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Khat Catha edulis , also known as Bushman's tea , especially in South Africa , is a flowering plant native to eastern and southeastern Africa. Khat contains the alkaloid cathinone , a stimulant which causes greater sociability, excitement, mild loss of appetite and mild euphoria. Among communities from the areas where the plant is native, khat-chewing has historical relevance as a social custom, especially among men dating back thousands of years, analogous—but slightly different—to the use of coca leaves in South America 's Andes Mountains or the betel nut preparations in South Asia. In the United States US and Turkey , the botanical specimen plant Catha edulis is not prohibited, but the consumption and distribution of harvested leaves or possession for recreational use is illegal in some countries. In the UAE, the punishment for possession, use, or distribution of khat can include life imprisonment. By contrast, its production, sale, and consumption are all fully legal—or not mentioned in a legal context at all—in the nations where its use is culturally significant, including Djibouti , Ethiopia , Kenya , Somalia , Sudan , Uganda and Yemen. Other romanizations include kat , quatt , qaad , qhat , ghat , and chat. The khat plant is known by a variety of names, such as qat and gat in Yemeni Arabic, qaat and jaad in Somali , and chat in Harari \[ 12 \] and Amharic. In the African Great Lakes region , where Catha edulis is in some areas cultivated, it is known as miraa , muhulo , muguka and muirungi. It also goes by various descriptive names, such as Abyssinian tea , Arabian tea , kafta , jimaa , and Somalian tea in its endemic regions of the Horn of Africa and the Arabian peninsula. Khat is a slow-growing shrub or tree that typically attains a height of 1—5 meters 3 feet 3 inches — 16 feet 5 inches. However, it can reach heights of up to 10 m 33 ft in equatorial areas. The plant usually grows in arid environments, at a temperature range of 5—35 degrees Celsius 41—95 degrees Fahrenheit. It takes seven to eight years for the khat plant to reach its full height. Other than access to sun and water, khat requires little maintenance. Ground water is often pumped from deep wells by diesel engines to irrigate the crops, or brought in by water trucks. The plants are watered heavily starting around a month before they are harvested to make the leaves and stems soft and moist. A good khat plant can be harvested four times a year, providing a year-long source of income for the farmer. The shrub's flowers are produced on short axillary cymes that are 4—8 cm 1. Each flower is small, with five white petals. The samara fruit is an oblong, three-valved capsule, which contains one to three seeds. Khat has been grown for use as a stimulant for centuries in the Horn of Africa and the Arabian peninsula. There, chewing khat predates the use of coffee and is used in a similar social context. Its fresh leaves and tops are chewed or, less frequently, dried and consumed as tea, to achieve a state of euphoria and stimulation. The leaves or the soft part of the stem can be chewed with either chewing gum or fried peanuts to make it easier to chew. In Uganda , it is grown in the central region, especially in Kasenge Wakiso , Butambala District , Mabira Forest , and in some parts of the western region of the country. Although the practice of khat-chewing is still primarily restricted to its original area of cultivation in the Red Sea area, \[ 5 \] the khat plant has, over the years, found its way to southern Africa as well as tropical areas, where it grows on rocky outcrops and in woodlands. Traditionally, khat is used as a socialising drug as in Yemen, where khat-chewing is predominantly a male habit combined with conversation, hookah smoking, and tea drinking. One 'daily bag' of khat requires an estimated litres US gal of water to produce. One reason for the widespread cultivation of khat in Yemen is the high income that it provides for farmers. Some studies done in estimated that the income from cultivating khat was about 2. Between and , the area on which khat was cultivated was estimated to have grown from 8, to , hectares. In countries outside the core area of growth and consumption, khat is sometimes chewed at parties or social functions. It may also be used by farmers and labourers for reducing physical fatigue or hunger, and by drivers and students for improving attention. More recently, in , reports indicate that child soldiers in Yemen have been chewing khat in order to remain alert on the battlefield. Khat consumption induces mild euphoria and excitement, similar to that conferred by strong coffee. Animal testing has shown that khat causes an increase in motoric activity. The use of khat results in constipation. Dilated pupils mydriasis are prominent during khat consumption, reflecting the sympathomimetic effects of the drug, which are also reflected in increased heart rate and blood pressure. Long-term use can precipitate permanent tooth darkening of a greenish tinge , susceptibility to ulcers , and diminished sex drive. Khat is an effective anorectic , causing loss of appetite. It is unclear if the consumption of khat directly affects the mental health of the user or not. Khat is mainly chewed by men, but there are cases of its use by women, and in particular it has been associated with increased likelihood of adverse outcomes during pregnancy. The stimulant effect of the plant was originally attributed to 'katin', cathine , a phenethylamine -type substance isolated from the plant. However, the attribution was disputed by reports showing the plant extracts from fresh leaves contained another substance more behaviourally active than cathine. In , the related alkaloid cathinone was isolated, and its absolute configuration , S Aminophenylpropanone, \[ 42 \] was established in Cathinone is not very stable and breaks down to produce cathine and norephedrine. These chemicals belong to the PPA phenylpropanolamine family, a subset of the phenethylamines related to amphetamines and the catecholamines epinephrine and norepinephrine. However, both the side effects and the addictive properties of methcathinone are much stronger than those associated with khat use. When khat leaves dry, the more potent chemical, cathinone, decomposes within 48 hours, leaving behind the milder chemical, cathine. Thus, harvesters transport khat by packaging the fresh leaves and stems in plastic bags or wrapping them in banana leaves to preserve their moisture and keep the cathinone potent. It is also common for them to sprinkle the plant with water frequently or use refrigeration during transportation. When the khat leaves are chewed, cathine and cathinone are released and absorbed through the mucous membranes of the mouth as well as the lining of the stomach. The action of cathine and cathinone on the reuptake of epinephrine and norepinephrine has been demonstrated in lab animals, showing that one or both of these chemicals cause s the body to recycle these neurotransmitters more slowly, resulting in the wakefulness and insomnia associated with khat use. Receptors for serotonin show a high affinity for cathinone, suggesting this chemical is responsible for feelings of euphoria associated with chewing khat. In mice, cathinone produces the same types of nervous pacing or repetitive scratching behaviours associated with amphetamines. Cathine is somewhat less understood, being believed to act upon the adrenergic receptors causing the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine. The medication bromocriptine can reduce cravings and withdrawal symptoms within 24 hours. An estimated 5 to 10 million people globally use khat on a daily basis. The traditional form of khat chewing in Yemen involves only male users; khat chewing by females is less formal and less frequent. In Ethiopia, khat is chewed by The inhabitants of Ifat Sultanate were the first to be recorded using khat in the 14th century by Arab historian Ibn Fadlallah al-Umari. Muslim Sufis in the surrounding areas also used it to intensify their mystical experience and to facilitate a sense of union with God. It is sour to taste and slenderly made in the manner of batan-alu. But khat is reddish with a slight blackish tinge. It is believed that batan-alu is red, coolant, relieves biliousness, and is a refrigerant for the stomach and the liver. It is mentioned again in a 13th-century publication by the physician Naguib Ad-Din. You observed a new peculiarity in this city — everyone chewed leaves as goats chew the cud. There is a type of leaf, rather wide and about two fingers in length, which is widely sold, as people would consume these leaves just as they are; unlike betel leaves, which need certain condiments to go with them, these leaves were just stuffed fully into the mouth and munched. Thus when people gathered around, the remnants from these leaves would pile up in front of them. When they spat, their saliva was green. Those who consume these leaves have to eat lots of ghee and honey , for they would fall ill otherwise. The leaves are known as Kad. In , English writer Charles Dickens also described the custom of khat chewing in the Horn region and the adjacent Gulf territories, likening it to drinking strong green tea : \[ 11 \]. And one may sleep well if, during the day, too much kat has not been chewed. The leaves of the drug called kat are the chief source of pleasurable excitement in these districts of East Africa. Botanists, taking the native name for the plant, turn it into Catha edulis, eatable kat. It is much used by the Arabs, to whom it is sent in camel loads, consisting of a number of small parcels, each containing about forty slender twigs, with the leaves attached, carefully, wrapped so as to avoid exposure to the air. These leaves are chewed, and act upon the spirits of those using them, much as a strong dose of green tea acts upon us in Europe, when it acts agreeably. Europeans used to stronger stimulants, are little affected by the use of kat, but among the more temperate Arabs it is so welcome a provocative to good humour, that about two hundred and eighty camel-loads of it are used every year in Aden only. The plant is native to the Arabian Peninsula and the Horn of Africa , despite its native grounds it is only legal in one of the several countries of the Arabian Peninsula , Yemen. The plant however is widely available and legal in East Africa , some African nations on the other hand such as South Africa consider it as a protected species. The plant is mostly used by East Africans and South West Arabians, rarely by people from other places. In , the World Health Organization WHO Expert Committee on Dependence-producing Drugs' Fourteenth Report noted, 'The Committee was pleased to note the resolution of the Economic and Social Council with respect to khat, confirming the view that the abuse of this substance is a regional problem and may best be controlled at that level. In , the WHO classified the plant as a drug of abuse that can produce mild to moderate psychological dependence less than tobacco or alcohol , \[ 6 \] although the WHO does not consider khat to be seriously addictive. Khat is illegal in Morocco. Khat is legal in Ethiopia. Khat is legal in Somalia. Khat is legal in Djibouti. Khat is legal in Kenya. However, two of its active components, cathinone and cathine, are classed as Class C substances. In South Africa, Catha edulis is a protected tree. The use of khat is illegal. Miraa is legal in Uganda but efforts are underway as of October to ban it. Khat is illegal in Bangladesh. Khat is illegal in China. Khat is regarded as a dangerous drug in Hong Kong. In Taiwan, khat is illegal. It is classified as a narcotic drug. The process of chewing the Gat can take up to several hours. The Gat is grown traditionally in private gardens, but it may be found in some markets. Gat is legal in Israel as long as it is consumed in its natural form, but the distillation of its components is illegal. Some use the plant as a hedge since it is an evergreen. In , Hagigat, a pill based on extracted cathinone , began to be sold in kiosks in Israel. As of June , the Israeli anti-drug authority announced that beverages containing Khat are considered illegal as per the dangerous drug ordinance of the state of Israel. Khat is illegal in Indonesia. Khat is illegal in Saudi Arabia. Khat is illegal in the United Arab Emirates under federal law number 14 of on the Countermeasures against Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances. Schedule No. Khat is classified as a narcotic drug in Vietnam. Khat is legal in Yemen. In , the Yemeni government passed a law that restricted the cultivation of khat in a number of agricultural flatlands and basins with high water stress. The widespread cultivation of khat in Yemen has exacerbated a severe water shortage. Khat is much more water-intensive to grow than other crops. Khat has been illegal in Belgium since Khat has been illegal in Denmark since A questionnaire with respondents was used. The report also investigated attitudes towards khat use among Somalis in Denmark. In total, two out of three respondents stated that khat is a problem for social integration into Danish society, while one in three users stated the same. Khat is classified as an illegal drug in Finland, \[ 87 \] and possession, use and sale of the substance is prohibited and punishable. As with all illegal drugs, operating a motor vehicle with detectable levels of Khat or its metabolites in one's system can also lead to a conviction for driving under the influence , even if the driver does not appear intoxicated. Khat is prohibited in France as a stimulant since In Germany, cathinone is listed as a 'non-trafficable substance', which makes the possession, sale and purchase of fresh khat illegal. The derivative cathine, with 'norpseudoephedrine' listed as an alternate name, is only available on prescription. In , kg of khat was discovered by customs officials in Frankfurt. In June , kg of khat was discovered in packages from East Africa. In August the Icelandic police intercepted khat smuggling for the first time. The drugs were most likely intended for sale in Canada. As such its possession and supply is prohibited. Khat is inserted in the Table I of the Italian official list of psychoactive drugs under the name 'Catha edulis pianta' English: 'Catha edulis plant' and thus possession is forbidden. In the Netherlands, the active ingredients of khat, cathine and cathinone , are qualified as hard drugs and forbidden. Use is mostly limited to the Somali community. In Norway, khat is classified as a narcotic drug and is illegal to use, sell and possess. Most users are Somali immigrants and khat is smuggled from the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. Norwegian Customs seized 10 metric tons of khat in , an increase from less than 4 in In Poland, khat is a classified narcotic drug, and is illegal to use, sell and possess. Khat is classified as an illegal drug in Slovenia. The drug was prohibited in Sweden in , without research. In Switzerland, khat is illegal. Khat was made illegal in the UK on 24 June The study concluded that most of the participants who were using khat were using it moderately in terms of both the quantity used and the frequency and duration of chewing sessions, and that khat use was typically a social activity. Only a small minority of the study participants' khat use was judged to be excessive. In , Conservative politician Sayeeda Warsi stated that a future Conservative government would ban khat. During a parliamentary debate on the legality issue on 11 January , Mark Lancaster , the Conservative Member of Parliament for Milton Keynes, stated that the importation of Khat into the UK stands at 10 tonnes every week. The ACMD said there was 'no evidence' khat was directly linked with serious or organised crime, and was chewed to obtain a 'mild stimulant effect much less potent than stimulant drugs, such as amphetamine'. Alex Miller, a journalist from the Montreal, Canada-based magazine and television channel Vice , looked into the use of the substance and the potential impact of the ban for BBC nightly current affairs programme Newsnight \[ \] and for a Vice documentary. Kenyan MPs appealed to the UK not to 'condemn people' by banning the herbal stimulant khat \[ \]. The committee had shortly before also completed an inquiry and a report recommending that the British authorities refrain from banning the plant. In January , the Bristol Post reported that most khat houses in the city had closed down, 'forcing users to take the drug in their homes instead'. The local police had initially not sought to enforce the ban, giving users a grace period, but according to the Bristol Post had recently started to take action against khat use and had issued three warnings and a caution. Additionally, in September the police had seized 24 bags of dried khat from a property in Easton , but no arrests were made. Additionally, the Somali Resource Centre indicated that the ban seemed to have been effective, and that the prohibition had all but destroyed the import market since the plant has to be fresh in order to be consumed. Possession of khat for personal use is not an arraignable offence in Canada. The maximum punishment for trafficking or possession with the intent of trafficking is ten years in prison. In , Canadian authorities reported that khat is the most common illegal drug being smuggled at airports. However, in the Ontario Court of Appeal upheld a absolute discharge of a young woman who brought 34 kilograms of khat into Canada in According to the defence, the ruling recognises that there is no empirical evidence that khat is harmful. The young leaves of khat are chewed for a stimulant effect. Enactment of this rule results in the placement of any material that contains cathinone into Schedule I. As federal and local khat raids have often targeted immigrants from countries where khat is legal, issues of cultural misunderstanding have sometimes been raised. In California, both the plant itself as well as cathinone, its active component, are illegal. In Australia, the importation of khat is controlled under the Customs Prohibited Imports Regulations It is illegal to import khat into Australia for personal use. Khat can be imported only for medical or scientific use. Importing khat without a permit is subject to fines or prosecution. There are currently no plans by the Australian Government to amend the regulations to allow the importation of khat for personal use. Khat is listed as a Schedule 2 dangerous drug in Queensland, in the same category as cannabis. The importation of Khat Catha edulis material includes material that is fresh, dried, powdered, capsules or tablets is prohibited under the Customs Prohibited Import Regulations unless the person importing the material is the holder of both a license to import and a permit to import granted by the Therapeutic Goods Administration TGA. Biosecurity Act \[ permanent dead link \]. In New Zealand, khat is listed as a Class C drug, in the same category as cannabis and codeine. In South America, there is no legislation regarding khat; the active ingredients in the plant can be found in several weight control compounds sold in the continent. In , the University of Minnesota launched the Khat Research Program KRP , a multidisciplinary research and training program \[ \] focusing on the neurobehavioral and health effects of khat, led by Prof. Mustafa al'Absi. Contents move to sidebar hide. Article Talk. Read Edit View history. Tools Tools. Download as PDF Printable version. In other projects. Wikimedia Commons Wikispecies. Psychoactive species of plant. For other uses, see Khat disambiguation. Conservation status. Vahl Forssk. This article contains Ethiopic text. Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Ethiopic characters. Nomenclature \[ edit \]. Description \[ edit \]. Cultivation and uses \[ edit \]. Effects \[ edit \]. This section needs more reliable medical references for verification or relies too heavily on primary sources. Please review the contents of the section and add the appropriate references if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and removed. Effects by timeframe \[ edit \]. Chemistry and pharmacology \[ edit \]. Demographics \[ edit \]. History \[ edit \]. Regulation \[ edit \]. Africa \[ edit \]. Morocco \[ edit \]. Ethiopia \[ edit \]. Somalia \[ edit \]. Djibouti \[ edit \]. Kenya \[ edit \]. South Africa \[ edit \]. Uganda \[ edit \]. Asia \[ edit \]. Bangladesh \[ edit \]. China \[ edit \]. Hong Kong \[ edit \]. Taiwan \[ edit \]. Israel \[ edit \]. Indonesia \[ edit \]. Saudi Arabia \[ edit \]. Singapore \[ edit \]. United Arab Emirates \[ edit \]. Vietnam \[ edit \]. Yemen \[ edit \]. See also: Culture of Yemen. Europe \[ edit \]. Belgium \[ edit \]. Denmark \[ edit \]. Finland \[ edit \]. France \[ edit \]. Germany \[ edit \]. Iceland \[ edit \]. Ireland \[ edit \]. Italy \[ edit \]. Netherlands \[ edit \]. Norway \[ edit \]. Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki. Weight of khat in kg confiscated by Norwegian Customs Service present. The number of confiscations was about — per year. Poland \[ edit \]. Slovenia \[ edit \]. Sweden \[ edit \]. Switzerland \[ edit \]. United Kingdom \[ edit \]. North America \[ edit \]. Canada \[ edit \]. United States \[ edit \]. Oceania \[ edit \]. Australia \[ edit \]. New Zealand \[ edit \]. South America \[ edit \]. Research programs \[ edit \]. See also \[ edit \]. Notes \[ edit \]. References \[ edit \]. Retrieved 12 November Plants of the World Online Kew Science'. August Journal of Ethnopharmacology. ISSN PMID Retrieved 11 January Bulletin of the World Health Organization. PMC Archived from the original on 10 March Retrieved 9 January S2CID Advances in Psychiatric Treatment. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs. Journal of Ethiopian Studies. Institute of Ethiopian Studies: 13— JSTOR Germplasm Resources Information Network. Retrieved 10 December Park Street Press, U. ISBN London: Yousif Al Zarouni. Archived from the original on 3 April Retrieved 14 May Archived from the original PDF on 5 July Archived from the original on 26 August Retrieved 26 January Archived from the original on 22 July Retrieved 15 January The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 12 October BBC News. Sky News. Archived from the original on 4 March Retrieved 1 October The New Yorker. Retrieved 5 April Alafif Cultural Foundation. The Economist. Retrieved 5 January The Independent. The New York Times. Council on Drug and Addictions, pp. July Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology. Archives of Women's Mental Health. Frontiers in Psychology. Frontiers in cognition: October—December Alcohol and Drug Foundation. Retrieved 28 July Archived from the original on 7 June November Mayo Clinic Proceedings. J Ethnopharmacol. Archived from the original on 15 June March J Subst Abuse Treat. Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift. Islamic History and Culture in Southern Ethiopia. Retrieved 28 March Forum for Social Studies. The Cambridge World History of Food. Cambridge University Press. OCLC Indonesia and the Malay World. United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime. Archived from the original on 30 August Retrieved 2 March Archived from the original on 18 July Archived from the original on 30 December Retrieved 29 December The Daily nation. Archived from the original PDF on 24 December Retrieved 23 December Dhaka Tribune. Archived from the original on 24 August Retrieved 24 August The Guardian. The Observer. Archived from the original on 20 September Retrieved 21 January BNN Indonesia in Indonesian. Archived from the original PDF on 15 November Archived from the original on 21 May Retrieved 29 June Retrieved 28 May United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. The State of the United Arab Emirates. Archived from the original PDF on 1 December Retrieved 1 December Gulf News. Wiesbaden: Ludwig Reichert Verlag. Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 29 July Veelgestelde vragen'. Retrieved 13 April Retrieved 26 March Danish Health Authority. Archived from the original on 4 July Retrieved 25 December Helsingin Sanomat. Archived from the original on 26 December Retrieved 23 May Retrieved 24 October Archived from the original on 20 October Retrieved 13 July Retrieved 2 April Archived from the original on 19 July Retrieved 10 January Archived from the original on 23 December Archived from the original on 24 March Retrieved 23 March Archived from the original on 18 December Retrieved 3 December Anderson and Neil C. Carrier, University of Oxford July United Kingdom Home Office. Retrieved 2 December Retrieved 28 June Drugs in Society: European Perspectives. Oxford: Radcliffe Publishing. Archived from the original PDF on 23 July Retrieved 21 August Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 7 August Home Office. Comment is free. London: The Guardian. Conservative Party. Archived from the original on 29 April Archived from the original on 3 June Retrieved 2 May Archived from the original on 22 October Retrieved 12 January Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs. HM Government. Retrieved 24 January Archived from the original on 11 December Retrieved 24 January — via Youtube. Retrieved 3 April Standard Digital. Retrieved 17 March Retrieved 31 May The Citizen. Retrieved 21 June Bristol Post. Archived from the original on 20 February Retrieved 20 February Fast Forward. Archived from the original PDF on 24 June Retrieved 24 June Channel 4 News. Archived from the original on 5 June Retrieved 4 April The Christian Science Monitor. The Star. Archived from the original on 9 January Ali, QCCQ '. Food and Drug Administration. Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 7 May Retrieved 3 October Archived from the original on 9 March Retrieved 25 May Archived from the original on 8 December Archived from the original on 13 April Archived from the original on 13 March Bibliography \[ edit \]. External links \[ edit \]. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Catha edulis. Look up khat in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Scholia has a topic profile for Khat. Taxon identifiers. Catha edulis Vahl Forssk.

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