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Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited. By accessing the work you hereby accept the Terms. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed. For permission for commercial use of this work, please see paragraphs 4. During examinations, many students use various over-the-counter OTC drugs to improve their concentration or treat exam-related medical symptoms. The purpose of this study was to scrutinize the use of OTC drugs during examinations in Saudi Arabia. A cross-sectional study was designed, consisting of online, self-administered questionnaires comprising 27 items, including the awareness, knowledge, and attitude of students toward OTC drug use during examinations. A logistic regression model was fitted to determine factors that predict OTC drug use. A total of Among participants, The most common cause The most commonly used medication were painkillers, antipyretics, cough and cold medications, and vitamins Other significant factors that predicted OTC drug use included age, university level, and drug income. The most common reported cause for OTC drug use during examinations among students was headache. Sex, age, university level, and monthly income were significant factors affecting OTC drug use during examinations. The self-medicating practice of using over-the-counter OTC medications is more common than prescription drug use worldwide. As a general rule, OTC drugs are primarily used to treat conditions that do not require direct medical attention or supervision, and OTC drugs must be demonstrated to be reasonably safe and well-tolerated. Self-medication represents a global healthcare epidemic, particularly in developed countries, often driven by economic and social motivations. The use of OTC drugs is associated with many advantages, including decreased doctor visits and lower costs compared with prescription drugs. However, the misuse of OTC drugs can result in adverse reactions, drug interactions, overdosing, and other medication-related issues. Therefore, the public should be trained in the safe use of OTC drugs to increase their knowledge and understanding of potential dangers and promote responsible self-care. These medications have huge impacts on individuals and the community. Saudi Arabia is known for its high use of OTC drugs. Irresponsible self-medication practices are popular in Saudi Arabia and continue to present a major problem because people are often unsure whether the medicines they have purchased are prescription-only or OTC medications. Previous studies have shown that a lack of knowledge regarding OTC drugs is prevalent at comparable rates among both medical and non-medical students, although some variations in the medical indications and types of drugs used have been identified. Universities should improve student awareness regarding the dangers of taking prescription-only drugs, such as antibiotics, and the risks these drugs may pose to overall well-being. Many students tend to use various OTC and non-OTC substances to increase their concentration or alertness when studying for exams. Stimulants, opioids, OTC and non-OTC analgesics, antihistamines, and certain conventional and alternative drugs, such as Ginkgo biloba , are all substances that students typically misuse, both in general and during examinations. This study was designed as a descriptive, cross-sectional study, conducted from May to July among undergraduate students enrolled at KKU, Abha, Saudi Arabia. The study included students at three main campuses in Abha City, including the Guraiger campus male , Alsamer campus female , and Almahalah campus freshmen. Approximately 60, regular students are studying at KKU, and students from all campuses were considered in this study. The time of examination was the targeted period for this study. With the assumption of a single population proportion, the sample size was calculated using the sample size estimation formula. The prevalence of self-medication was assumed to be The sample size was calculated as follows:. Based on these assumptions, a minimum sample size of students, both male and female, from medical and non-medical colleges, was required for this study. The questionnaire used in this study was adapted from previous studies. The questionnaire was pilot-tested on a convenience sample of 12 students to evaluate the validity and internal reliability of the survey. The pilot study results were not included in the current study analysis. The validated questionnaire was distributed in English, although an Arabic version was also available. The study was conducted using Google forms, and the survey was distributed through various social media platforms. The purpose of the study was clearly explained to participants at the beginning of the survey. The participants were asked for their voluntary consent to participate in the study before beginning the online survey. Only university students 18 years and older were included in the study. The collected data were examined for completeness, coded, and entered into SPSS version Descriptive statistical analyses, presented as the frequency and percentage, were performed for demographic data and knowledge responses. Logistic regression was fitted to identify factors associated with OTC drug knowledge and the reasons for using OTC drugs during examinations. All independent factors sex, age, university level, and monthly income were considered as a priori determinants and were retained in the multivariate model, regardless of their significance in the bivariate model. ECM — All participants were asked for their consent to participate in the study before being given the survey. The responses were maintained anonymous and confidential, and the participants were notified of their anonymity before beginning the questionnaire. A total of completed questionnaires were received from initially recruited participants response rate: More than half of the participants were women The demographic results are summarized in Table 1. The most commonly reported reason for using OTC drugs during examinations was headache The most commonly used medications were painkillers, antipyretics, cough and cold medications, and vitamins The results showed that most of the participants answered positively that herbal and natural products used to enhance memory have no adverse effects The majority of respondents stated that they read the medication leaflets and indicated that they were aware of which drugs required prescriptions However, more than half of the students Most of the participants However, most participants would consult pharmacists and were comfortable doing so Most of the respondents showed positive attitudes when asked about the misuse of sedative antihistamines during examinations Male students showed a significant lack of awareness and knowledge regarding OTC drug safety and reasons for using OTC drugs. The participants with family incomes higher than 10, SR reported reading the medication leaflet 1. During the examination period, university students experience higher levels of tension and stress compared with normal school days. These factors can contribute to adverse reactions, such as headaches, which can result in the loss of study days, impaired academic performance, and poor quality of life. The prevalence of self-medication using analgesics among university students could differ from one study to another due to various factors, including differences in study design, the ages of participants, differences in the classifications of drugs as OTC versus prescription between countries, and others. In general, the Saudi population can easily buy OTC analgesics because community pharmacies are accessible and widely distributed. However, our results showed a higher OTC self-medication rate among students than those reported by other studies conducted in various developing countries, such as These factors may explain the higher incidence of self-medication practice observed among students during the examination period. Previous studies revealed that female students were more likely to use OTC drugs as a form of self-medication practice than male students. One of the main aims of this study was to identify the factors that may contribute to the increased incidence of self-medication practice using OTC drugs among students during the exam period. In the time-related context, the findings reveal that the use of certain medicines was viewed as saving time, especially during the examination period A majority This finding indicates that sleep pattern disturbances are a compelling factor driving the non-prescription use of OTC drugs, especially during examinations. Our study showed that the availability of OTC drugs and the view of these drugs as being safe were the primary reasons why students choose to use OTC drugs during examinations No networking system exists among community pharmacies to limit the overuse of medications by customers in Saudi Arabia. The final effector was the media, which appeared to drive consumer choice toward OTC drug use. In our study, Because this study was performed as a cross-sectional study, no definitive cause and effect associations can be determined between OTC drug use and various factors. Although the sampling was conducted randomly and during the final examination period, the study may be subjected to recall bias because the respondents must recall their OTC drug use patterns, in addition to reporting their drug use patterns during the examination period. The study was conducted among students attending one university in the Southern region of Saudi Arabia. More studies are necessary to reflect a clearer image of OTC drug use during examinations. A high prevalence of OTC self-medication practice was reported during the exam period, and the majority of students opted against seeking medical care due to time- and cost-associated reasons. Most of the respondents consumed analgesics to treat headaches and help them sleep, driven by advertisements and advice from friends. The easy accessibility of community pharmacies and OTC drugs are the main reasons underlying the high incidence rate of self-medication practices among university students. Among the student population, headache is becoming the most debilitating and difficult health problem. Although the majority of students were aware of the dangers of using OTC drugs, policymakers, academic officials, health professionals, and all other concerned bodies should devote adequate attention to developing preventive and therapeutic strategies to manage the use of OTC drugs during examinations. The authors are thankful to deanship of research at King Khalid University for supporting this research through grant number R. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Risk Manag Healthc Policy. Find articles by Khalid Orayj. Find articles by Sultan M Alshahrani. Find articles by Ali M Alqahtani. Find articles by Nawal Alasmari. Find articles by Amjad Al Abo Atef. Find articles by Hadeel S Jrais. Find articles by Dalia Muslot. Received Apr 8; Accepted Jun 2; Collection date Open in a new tab. Yes , Similar articles. Add to Collections. Create a new collection. Add to an existing collection. Choose a collection Unable to load your collection due to an error Please try again. Add Cancel. I Know that the drug I bought from the pharmacy needs a prescription from the physician. NSAID drugs eg ibuprofen may cause harm to your kidneys if they are misused. OTC drugs are cheap and easily available in Saudi Arabia that is why all people use them. Because of the accessibility of OTC medications and my confidence in their safety, I use them heavily during the exam time. The sedative effect of antihistamines flu medications makes students misuse them during exams.

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Al Hudaydah where can I buy cocaine

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Al Hudaydah where can I buy cocaine