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PDF version. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. Background : Prescription drug abuse has emerged as the fastest growing problem globally. While people of all ages suffer from the harmful effects, the impact on the health of young people and their quality of life constitutes a significant public health problem. Aims : To estimate the prevalence of the use of prescription drugs and other substances among university students. Methods : An online survey method was used. The tools were distributed in to university students at Aden University in Yemen Results : The overall prevalence of low, moderate, substantial and severe on the DAST scale was The prevalence of sedative misuse among university students was high Female students were significantly lower than males on the DAST scale. Conclusions : Our findings highlight the differences between university students in Yemen and Saudi Arabia misusing prescription stimulants and sedatives and the inhalation of volatile substances. Keywords : non-medical drug use, prescription drugs, substance abuse, addiction, university students. Citation: Fadhel F. Misuse of prescription drugs and other psychotropic substances among university students: a pilot study. East Mediterr Health J. Open Access. Some rights reserved. The non-medical use of prescription drugs and substance abuse among university students is a complex, dangerous and widespread phenomenon 1,2. It is a source of great concern in modern society 3. Prescription drug abuse has emerged as the fastest growing problem consuming globally expending huge efforts for control 4,5. While people of all ages suffer from the harmful effects of the misuse of prescription substances, the impact on the health of young people and their quality of life constitutes a public health problem that has a significant impact on health and society 6 , including instances of accidental death 5. Students who abuse prescription substances face many problems in terms of social relationships and may experience difficulty in thinking, attention and memory 7. In addition, the misuse of prescription substances has long-term effects and is associated with many risks, including poor health, quality of life 6 and sleep 8 , as well as suicide, depression, personality disorders 9 , economic and social burdens placed on the family and society and poor performance Modern society has an interest in protecting young people from the misuse of drugs and other psychotropic substances because they are the creative energy in society and are highly motivated to work for change and progress. Nowadays, prescribed stimulant abuse, non-medical drug use and use of inhalants among young people, especially university students, has become a global public health concern: research is required in areas related to counselling, protection and treatment, including the development of knowledge of the misuse of prescription substances and the consequences. There have been many assertions that we need accurate data to build prevention and treatment initiatives in modern communities 5. This is what stands behind many studies aimed at exploring the dangers of addiction and the prevalence of prescribed substances among university students. These studies seek to investigate factors attributable to misuse of prescription substances 11 , such as the influence of the cultural or economic context. In this regard, it has been found that university students are the population that is most vulnerable to the risk of substance abuse and addiction-related problems. For example, Kounenou found that 4. The high prevalence of prescription stimulant use among university students may be a result of to the influence of friends, lifestyle features at the university 2 , and the fact that some students have the misconception that using prescription stimulants helps them improve their academic performance The rate of non-medical use of prescription stimulants among American university students has been reported as In an Italian study, In another study from Italy, However, despite global prevention programmes and ongoing efforts to control the spread of non-medical use of prescription and other psychotropic substances, problems caused by the high rate of substance addiction among university students remain important issues in the Middle East and other developing countries There are assertions that cultural aspects of the Middle East, such as smoking hookah and narghile, may lead to addiction to certain types of drugs 19,20 and that the addiction of some young people to drugs belonging to the benzodiazepine group especially diazepam is the result of chewing khat, particularly in Yemen Therefore, understanding the deterioration in the situation regarding prescription substance abuse and its associated behaviours, including fundamental differences in how individuals behave during the phases of abuse, is important to predict the prevalence rates among university students 22 and to develop new intervention and response programmes. Unlike in many countries, there have been few epidemiological studies in Yemen and Saudi Arabia on the misuse of prescription and other psychotropic substances, particularly stimulants, among university students. This study examines the prevalence of non-medical use of prescription stimulants and other substances abused by university students, including sedatives, over-the-counter medications and inhalants. The study sample consisted of students at undergraduate level. They were randomly selected from 2 large universities: We informed students that participation is voluntary, that their information is confidential, and that answering to the questionnaire was considered as expressed written consent. The University of Aden in Yemen was chosen because it is far from military confrontations, and it is the second largest university in terms of numbers of students, faculties and academic programmes. While King Khalid University is ranked fifth largest among the universities in Saudi Arabia, it was chosen as it is the largest university in the southern region bordering Yemen, where there is a similarity between the citizens of the 2 countries in habits and traditions. The DAST has been used in a number of previous studies and has been reported to have good psychometric properties. A questionnaire on drug and substances abuse was prepared by the researcher to assess the prevalence of the abuse of drugs and other psychotropic substances among university students. The initial form of the questionnaire was presented for review by mental health experts at the university. The final form of this questionnaire consisted of 18 items asking about the use of drugs and other substance abuse. We would like to clarify that the tools used in this research cover drug use, non-medical use of drugs, such as diazepam, and the misuse of psychoactive substances, such as inhalants, tranquilizers and pain and fever relievers. All students gave written consent with the questionnaire, and all responses were anonymous. The questionnaire was distributed by the administrative communications unit: students at the 2 universities were contacted via email and responded, a. Of the university students participating in the study, They were distributed over 10 colleges, It is clear that the students who misuse prescription drugs, according to their assessment in the last 4-level scores of the DAST low, moderate, substantial, severe had a percentage of The differences between male and female students on the DAST scale were significant in the total sample only, not in the samples of Yemeni or Saudi Arabian students separately. There were more males than females at all severity levels of the DAST scale, and the differences were significant at the 0. In both countries, The current study is among the first to examine the prevalence of non-medical use of prescription drugs and other substances among university students in Saudi Arabian Arabia and Yemen. And the results indicated the existence of high rates of prescription drug abuse among university students in 2 countries. At these levels psychiatrists do not recommend any need for treatment for addiction; rather, they advise psychological counselling to address the misuse of medications This is considered a risk indicator that should concern parents and psychotherapists as students who receive this assessment may develop worsening problems and prescription drug abuse is evaluated as risky behaviour at this level On the other hand, in our participants, prevalence rates were low at the substantial level and very low at the severe level. According to the National Drug Prevention Project in Saudi Arabia, the prevalence of psychotropic substance use was reported at Our results are consistent with a number of studies which indicated a high prevalence of non-medical drug abuse among students 26, Brandt et al. While our findings differed from those of some other studies that found low prevalence of non-medical drug use among college students 28,5 , Jia et al. Additionally, the statistical analysis revealed significant differences between students of the 2 countries in terms of taking prescription drugs for non-medical purposes. Common explanations include poverty and cultural and social factors causing increases in substance use 29, Yemen is classified among the poor countries and Saudi Arabia is among the rich countries; these economic differences play an important role in the differences between the populations in financial capabilities. In this regard, a report on high school students in Italy found an association between drug use and high socioeconomic level, low academic achievement, high rates of school failure and impairment in terms of social coping. Environmental and cultural influences may differently affect males and females and how they respond to prescription drugs abuse and to treatment programmes Our findings showed significant differences between male and female students; males were more likely to use prescription drugs than females. These differences can be explained by the fact that society imposes many restrictions on female mobility compared to males, who obtain a lot of independence and freedom of action. Some research indicates that addiction is both a biological and cultural phenomenon 30 , and has demonstrated that addiction and its consequences differ according to sex 32, The interactions between biological, social, cultural, environmental, and developmental influences result in gender differences and these can influence reactions to this phenomenon Our results are consistent with the results of Wagner et al. In a multi-country cross-sectional study among university students in south-east Asian countries, Yi et al. One of the primary goals of this study was to examine the prevalence of sedative abuse among university students. Among Yemenis, the prevalence of the misuse of diazepam while chewing khat was low — a level that may not reveal the true extent of the problem as perceived by the local media, but sufficient to serve as a risk indicator based on accurate scientific data. The high sedative abuse rates among university students may be attributed to the misconception among many young people that prescribed drugs are safer alternatives to other, illegal drugs 36, University students might use sedatives to reduce feelings of tension or to cope with stress or anxiety Daily, university students are exposed to fatigue, exhaustion, stress and anxiety, which lessens their ability to meet academic demands. Consequently, they may search for substances that will help them. The differences between countries in the use of sedatives may be due to the availability of other alternatives for Yemeni students such as chewing khat, while this option is not available for Saudi Arabian students. This highlights the role of cultural factors in this case. Our results revealed a high prevalence rate of inhalant misuse among Saudi Arabian students: one third of them reported that they enjoy inhaling paints and other chemicals. This is a large and worrying proportion that should prompt appropriate preventive action among agencies concerned with combating substance addiction. There have been few studies in the Middle East on the abuse of sedatives or inhalants. In Lebanon, one study revealed a high prevalence of the non-medical use of sedatives, especially pain relievers Yi et al. It is clear from the results of the current study that the prevalence of prescription drug and substance use in university life constitutes a threat to the educational policies that countries pursue to protect young people and make the most of their energies. Due to these challenges. The authorities in both Yemen and Saudi Arabia must develop new policies to deal with such problems. This study has certain limitations. The respondents might not be representative of all students in the Aden and King Khaled Universities owing to the employment of an online survey method. A second limitations was that prescription stimulants and substance abuse were self-reported. Students might not disclose their use of drugs or substances abuse, which exposes this study method to the limitations of all self-reported surveys Therefore, the data may not indicate accurate estimates of the problem and its findings cannot be considered illustrative of all students in the 2 universities or of other universities in Saudi Arabia and Yemen. Nevertheless, the responses of the students participating in the study include valid calculations for those who reported non-medical use of prescribed drugs or inhalants as described in the questionnaire and DAST The results of this study should be considered in planning intervention programmes to reduce the use of prescription stimulants and other substances among university students. We suggest developing specific strategies to combat, control and mitigate the use of prescription stimulants and other substances among college students. Taking the hit: student drug use and how institutions respond. Bennett T, Holloway K. Motives for illicit prescription drug use among university students: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Drug Policy. Kounenou, K. Drug use by Greek university students and preventive actions. Procedia Social Behav Sci. Phillips J. Prescription drug abuse: Problem, policies, and implications. Nurs Outlook. J Forensic Leg Med. Procedia Social Behavior Sci. Effect of drug abuse among youth and its impact on learning. Fadhel FH. Exploring the relationship of sleep quality with drug use and substance abuse among university students: a cross-cultural study. Middle East Curr Psychiatry. Affective self-regulation trajectories during secondary school predict substance use among urban minority young adults. J Child Adolesc Subst Abuse. JAMA Psychiatry. Further investigation of psychological and environmental correlates of substance use in adolescence in six European countries. Drug Alcohol Depend. Perceived academic benefit is associated with nonmedical prescription stimulant use among college students. Addict Behav. The relationship between nonmedical use of prescription stimulants, executive functioning and academic outcomes. Nonmedical use of prescription stimulants during college: four-year trends in exposure opportunity, use, motives, and sources. J Am Coll Health. Nonmedical use of stimulants is associated with riskier sexual practices and other forms of impulsivity. J Addict Med. Brain doping: stimulants use and misuse among a sample of Italian college students. J Prev Med Hyg. PMID: Use and propensity to use substances as cognitive enhancers in Italian medical students. Brain Sci. Misuse of stimulant medication among college students: a comprehensive review and meta-analysis. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev. J Epidemiol Glob Health. Prevalence and patterns of commonly abused psychoactive prescription drugs in a sample of university students from Lebanon: an opportunity for cross-cultural comparisons. Al-Hakim I. Mareb Press newspaper. Sex as a biological variable: Drug use and abuse. Physiol Behav. Skinner HA. The drug abuse screening test. A comprehensive review of the psychometric properties of the Drug Abuse Screening Test. J Subst Abuse Treat. A survey of nonmedical use of tranquilizers, stimulants, and pain relievers among college students: patterns of use among users and factors related to abstinence in non-users. Prevalence of drug use among students in mainland China: A systematic review and meta-analysis for — Risk and protective factors for opioid misuse in American Indian adolescents. Sex differences, gender and addiction. J Neurosci Res. Gerra G. Substance abuse among secondary-school students and its relationship with social coping and temperament. Bull Narcotics. Sociocultural context for sex differences in addiction. Addict Biol. Becker JB, Hu M. Sex differences in drug abuse. Front Neuroendocrinol. Alcohol and drug use among university students: gender differences. Braz J Psychiatry. Prevalence and associated factors of illicit drug use among university students in the association of southeast Asian nations ASEAN. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. The non-medical use of prescription drugs: policy direction issues. Characteristics and consequences of prescription drug misuse among university students in the United Kingdom. J Subst Use. Epidemiology of substance use among university students in Sudan. J Addict. Subscribe via RSS. Volume 30, number 8 August WHO Bulletin. Pan American Journal of Public Health. Main Search Contact. YouTube Rss feeds Twitter Facebook. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal All issues Volume 28 Volume 28 issue 4 Misuse of prescription drugs and other psychotropic substances among university students: a pilot study. Abstract Background : Prescription drug abuse has emerged as the fastest growing problem globally. Aims : To estimate the prevalence of the use of prescription drugs and other substances among university students Methods : An online survey method was used. Keywords : non-medical drug use, prescription drugs, substance abuse, addiction, university students Citation: Fadhel F. Introduction The non-medical use of prescription drugs and substance abuse among university students is a complex, dangerous and widespread phenomenon 1,2. Methodology Sample The study sample consisted of students at undergraduate level. Demographic variables included age, sex, marital status, college, and year of study. The questionnaire was distributed by the administrative communications unit: students at the 2 universities were contacted via email and responded, a response rate of The study tools were applied before the end of the first semester, between 11 November and 18 December The analysis was not pre-registered and thus the results should be considered exploratory. Results Of the university students participating in the study, Discussion The current study is among the first to examine the prevalence of non-medical use of prescription drugs and other substances among university students in Saudi Arabian Arabia and Yemen. Conclusions The results of this study should be considered in planning intervention programmes to reduce the use of prescription stimulants and other substances among university students. Funding : None Competing interests : None declared. References 1. Current issue Volume 30, number 8 August

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