgency, while insurgents provide protection to growers and traffickers to prevent the government from interfering with their activities. Further, drug-related corruption continues to undercut international reconstruction efforts and good governance, as government officials abuse their positions by benefiting financially from the drug trade. Poppy cultivation and heroin production have been decreasing steadily in Colombia since , when cultivation reached a peak of 6, hectares. By , it had dropped to 1, hectares, the lowest level of poppy cultivation recorded in Colombia, according to U. Government sources no estimate was made in due to bad weather. The potential production of heroin dropped from In contrast, opium poppy cultivation in Mexico remains high, and Mexico continues as the primary supplier of heroin to the United States. Estimated cultivation of opium poppy reached 10, hectares in , with an estimated pure potential production of 26 metric tons. The responsibility for curbing heroin production and trafficking lies primarily with the source countries. The profitability of growing opium poppy and the lack of resources or commitment by regional governments to implement crop substitution, alternative development, or eradication are key factors that prevent significant progress toward reducing opium production. The remote location and rugged terrain of poppy-growing areas are major obstacles to establishing crop-substitution programs. The lack of a transportation infrastructure in most opium-producing regions further complicates crop substitution because farmers have difficulty moving alternative crops to distant markets. Additional progress can be achieved if governments increase their commitment to interdiction, capacity building, agriculture and rural development, and other supply reduction measures. Colombia has an aggressive heroin control program that has been entirely assumed by the Government of Colombia. The Armed Forces of Mexico will continue to be challenged by the continued violence among drug cartels which pulls resources away from eradicating poppy. Afghanistan's difficult security, political, and economic environment limit the government's ability to counter drug production and trafficking. Sustained progress against the drug trade will require continued commitment to the comprehensive counternarcotics plan adopted by the Government of Afghanistan and its international partners. Until Afghanistan has a stable security environment with sustainable rural and private sectors and robust law enforcement capability, drug production and trafficking will continue. Continued assistance and political support by the international community will be necessary to ensure that the Afghan government can achieve its objectives. The United States continues to help strengthen law enforcement in heroin source countries, such as Afghanistan, by supporting training programs, information sharing, interdiction, mentoring assistance, capacity building, and anti-money laundering measures. The United States will continue to work with and provide support to opium poppy producing countries by creating both incentives for opium growers to participate in licit livelihoods, while simultaneously strengthening the disincentives to participation in the narcotics industry through increased interdiction and other law enforcement and supply reduction measures. Skip to main content Skip to footer site map. The International Heroin Market Foreign sources of opium are responsible for the entire supply of heroin consumed in the U. Global Heroin Supply Historically, most of the world's illicit opium for heroin has been grown in the Golden Triangle of Southeast Asia. Afghan Heroin Since , cultivation and potential opium production in Afghanistan declined for a third consecutive year in a row according to UN and USG estimates. Heroin in the Western Hemisphere Poppy cultivation and heroin production have been decreasing steadily in Colombia since , when cultivation reached a peak of 6, hectares. Looking Ahead The responsibility for curbing heroin production and trafficking lies primarily with the source countries.

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