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To displace the dealers, the Municipality of Amsterdam installed text-based light projections in a street attracting a high number of dealers. To evaluate the intervention, we did a pre-post analysis of video footage from two CCTV cameras located in the street. In total, we analyzed one-minute segments of footage from before and after the implementation. The implementation was followed by a four percentage point reduction in street dealers. However, the estimated effect shows fragileness with wide confidence intervals and a p -value just below 0. Analyzing CCTV-footage offers a unique avenue for evaluating small scale interventions in open-air drug markets. While we observed a decrease in the presence of dealers, the intervention still needs further validation. This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access. Rent this article via DeepDyve. Institutional subscriptions. Altmann, J. Observational study of behavior: Sampling methods. Behaviour, 49 3 , — Article Google Scholar. Benjamin, D. Redefine statistical significance. Nature Human Behaviour, 2 1 , 6— Bernasco, W. Where do dealers solicit customers and sell them drugs? A micro-level multiple method study. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 31 4 , — Braga, A. Focused deterrence strategies and crime control: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis of the empirical evidence. Brantingham, P. Criminality of place: Crime generators and crime attractors. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 3 , 5. Breen, R. Interpreting and understanding logits, probits, and other nonlinear probability models. Annual Review of Sociology, 44 , 39— Chaurand, N. A naturalistic study of the impact of message framing on highway speeding. Colquhoun, D. The reproducibility of research and the misinterpretation of p-values. Royal Society Open Science, 4 12 , Corsaro, N. Problem-oriented policing and open-air drug markets: Examining the Rockford pulling levers deterrence strategy. Eck, J. A general model of the geography of illicit retail marketplaces. Crime and Place, 4 , 67— Google Scholar. Learning from experience in problem-oriented policing and situational prevention: The positive functions of weak evaluations and the negative functions of strong ones. Crime Prevention Studies, 14 , 93— Ejbye-Ernst, P. Does third-party intervention matter? A video-based analysis of the effect of third-party intervention on the continuation of interpersonal conflict behaviour. The British Journal of Criminology, 63 1 , 78— Faul, F. Behavior Research Methods, 41 4 , — Gibbs, J. Crime, punishment, and deterrence. Social Science Quarterly, 48 4 , Gill, M. What do offenders think about CCTV? Crime Prevention and Community Safety, 5 , 17— Hellevik, O. Linear versus logistic regression when the dependent variable is a dichotomy. Jacobs, B. Crack dealers and restrictive deterrence: Identifying narcs. Criminology, 34 3 , — Jacques, S. UCL Press. Book Google Scholar. Jerolmack, C. Talk is cheap: Ethnography and the attitudinal fallacy. Landis, J. The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics , — Liebst, L. No evidence that mask-wearing in public places elicits risk compensation behavior during the COVID pandemic. Scientific Reports, 12 1 , Maimon, D. Restrictive deterrent effects of a warning banner in an attacked computer system. Criminology, 52 1 , 33— Moeller, K. Temporal transaction patterns in an open-air cannabis market. Police Practice and Research, 17 1 , 37— Video-recorded retail cannabis trades in a low-risk marketplace: Trade value and temporal patterns. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 55 1 , — Advancing restrictive deterrence: A qualitative meta-synthesis. Journal of Criminal Justice, 46 , 82— Nassauer, A. Video data analysis: A methodological frame for a novel research trend. Paternoster, R. The deterrent effect of the perceived certainty and severity of punishment: A review of the evidence and issues. Justice Quarterly, 4 2 , — Philpot, R. Capturing violence in the night-time economy: A review of established and emerging methodologies. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 46 , 56— Piliavin, I. Crime, deterrence, and rational choice. American Sociological Review , — Pinkster, F. When the spell is broken: Gentrification, urban tourism and privileged discontent in the Amsterdam canal district. Cultural Geographies, 24 3 , — Piza, E. Exploring the defensive actions of drug sellers in open-air markets: A systematic social observation. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 53 1 , 36— Ratcliffe, J. Policing the largest drug market on the eastern seaboard: Officer perspectives on enforcement and community safety. Policing: An International Journal, 45 5 , — Stott, C. European Journal of Social Psychology, 37 1 , 75— Sytsma, V. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 55 1 , 78— Tilley, N. Whither problem-oriented policing. Realistic evaluation. Realistic Evaluation , 1— World Drug Report Vol. Wagenmakers, E. A practical solution to the pervasive problems of p values. Weisburd, D. Crime and disorder in drug hot spots: Implications for theory and practice in policing. Police Quarterly, 3 3 , — Wilson, J. Broken windows. Download references. Peter Ejbye-Ernst, Lasse S. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Correspondence to Peter Ejbye-Ernst. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Springer Nature or its licensor e. Reprints and permissions. J Exp Criminol Download citation. Accepted : 05 December Published : 22 December Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:. Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Journal of Experimental Criminology Aims and scope Submit manuscript. Methods To evaluate the intervention, we did a pre-post analysis of video footage from two CCTV cameras located in the street. Results The implementation was followed by a four percentage point reduction in street dealers. Conclusions Analyzing CCTV-footage offers a unique avenue for evaluating small scale interventions in open-air drug markets. Access this article Log in via an institution. The Ipswich Queensland safe city program: an evaluation Article 27 August References Altmann, J. Article Google Scholar Benjamin, D. Article Google Scholar Bernasco, W. Article Google Scholar Braga, A. Article Google Scholar Brantingham, P. Article Google Scholar Breen, R. Article Google Scholar Chaurand, N. Article Google Scholar Colquhoun, D. Article Google Scholar Corsaro, N. Article Google Scholar Eck, J. Google Scholar Eck, J. Google Scholar Ejbye-Ernst, P. Article Google Scholar Faul, F. Article Google Scholar Gibbs, J. Google Scholar Gill, M. Article Google Scholar Hellevik, O. Article Google Scholar Jacobs, B. Article Google Scholar Jacques, S. Book Google Scholar Jacques, S. Google Scholar Jerolmack, C. Article Google Scholar Landis, J. Article Google Scholar Maimon, D. Article Google Scholar Moeller, K. Article Google Scholar Nassauer, A. Article Google Scholar Paternoster, R. Article Google Scholar Philpot, R. Article Google Scholar Piliavin, I. Article Google Scholar Piza, E. Article Google Scholar Ratcliffe, J. Article Google Scholar Stott, C. Article Google Scholar Sytsma, V. Article Google Scholar Tilley, N. Article Google Scholar Weisburd, D. Article Google Scholar Wilson, J. Google Scholar Download references. View author publications. Supplementary information. Rights and permissions Springer Nature or its licensor e. About this article. 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Amsterdam buying Heroin

The Opium Act sets out the rules pertaining to drugs. The Act distinguishes between hard and soft drugs. It forbids the possession, sale and production of drugs, but the Netherlands tolerates the sale of soft drugs in coffee shops under certain strict conditions. A coffee shop is an establishment where cannabis is sold but no alcoholic drinks are sold or consumed. Two lists are appended to this Act. These define the distinction between soft and hard drugs. Soft drugs, such as marijuana and hash, are less damaging to health than hard drugs, such as ecstasy and cocaine. But soft drugs are also illegal in the Netherlands. This means that those found selling, producing, dealing or in possession of these drugs are liable to prosecution. However, the Netherlands applies a policy of toleration in relation to the sale of soft drugs in coffee shops. This means that the sale of soft drugs in coffee shops is a criminal offence but the Public Prosecution Service does not prosecute coffee shops for this offence. Neither does the Public Prosecution Service prosecute members of the public for possession of small quantities of soft drugs. These quantities are defined as follows:. The Netherlands tolerates the sale of soft drugs in coffee shops and takes rigorous action to suppress the sale of hard drugs. Cannabis users are not obliged to buy their soft drugs from criminal dealers who might easily bring them into contact with hard drugs. Difference between hard and soft drugs The Opium Act sets out the rules pertaining to drugs.

Amsterdam buying Heroin