Sign in. Editorial Policies. Send email. Copy url:. Gennady Andreevich Boyarinov. Alexander Sergeevich Gordetsov. Sergey Petrovich Peretyagin. Larisa Velentinovna Boyarinova. Andrey Kimovich Martusevich. PlumX metrics:. Introduction The method of the ozone-saturated saline solution infusion NaCl 0. The successful promotion of ozone in the medical practice makes professionals more thoroughly study any available information on its physical and chemical properties, and try to deepen and expand thereof. By using aqueous ozone-saturated solutions, we should better know and understand the specific gas behavior in these media, peculiarities of reactions, and the nature of intermediate species. The latter often display their biochemical activity and may be used in a disease treatment \\\\\\\\\[4, 5\\\\\\\\\]. Any issues relating to the dissolution and disintegration of ozone in the saline solution, and the processes of the hypothetical ozone and sodium chloride reactions draw the attention of professionals, who uses the ozonated saline solution for medical purposes, and being often nearly non-justified scientifically as the subject for discussion. So, in researches of Boyarinov and Zaitsev \\\\\\\\\[6, 7\\\\\\\\\], it was established that in treatment of saline solution with ozone, no chlorine — oxygen compounds are formed. At the same time, thermodynamic calculations show that in the acidic and alkaline medium, the formation of hypochlorite-anion from anion chloride is possible under exposure to ozone. For example, according to the data provided by Zaitsev \\\\\\\\\[7\\\\\\\\\] Table 1 , the oxidation potential of the O3 ClO— pair is equal to 0. Therefore, it is not yet possible to provide the correct reasoning. Undoubtedly, appropriate experiments are to be conducted at different pH and concentrations of the solution. But this is only of theoretical interest, since for medical purposes a neutral saline solution is used with its concentration of 0. As it follows from published sources, when using ozonated solutions, no hypochlorite-anion is formed therein. At the same time, it is known that ozone is a strong oxidant. It oxidizes all metals, except for gold and metals of the platinum group, and it reacts with the majority of other elements, decomposes halogen hydrides except for HF , transforms lower oxides to higher oxides, reacts nearly with all types of hydrocarbons and any other organic compounds \\\\\\\\\[5\\\\\\\\\]. In this regard, some authors \\\\\\\\\[\\\\\\\\\] do not exclude the possibility for the formation of ozonides of alkali metals, type MO3, sodium hypochlorite, hypochlorous acid, and chlorates ClO—, ClO2—, ClO3—, nitrites, nitrates NO 2 — and NO 3 — , and hydrogen peroxide in the treatment of saline solution with ozone. It should be herewith noted that the formation of all these products, except for H2O2, is thermodynamically unlikely under normal conditions. Nevertheless, single research teams have conducted the studies of potentially possible in their opinion ozone reaction with sodium chloride in water. In such treated solutions, hypochlorite was determined by a standard iodometric method. As a result of experiments carried out no hypochlorite was revealed in the treated sodium chloride solutions. Based on these studies, the authors draw the conclusion that with the dissolution of ozone used for medical purposes in the saline solution no hypochlorite is formed. Boyarinov \\\\\\\\\[6\\\\\\\\\] ozonated the saline solution NaCl, 0. Previously, by the same devices, the UV and IR spectra of fresh-prepared standard solutions of sodium hypochlorite NaOCl were measured. In the UV spectrum, herewith the intense absorption band was identified with its maximum at nm — ion OCl—. It follows from the analysis of this curve and the comparison to the standard that the UV-spectra in samples of ozonized NaCl solutions of the OCl— group contain no absorption bands, and the character of the curve herewith shows that sodium hypochlorite is not formed in the saline solution ozonation even as impurities. In the IR spectrum, the OCl— band is not characteristic and it is not found in a reference sample. The study of the IR spectra in aqueous solutions of ozonized sodium chloride, and the IR spectra of their concentrates or dry residues showed that they did not contain even trace amounts of any other chlorine-oxygen-containing ions, which generally had the intense absorption bands with their maxima at cm—1 ClO2— , cm—1 ClO3— , cm—1 ClO4—. Based on the analysis of the obtained results, the authors make the conclusion that even a long-term bubbling for up to minutes of the saline solution 0. Kudryavtsev and Bolshuhin \\\\\\\\\[11\\\\\\\\\] investigated the ozone concentration in solutions simultaneously by two methods. The ozone concentration was assessed spectrophotometrically through the absorption in the region of the Hartley band the length of The solution ozonation was performed by bubbling with the ozone-oxygen mixture through a ceramic splitter. It was found that the total oxidation activity of distilled water, saline 0. Ivanova and Kontorshchikova \\\\\\\\\[12\\\\\\\\\] observed in the ozonation the pH shift to the alkaline side from 6. In bidistilled water, the content of free radicals is determined obviously higher than in distilled water and in saline solution. It is caused by available impurities, which quench free-radical reactions. The lifetime of free radicals in distilled water is 2 hours and 40 minutes, and in ozonized saline solution it is 10 minutes. Based on these data, the authors make the conclusion that the therapeutic effect of ozonated solutions is initiated both by ozone and by free radicals. Therefore, they recommended to take ozonated water in the nearest 2 hours and ozonated saline solution within the first 10 minutes. In their spectral investigations, Zinchenko \\\\\\\\\[13\\\\\\\\\] when ozonizing saline solution, have found a substance with the maximum absorption on the wavelength of nm having an oxidation ability, the concentration thereof directly depended on the concentration of sodium chloride. The UV spectra of the ozonated solution absorption were recorded by Specord UV VIS, using as a standard sample the same solutions not treated with ozone. During bubbling in the UV spectrum, along with the ozone absorption band with its maximum at nm, an absorption band occurs with its maximum at nm. At the initial bubbling stage, its intensity increased simultaneously with the intensity of the ozone absorption band, and further the growth slows and in some time, the light absorption intensity reaches at this band a steady-state value. When measuring ozonized solutions with different concentrations of sodium chloride, the authors found that the value of its optical density at a wavelength of nm after reaching the steady-state value was proportional to the sodium chloride concentration. The intensity of the ozone absorption band herewith continues to grow by reaching in some time a steady-state value. After the dissolved ozone dissimilation, the nm band continues to be recorded in spectrum. If the bubbling is performed at a lower temperature, the nm band intensity increases more slowly and the ratio of its strength to the intensity of the dissolved ozone band decreases. Based on this data, the authors make the conclusion that in the course of the sodium chloride solution saturation with ozone, there are formed quite stable chemical compounds of ozone with sodium chloride. The dynamics of such saturation, the ratio of dissolved ozone concentrations, and resulting chemical compounds depend on the time of the solution saturation with ozone and on a temperature. When analyzing the materials of the foregoing work, it is to be assumed that the observed nm absorption band is related to ordinary oxygen but not to any new matter. Depending on the measurement conditions and environment in the reaction system, oxygen may appear within the range of to nm Herzberg continuum \\\\\\\\\[14\\\\\\\\\]. Oxygen may also show the absorption within the nm range. It should also be noted that in the UV spectrum described by the authors there is no oxygen absorption band and that is an incredible reaction when bubbling the saline solution with the ozone-oxygen mixture. Kudryavtsev and Galkin \\\\\\\\\[8\\\\\\\\\] carried out the dynamic spectrophotometric determination of by-products formed during the ozonation of distilled water and aqueous sodium chloride solutions 0. The optical density dynamics was assessed at three band lengths of nm, nm, and nm. These bands were selected as the absorption spectra of the most probable substances formed during the NaCl solution ozonation characteristic for hydrogen peroxide, ozone, and sodium hypochlorite. The data obtained have evidently proved the availability of a substance in the solution, which does not disintegrate after the ozonation and has an absorption spectrum characteristic for hydrogen peroxide. Such dynamics proves the absence of the saturation threshold for such a substance and the better solubility than that of ozone. An increase in the relative absorption at the band lengths of nm and nm was identified with an increasing concentration of sodium chloride during its ozonation. The absorption dynamics at the band length of nm is characteristic for hypochlorite and any other chlorine-oxygen compounds. It fully repeats the dynamics at the band of nm. These products are probably formed during the ozonation of sodium chloride solutions but they are unstable intermediate compounds with their concentration fully dependent of the concentration of ozone in solution. Based on the analysis of the data obtained, the authors make the conclusion that the absorption dynamics at the band length of nm is characteristic of hydrogen peroxide but different from the ozone absorption dynamics. It is especially noticeable in the ozonation of high NaCl concentrations and indicates the accumulation and preservation of hydrogen peroxide in the system. Consequently, upon the completion of ozonation after the ozone destruction in the sodium chloride solution, only hydrogen peroxide is identified therein and it should be taken into account in practice when using the ozonated solution of sodium chloride. The author is declaring that nm is the absorption band of hydrogen peroxide and is questionable because the latter has a continuous absorption spectrum of to nm. Sodium hypochlorite may not be called an intermediate and unstable product, which allegedly disintegrates and is dependent on the ozone concentration. Apparently, also in this case, the absorption dynamics at nm depends on the degree of the solution saturation with oxygen. And no products unknown to science were formed in the study conducted by the authors. Obukhova \\\\\\\\\[15\\\\\\\\\] studied in a comparative aspect the formation of potentially possible byproducts in deionized water and 0. When studying any possible byproducts of the ozone disintegration, the ozone concentration in deionized water was 0. The hydrogen peroxide content was determined by titration with potassium permanganate in the acid medium and by the colorimetric method using titanyl sulfate. The level of hypochlorite and other chlorine ions was analyzed by titration with methyl orange. The determination of the total nitrite concentration was carried out by the colorimetric method using sulfanilic acid; the total concentration of ammonia and ammonium ions was determined by the colorimetric method using Nessler reagent GOST The nitrate ion content was investigated by the ion chromatography method by using liquid ion chromatograph Color Of all, the known potentially possible byproducts of the ozone self-decomposition only a small amount about 0. Gorbunov \\\\\\\\\[16\\\\\\\\\] studied the change in the molecular structure of water in the saline solution under the exposure to ozone-oxygen gas mixture. Data submitted by the authors in their paper shows that the larger the multimolecular associations of water molecules clusters , the worse the quality of aqueous solutions. Large molecular water associations mega clusters hardly overcome the intestinal wall. Large clusters felt into the bloodstream also hardly pass the capillary barrier and surely do not get into a cell. The authors also showed that before ozonation, the saline solution had been composed of mega clusters, which could not penetrate a cell. The important aspect of the performed study is the fact that having got into the bloodstream, such small-molecular aquatic structures are immediately supplied to those areas of the body where there are any pathological processes inflammation, ischemic zones etc. This occurs because the aqueous media of the body are a powerful informative field, which controls all processes. There has been no explanation of this fact. The formation of the small-molecular aquatic structures when treating the saline solution with ozone-oxygen gas mixture is confirmed by the crystalloscopic study of ozonated solutions conducted by Boyarinov \\\\\\\\\[23\\\\\\\\\]. In control time points they took ozonated solution and measured the content of dissolved ozone therein with the aid of the same device. The dehydration of saline droplets was performed in laboratory conditions without additional thermal stimulation. The analysis of crystallograms was performed based on the morphology of formed facies and visual-metrically by using a criteria assessment system \\\\\\\\\[24\\\\\\\\\]. Based on the analysis of crystallograms, the authors have determined that peculiarities of the crystalloscopic pattern conversion directly depend on the current ozone concentration and the treatment time. Thus, the most short-term treatment thereof with ozone for 10 minutes as well as the minute bubbling have provided a moderate increase in the crystallogenic potential of liquid under study favoring small but statistically significant increase in tezigraphic index up to 3. There are identified dissolved oxygen and ozone, and in the reaction of the latter with water there are produced free radicals, hydrogen peroxide in a small amount , and hexagonal and small-molecular aqueous structures. Hexagonal aqueous molecules formed during the ozonation of aqueous solutions improve the transport across the cell membrane not only of electrolytes but probably of any other substances. Thus, dissolved ozone, free radicals, hydrogen peroxide, and hexagonal aqueous structures resulting from the bubbling of aqueous NaCl solutions with the ozone-oxygen mixture produce a therapeutic effect of the ozonated saline solution. Disclosure Authors report no conflict of interest. References 1. Bocci V. Ozone as a bioregulator. Pharmacology and toxicology of ozone therapy today. J Biolog Regulators and Homeostatic Agents ; Потехина ЮП. Озонотерапия в неврологии. III Всерос. Нижний Новгород ; С. Исторические аспекты интрасосудистого пути введения насыщенных озоном растворов. Разумовский СД. II Всерос. Приложение ; С. Федоровский НМ. Проблема эндотоксемии и методов ее коррекции Обзор по материалам Х Всероссийского Пленума анест. Пыряева АП. Новосибирск ; 22 с. Демлов Д, Юнгман М-Т. Руководство по кислородной и озонотерапии. Практика - клиника - научные основы. Москва: Арнебия ; с. Анестезиология» ; 4: С. Киров ; 26с. Озонированное искусственное кровообращение экспериментальное обоснование и результаты клинического применения. Изд-во «Покровка». Нижний Новгород ; с. LVB analysed data. GAB wrote the article. SPP critically reviewed the publication. AKM finally approved it. Journal published under the patronage of:. About us Contact. Copyright notice Privacy policy Advertising policy Contact us. Journals Books eBooks Events. Developed by Bentus. Chemical transformations in treatment of saline solution with ozone-oxygen gas mixture. Journal of Health Inequalities. APA Boyarinov, G. Journal of Health Inequalities, 2 2 , Journal of Health Inequalities 2 2 : Harvard Boyarinov, G. Journal of Health Inequalities, 2 2 , pp.

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