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Activities by an organized crime group involving the illegal entry, transit or residence of migrants for a financial or material benefit. The production, transport, storage and sale of goods that are fraudulently mislabeled or fraudulent imitations of registered brands. The illicit transport, handling and sale of excise consumer goods despite a ban or outside a legal market. Excludes oil and counterfeits. The illicit trade and possession of species covered by CITES convention, and other species protected under national law. The poaching, illicit trade in and possession of species covered by CITES and other species protected by national law. Includes IUU fishing. The illicit extraction, smuggling, mingling, bunkering or mining of natural resources and the illicit trade of such commodities. The production, distribution and sale of heroin. Consumption of the drug is considered in determining the reach of the criminal market. The production, distribution and sale of cocaine and its derivatives. Consumption is considered in determining the reach of the market. The illicit cultivation, distribution and sale of cannabis oil, resin, herb or leaves. Consumption is used to determine the market's reach. The production, distribution and sale of synthetic drugs. Organized crime that results in a monetary loss via financial fraud, embezzlement, misuse of funds, tax evasion and abusive tax avoidance. Clearly defined organized crime groups that usually have a known name, defined leadership, territorial control and identifiable membership. Loose networks of criminal associates engaging in criminal activities who fail to meet the defining characteristics of mafia-style groups. Includes foreign nationals and diaspora groups. The State's role in responding to organized crime and its effectiveness. The degree to which states have put oversight mechanisms in place to ensure against state collusion in illicit activities. A country's supranational structures and processes of interaction, policy making and concrete implementation to respond to organized crime. The degree to which states are able to control their physical and cyber territory and infrastructure against organized criminal activities. Assistance provided to victims of various forms of organized crime, including initiatives such as witness protection programs. Refers to the existence of strategies, measures, resource allocation, programmes and processes that are aimed to inhibit organized crime. Djibouti serves as a source, transit, and destination country for men, women, and children subjected to forced labour and sex trafficking. Victims mainly come from Ethiopia and Somalia and are transported to the Arabian Peninsula by traffickers. Children are often forced to beg on the streets or participate in criminal activity, while men and women are subjected to forced labour, including domestic service and sex trafficking. Foreign workers are also employed by traffickers in the construction and food service sectors. Corrupt officials and official complicity in trafficking crimes are also concerns, and it is possible some trafficking crimes are ignored owing to bribery. Trafficking slowed down at the beginning of the COVID pandemic because of anti-migrant action initiated by governments in the Gulf states, especially Saudi Arabia. However, both human trafficking and human smuggling have since increased— above pre-COVID levels — with the conflict and food shortages in Ethiopia as driving forces. In addition, Djibouti is still a notable transit point for Ethiopian individuals smuggled travelling across the Arabian Peninsula on what is known as the Eastern route. Ethiopian nationals, including unaccompanied children, embark on the journey to Djibouti on foot. After reaching the country, smuggling networks facilitate their movement to the port city of Obock, where boat departures to Yemen are arranged. Djibouti is also a destination country for Yemeni refugees fleeing the conflict in that country. Human smuggling in Djibouti has increased in sophistication and capacity in recent years. Criminal operations can be divided into three categories: ad-hoc and informal operations, organized smuggling operations, and operations seeking to extend profitability by extorting the families of smuggled individuals. Smugglers usually demand money from individuals or their relatives. Victims waiting for relatives to make payment to smugglers are sometimes subjected to abuse or violence. Yemeni individuals in Djiboutian refugee camps have claimed to experience extortion and other abuses, allegedly committed by both Yemeni and Djiboutian citizens. Most weapons appear to come from Houthi-controlled territory in Yemen, but recent evidence also points towards Turkey as an emerging source. Arms trafficking through Djibouti into neighbouring countries is also on the rise. Because of its proximity to the Gulf of Aden, Djibouti is one of the countries involved in the trafficking of arms destined to Yemen. Moreover, due to its highly porous borders, the country is an attractive destination for criminal networks illegally transferring arms to Somalia, Sudan, South Sudan, and Ethiopia. The escalation of conflict in the Horn of Africa and Yemen has increased the incoming and outgoing flow of arms. Despite being considered a major provenance economy as well as a key transit point for counterfeit goods, Djibouti is no longer among the top countries involved in this type of crime. Illicit trade in excisable goods is also common in the country, prompting continuous operations to seize such goods, including cigarettes, and alcohol. One of the destination countries for cigarettes smuggled through Djibouti is Yemen, which is a growing market for this product, but statistics on the scale of the illicit trade in tobacco products are limited. There is no evidence of a significant market regarding flora crimes, but fauna crimes continue to be a problem, with Djibouti serving as both an origin and transit country for illicit goods such as wild animal skins and live animals. The country likely encompasses the largest route for the smuggling of live big cats in Africa, but little action has been taken by authorities. The Dewele border crossing between Ethiopia and Djibouti is a known departure point for wildlife trafficking. Djibouti is also a hub for the trafficking of cheetah cubs to exotic pet markets in the Middle East, Asia, and Europe. Illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing in the country remains limited. The illicit trade of diamonds, gold, oil, coloured gemstones, and coal is ongoing, although it is relatively limited. The illegal trade of gems and gold is relatively high across the border with Ethiopia, and Djibouti is becoming a transit country for gold being smuggled between Ethiopia and the Persian Gulf. Drug trafficking and consumption in Djibouti is limited compared to neighbouring countries in East Africa. Djibouti is used as a transit country for drugs, but has not been identified as a major source of drug shipments. Heroin trade, however, is rare, and there has been no evidence of an increase in heroin smuggling or consumption over the past two years. One of the destinations for cocaine transiting the country is the Yemeni port of Hudaydah, which is controlled by the Houthi movement. Cannabis is still not widely available in Djibouti, and remains relatively unknown. Djibouti is, however, a transit country for cannabis trafficked by sea from India and Pakistan to other East African countries. Sometimes it is also imported from Ethiopia. Djibouti is not a significant source of synthetic drugs and there does not appear to be a notable synthetic drugs market in the country. There is no substantive evidence to suggest the existence of cyber-dependent crimes in Djibouti, as such occurrences are limited to sporadic and anecdotal instances. Financial crimes, particularly corruption and embezzlement, are widespread in Djibouti. The lack of transparency in public procurement further raises concerns about the potential utilization of corrupt practices in government projects. Criminal networks are engaged in human trafficking and smuggling from Ethiopia, Somalia, and Yemen to countries in the Persian Gulf. The membership of these criminal networks is believed to be overwhelmingly Djiboutian, although many have links to counterparts in Ethiopia and Yemen. Criminal networks in Djibouti also engage in arms trafficking between Yemen and Turkey and other East African countries. State-embedded actors, such as Djiboutian military officials, government representatives, and senior figures in state-owned enterprises, are linked to companies that both fund and facilitate arms trafficking in the Horn of Africa. The Djiboutian secret police and security forces are believed to be involved in human smuggling and trafficking through the acceptance of bribes. Foreign actors are heavily involved in organized crime in Djibouti. While drug trafficking networks are mainly linked to Kenya and Tanzania, Iranian and Yemeni criminal networks are known to be involved in arms trafficking in Djibouti, delivering arms to Al-Shabaab in Somalia, Sudan, South Sudan, and Ethiopia. Moreover, Djibouti has allegedly played a role in arms trafficking orchestrated by China, which would use its port to receive arms and military equipment bound for Sudan and South Sudan. Private sector actors, particularly business conglomerates closely linked to senior officials, are believed to be involved, to some degree, in financial crime in the banking sector. However, the lack of transparency in investment and licensing processes as well as poor monitoring of the informal remittance and value-transfer systems make it difficult to assess the scale of the financial crime committed by the private sector. Djibouti is a stable state in the Horn of Africa, but political leadership and governance remain problematic. President Ismail Omar Guelleh was re-elected for a fifth term in April , with opposition parties boycotting the election owing to a lack of freedom and fairness. Corruption remains a substantial issue, enabled by a lack of necessary resources and the independence of state bodies to fight it. Djibouti does not have any regulations aimed at preventing conflicts of interest in public procurement and government tender processes, and no independent watchdog organization has been established. The country has signed several international agreements aimed at combating organized crime and financial crime. However, a lack of political will hinders the enforcement of laws and policies already in place. The Djiboutian judicial system is heavily influenced by the executive branch of the government and is adversely affected by corruption. In addition, there are no judiciary-related specialized units aimed at countering organized crime. The enforcement of laws relating to flora and fauna crime and financial corruption is nearly non-existent, and training in identifying victims of human trafficking is scarce. Irregular migrants are able to cross into the country because of high border porosity and large portions of unguarded terrain. With regard to cyber-security, Djibouti has one of the highest levels of internet penetration in Africa — particularly after its participation in a new fibre-optic submarine system — but this also makes it vulnerable to cybercrime, and it is uncertain whether it has the technical capability to contain such activities. The anti-money laundering framework in Djibouti has remained stable over the past few years, and the country has four main laws in place, in line with international standards. Although there has been an effort to protect the growing financial sector, money laundering continues to occur. Judges lack both experience and expertise in hearing and prosecuting cases related to financial crime. Djibouti has established a financial intelligence unit, however, it is not operationally independent from the Central Bank of Djibouti. Owing to limited financial and human resources, the unit focuses on banking supervision rather than suspicious transaction reports. The economy is dominated by state-owned companies and business conglomerates associated with senior officials. Prolonged political tension along with border security pressures and rising social expenditure are believed to have had an impact on trade and growth in the country, and a substantial spillover effect on the economy, which is already at a high risk of debt distress. Djibouti maintains inadequate victim protection efforts. Officials failed to identify any trafficking victims for the third consecutive year, despite the existence of formal standard operating procedures to do so. Authorities, in fact, have in some instances quickly repatriated potential victims without screening for trafficking indicators. In addition, investigations and prosecutions have decreased, and for seven consecutive years the national action plan to combat trafficking has been only partially implemented. However, the government does cooperate with the International Organization for Migration and UNICEF to ensure better conditions for people crossing Djibouti from border countries to Yemen by sea, including providing life-saving assistance, and women activists are helping victims. Despite awareness campaigns targeted at government officials and vulnerable migrants, potential human rights violations have not been investigated. Crime prevention in general remains a challenge owing to a lack of human and other resources. The country still lacks national organized crime prevention strategies. Sporadic attempts have been made by law enforcement agencies to prevent and combat organized crime, however, there is no evidence of their successful implementation or efficacy. Djibouti also has a poor record of political rights, civil liberties, and press freedom. In , there were reports of security officials arbitrarily arresting journalists, bloggers, opposition members, members of the government, and demonstrators. Academics and political opposition members are continuously suppressed, and the state oversees the curriculums of both secular public schools and private Islamic schools. The criminal markets score is represented by the pyramid base size and the criminal actors score is represented by the pyramid height, on a scale ranging from 1 to The resilience score is represented by the panel height, which can be identified by the side of the panel. A series of 13 discussion papers, one for each illicit market considered during the development of the Index. We're constantly working to improve the Index. By participating in this survey, you will be providing us with insights and suggestions that will help us make the Index an even better resource. This report was funded in part by a grant from the United States Department of State. The opinions, findings and conclusions stated herein are those of the Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime and do not necessarily reflect those of the United States Department of State. Capital Djibouti. Income group Lower middle income. Population 1,, Geography type Coastal. GINI Index Criminal markets 4. An assessment of the value, prevalence and non-monetary impacts of a specific crime type. Human trafficking 6. Human smuggling 7. Extortion and protection racketeering 3. Arms trafficking 7. Trade in counterfeit goods 5. Illicit trade in excisable goods 6. Flora crimes 2. Fauna crimes 5. Non-renewable resource crimes 3. Heroin trade 2. Cocaine trade 2. Cannabis trade 3. Synthetic drug trade 1. Cyber-dependent crimes 1. Financial crimes 6. Criminal actors 5. An assessment of the impact and influence of a specific criminal actor type on society. Mafia-style groups 1. Criminal networks 5. State-embedded actors 5. Foreign actors 7. Private sector actors 6. Political leadership and governance 4. Government transparency and accountability 3. International cooperation 6. National policies and laws 4. A state's legal action and structures put in place to respond to organized crime. Judicial system and detention 4. Law enforcement 4. Territorial integrity 5. Anti-money laundering 5. Economic regulatory capacity 5. Victim and witness support 3. Prevention 4. Non-state actors 3. Analysis Download full profile english french. People Djibouti serves as a source, transit, and destination country for men, women, and children subjected to forced labour and sex trafficking. Environment There is no evidence of a significant market regarding flora crimes, but fauna crimes continue to be a problem, with Djibouti serving as both an origin and transit country for illicit goods such as wild animal skins and live animals. Drugs Drug trafficking and consumption in Djibouti is limited compared to neighbouring countries in East Africa. Cyber Crimes There is no substantive evidence to suggest the existence of cyber-dependent crimes in Djibouti, as such occurrences are limited to sporadic and anecdotal instances. Financial Crimes Financial crimes, particularly corruption and embezzlement, are widespread in Djibouti. Criminal Actors Criminal networks are engaged in human trafficking and smuggling from Ethiopia, Somalia, and Yemen to countries in the Persian Gulf. Leadership and governance Djibouti is a stable state in the Horn of Africa, but political leadership and governance remain problematic. Criminal justice and security The Djiboutian judicial system is heavily influenced by the executive branch of the government and is adversely affected by corruption. Economic and financial environment The anti-money laundering framework in Djibouti has remained stable over the past few years, and the country has four main laws in place, in line with international standards. Civil society and social protection Djibouti maintains inadequate victim protection efforts. Read the analysis Listen the podcasts View all events. Next Skip. How to measure organized crime? Read more on globalinitiative. Give us feedback We're constantly working to improve the Index.

Weekly Maritime Incident Summary 20 – 26 August 2024

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PDF version. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. Background : Prescription drug abuse has emerged as the fastest growing problem globally. While people of all ages suffer from the harmful effects, the impact on the health of young people and their quality of life constitutes a significant public health problem. Aims : To estimate the prevalence of the use of prescription drugs and other substances among university students. Methods : An online survey method was used. The tools were distributed in to university students at Aden University in Yemen Results : The overall prevalence of low, moderate, substantial and severe on the DAST scale was The prevalence of sedative misuse among university students was high Female students were significantly lower than males on the DAST scale. Conclusions : Our findings highlight the differences between university students in Yemen and Saudi Arabia misusing prescription stimulants and sedatives and the inhalation of volatile substances. Keywords : non-medical drug use, prescription drugs, substance abuse, addiction, university students. Citation: Fadhel F. Misuse of prescription drugs and other psychotropic substances among university students: a pilot study. East Mediterr Health J. Open Access. Some rights reserved. The non-medical use of prescription drugs and substance abuse among university students is a complex, dangerous and widespread phenomenon 1,2. It is a source of great concern in modern society 3. Prescription drug abuse has emerged as the fastest growing problem consuming globally expending huge efforts for control 4,5. While people of all ages suffer from the harmful effects of the misuse of prescription substances, the impact on the health of young people and their quality of life constitutes a public health problem that has a significant impact on health and society 6 , including instances of accidental death 5. Students who abuse prescription substances face many problems in terms of social relationships and may experience difficulty in thinking, attention and memory 7. In addition, the misuse of prescription substances has long-term effects and is associated with many risks, including poor health, quality of life 6 and sleep 8 , as well as suicide, depression, personality disorders 9 , economic and social burdens placed on the family and society and poor performance Modern society has an interest in protecting young people from the misuse of drugs and other psychotropic substances because they are the creative energy in society and are highly motivated to work for change and progress. Nowadays, prescribed stimulant abuse, non-medical drug use and use of inhalants among young people, especially university students, has become a global public health concern: research is required in areas related to counselling, protection and treatment, including the development of knowledge of the misuse of prescription substances and the consequences. There have been many assertions that we need accurate data to build prevention and treatment initiatives in modern communities 5. This is what stands behind many studies aimed at exploring the dangers of addiction and the prevalence of prescribed substances among university students. These studies seek to investigate factors attributable to misuse of prescription substances 11 , such as the influence of the cultural or economic context. In this regard, it has been found that university students are the population that is most vulnerable to the risk of substance abuse and addiction-related problems. For example, Kounenou found that 4. The high prevalence of prescription stimulant use among university students may be a result of to the influence of friends, lifestyle features at the university 2 , and the fact that some students have the misconception that using prescription stimulants helps them improve their academic performance The rate of non-medical use of prescription stimulants among American university students has been reported as In an Italian study, In another study from Italy, However, despite global prevention programmes and ongoing efforts to control the spread of non-medical use of prescription and other psychotropic substances, problems caused by the high rate of substance addiction among university students remain important issues in the Middle East and other developing countries There are assertions that cultural aspects of the Middle East, such as smoking hookah and narghile, may lead to addiction to certain types of drugs 19,20 and that the addiction of some young people to drugs belonging to the benzodiazepine group especially diazepam is the result of chewing khat, particularly in Yemen Therefore, understanding the deterioration in the situation regarding prescription substance abuse and its associated behaviours, including fundamental differences in how individuals behave during the phases of abuse, is important to predict the prevalence rates among university students 22 and to develop new intervention and response programmes. Unlike in many countries, there have been few epidemiological studies in Yemen and Saudi Arabia on the misuse of prescription and other psychotropic substances, particularly stimulants, among university students. This study examines the prevalence of non-medical use of prescription stimulants and other substances abused by university students, including sedatives, over-the-counter medications and inhalants. The study sample consisted of students at undergraduate level. They were randomly selected from 2 large universities: We informed students that participation is voluntary, that their information is confidential, and that answering to the questionnaire was considered as expressed written consent. The University of Aden in Yemen was chosen because it is far from military confrontations, and it is the second largest university in terms of numbers of students, faculties and academic programmes. While King Khalid University is ranked fifth largest among the universities in Saudi Arabia, it was chosen as it is the largest university in the southern region bordering Yemen, where there is a similarity between the citizens of the 2 countries in habits and traditions. The DAST has been used in a number of previous studies and has been reported to have good psychometric properties. A questionnaire on drug and substances abuse was prepared by the researcher to assess the prevalence of the abuse of drugs and other psychotropic substances among university students. The initial form of the questionnaire was presented for review by mental health experts at the university. The final form of this questionnaire consisted of 18 items asking about the use of drugs and other substance abuse. We would like to clarify that the tools used in this research cover drug use, non-medical use of drugs, such as diazepam, and the misuse of psychoactive substances, such as inhalants, tranquilizers and pain and fever relievers. All students gave written consent with the questionnaire, and all responses were anonymous. The questionnaire was distributed by the administrative communications unit: students at the 2 universities were contacted via email and responded, a. Of the university students participating in the study, They were distributed over 10 colleges, It is clear that the students who misuse prescription drugs, according to their assessment in the last 4-level scores of the DAST low, moderate, substantial, severe had a percentage of The differences between male and female students on the DAST scale were significant in the total sample only, not in the samples of Yemeni or Saudi Arabian students separately. There were more males than females at all severity levels of the DAST scale, and the differences were significant at the 0. In both countries, The current study is among the first to examine the prevalence of non-medical use of prescription drugs and other substances among university students in Saudi Arabian Arabia and Yemen. And the results indicated the existence of high rates of prescription drug abuse among university students in 2 countries. At these levels psychiatrists do not recommend any need for treatment for addiction; rather, they advise psychological counselling to address the misuse of medications This is considered a risk indicator that should concern parents and psychotherapists as students who receive this assessment may develop worsening problems and prescription drug abuse is evaluated as risky behaviour at this level On the other hand, in our participants, prevalence rates were low at the substantial level and very low at the severe level. According to the National Drug Prevention Project in Saudi Arabia, the prevalence of psychotropic substance use was reported at Our results are consistent with a number of studies which indicated a high prevalence of non-medical drug abuse among students 26, Brandt et al. While our findings differed from those of some other studies that found low prevalence of non-medical drug use among college students 28,5 , Jia et al. Additionally, the statistical analysis revealed significant differences between students of the 2 countries in terms of taking prescription drugs for non-medical purposes. Common explanations include poverty and cultural and social factors causing increases in substance use 29, Yemen is classified among the poor countries and Saudi Arabia is among the rich countries; these economic differences play an important role in the differences between the populations in financial capabilities. In this regard, a report on high school students in Italy found an association between drug use and high socioeconomic level, low academic achievement, high rates of school failure and impairment in terms of social coping. Environmental and cultural influences may differently affect males and females and how they respond to prescription drugs abuse and to treatment programmes Our findings showed significant differences between male and female students; males were more likely to use prescription drugs than females. These differences can be explained by the fact that society imposes many restrictions on female mobility compared to males, who obtain a lot of independence and freedom of action. Some research indicates that addiction is both a biological and cultural phenomenon 30 , and has demonstrated that addiction and its consequences differ according to sex 32, The interactions between biological, social, cultural, environmental, and developmental influences result in gender differences and these can influence reactions to this phenomenon Our results are consistent with the results of Wagner et al. In a multi-country cross-sectional study among university students in south-east Asian countries, Yi et al. One of the primary goals of this study was to examine the prevalence of sedative abuse among university students. Among Yemenis, the prevalence of the misuse of diazepam while chewing khat was low — a level that may not reveal the true extent of the problem as perceived by the local media, but sufficient to serve as a risk indicator based on accurate scientific data. The high sedative abuse rates among university students may be attributed to the misconception among many young people that prescribed drugs are safer alternatives to other, illegal drugs 36, University students might use sedatives to reduce feelings of tension or to cope with stress or anxiety Daily, university students are exposed to fatigue, exhaustion, stress and anxiety, which lessens their ability to meet academic demands. Consequently, they may search for substances that will help them. The differences between countries in the use of sedatives may be due to the availability of other alternatives for Yemeni students such as chewing khat, while this option is not available for Saudi Arabian students. This highlights the role of cultural factors in this case. Our results revealed a high prevalence rate of inhalant misuse among Saudi Arabian students: one third of them reported that they enjoy inhaling paints and other chemicals. This is a large and worrying proportion that should prompt appropriate preventive action among agencies concerned with combating substance addiction. There have been few studies in the Middle East on the abuse of sedatives or inhalants. In Lebanon, one study revealed a high prevalence of the non-medical use of sedatives, especially pain relievers Yi et al. It is clear from the results of the current study that the prevalence of prescription drug and substance use in university life constitutes a threat to the educational policies that countries pursue to protect young people and make the most of their energies. Due to these challenges. The authorities in both Yemen and Saudi Arabia must develop new policies to deal with such problems. This study has certain limitations. The respondents might not be representative of all students in the Aden and King Khaled Universities owing to the employment of an online survey method. A second limitations was that prescription stimulants and substance abuse were self-reported. Students might not disclose their use of drugs or substances abuse, which exposes this study method to the limitations of all self-reported surveys Therefore, the data may not indicate accurate estimates of the problem and its findings cannot be considered illustrative of all students in the 2 universities or of other universities in Saudi Arabia and Yemen. Nevertheless, the responses of the students participating in the study include valid calculations for those who reported non-medical use of prescribed drugs or inhalants as described in the questionnaire and DAST The results of this study should be considered in planning intervention programmes to reduce the use of prescription stimulants and other substances among university students. We suggest developing specific strategies to combat, control and mitigate the use of prescription stimulants and other substances among college students. Taking the hit: student drug use and how institutions respond. Bennett T, Holloway K. Motives for illicit prescription drug use among university students: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Drug Policy. Kounenou, K. Drug use by Greek university students and preventive actions. Procedia Social Behav Sci. Phillips J. Prescription drug abuse: Problem, policies, and implications. Nurs Outlook. J Forensic Leg Med. Procedia Social Behavior Sci. Effect of drug abuse among youth and its impact on learning. Fadhel FH. Exploring the relationship of sleep quality with drug use and substance abuse among university students: a cross-cultural study. Middle East Curr Psychiatry. Affective self-regulation trajectories during secondary school predict substance use among urban minority young adults. J Child Adolesc Subst Abuse. JAMA Psychiatry. Further investigation of psychological and environmental correlates of substance use in adolescence in six European countries. Drug Alcohol Depend. Perceived academic benefit is associated with nonmedical prescription stimulant use among college students. Addict Behav. The relationship between nonmedical use of prescription stimulants, executive functioning and academic outcomes. Nonmedical use of prescription stimulants during college: four-year trends in exposure opportunity, use, motives, and sources. J Am Coll Health. Nonmedical use of stimulants is associated with riskier sexual practices and other forms of impulsivity. J Addict Med. Brain doping: stimulants use and misuse among a sample of Italian college students. J Prev Med Hyg. PMID: Use and propensity to use substances as cognitive enhancers in Italian medical students. Brain Sci. Misuse of stimulant medication among college students: a comprehensive review and meta-analysis. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev. J Epidemiol Glob Health. Prevalence and patterns of commonly abused psychoactive prescription drugs in a sample of university students from Lebanon: an opportunity for cross-cultural comparisons. Al-Hakim I. Mareb Press newspaper. Sex as a biological variable: Drug use and abuse. Physiol Behav. Skinner HA. The drug abuse screening test. A comprehensive review of the psychometric properties of the Drug Abuse Screening Test. J Subst Abuse Treat. A survey of nonmedical use of tranquilizers, stimulants, and pain relievers among college students: patterns of use among users and factors related to abstinence in non-users. Prevalence of drug use among students in mainland China: A systematic review and meta-analysis for — Risk and protective factors for opioid misuse in American Indian adolescents. Sex differences, gender and addiction. J Neurosci Res. Gerra G. Substance abuse among secondary-school students and its relationship with social coping and temperament. Bull Narcotics. Sociocultural context for sex differences in addiction. Addict Biol. Becker JB, Hu M. Sex differences in drug abuse. Front Neuroendocrinol. Alcohol and drug use among university students: gender differences. Braz J Psychiatry. Prevalence and associated factors of illicit drug use among university students in the association of southeast Asian nations ASEAN. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. The non-medical use of prescription drugs: policy direction issues. Characteristics and consequences of prescription drug misuse among university students in the United Kingdom. J Subst Use. Epidemiology of substance use among university students in Sudan. J Addict. Subscribe via RSS. Volume 30, number 8 August WHO Bulletin. Pan American Journal of Public Health. Main Search Contact. YouTube Rss feeds Twitter Facebook. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal All issues Volume 28 Volume 28 issue 4 Misuse of prescription drugs and other psychotropic substances among university students: a pilot study. Abstract Background : Prescription drug abuse has emerged as the fastest growing problem globally. Aims : To estimate the prevalence of the use of prescription drugs and other substances among university students Methods : An online survey method was used. Keywords : non-medical drug use, prescription drugs, substance abuse, addiction, university students Citation: Fadhel F. Introduction The non-medical use of prescription drugs and substance abuse among university students is a complex, dangerous and widespread phenomenon 1,2. Methodology Sample The study sample consisted of students at undergraduate level. Demographic variables included age, sex, marital status, college, and year of study. The questionnaire was distributed by the administrative communications unit: students at the 2 universities were contacted via email and responded, a response rate of The study tools were applied before the end of the first semester, between 11 November and 18 December The analysis was not pre-registered and thus the results should be considered exploratory. Results Of the university students participating in the study, Discussion The current study is among the first to examine the prevalence of non-medical use of prescription drugs and other substances among university students in Saudi Arabian Arabia and Yemen. Conclusions The results of this study should be considered in planning intervention programmes to reduce the use of prescription stimulants and other substances among university students. Funding : None Competing interests : None declared. References 1. Current issue Volume 30, number 8 August

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