何謂「法治」

何謂「法治」

Loewenstein

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Rule of Law,法治;係一個脆弱嘅法律基礎、憲制原則,講述法律喺一個社會上擔當嘅角色、扮演嘅工具,以及使用嘅規則。

法治,喱種概念並唔係一成不變,佢係會隨住人類社會嘅變化而有所調節,與時並進;例如會對人權加強保障、認同性別平權等等。

法治,係公義嘅象徵。

普通法系嘅根本所在,就係擁護法治。冇咗法治,或者唔再去擁護法治,一切普通法都再冇意義。所以特區政府成日講話法治係核心價值,係絕對正確。

但法治,好脆弱;因為佢唔係能夠喺憲法或個別法例上定義,將佢定死。

既然係「活」嘅理念,若由罔顧基本人道價值嘅人肆意曲解,指鹿為馬,甚至蠱惑民眾,指香港嘅法治係一種有一國兩制特色嘅法治,同盲目強調執法嘅必要,而唔係令人去思考一套法律或執法手段是否符合法治喱種基本原則,法治就會出現缺口,危機就會出現。

所以,不論港澳辦、中聯辦、特區政府同政府嘅首長,全部都對「法治」有非常錯誤嘅認識。

法治嘅理想 vs 現實,以下就會為大家一一分解。

懶人可以先去wiki睇吓咩係 Rule of Law(link喺度)。

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Rule of Law整個詞組,係由A.V. Dicey喺1885年提出並且發揚光大,佢亦係喺日不落殖民帝國最鼎盛嘅時期,將當時Parliamentary Sovereignty定義得淋漓盡致。

就Rule of Law,Dicey有三大見解:

  1. Supremacy of the law: No arbitrariness, no retroactivity;
    法律至上,政府權力由法律賦予,所有機關不得無法律基礎下自制權力。
  2. Equality before the law: No man is above the law; every man is subject to the law and the jurisdiction of the courts;
    法律面前人人平等。
  3. The general principles of the constitution (the rights of citizens) are the result of judicial decisions.
    法庭判決係憲法嘅普通原則,亦即市民嘅權利。

人話版:

第1點 —— No arbitrariness; No retroactivity.

即係行政機關不得自創權力,不得閉門造車、黑箱作業、肆意扭曲法律,藉以擴權,任意施行權力,執法機關亦如是。

市民亦只可以因觸犯有根有據、有跡可尋、有道可循嘅法律而被判罪;司法程序上面亦強調程序公義。

除咗

(只限英國)因議會至上原則,喺Burmah Oil v Lord Advocate一案中,議會可以通過法案嚟扭轉法庭判決。

第2點 —— Equality before the law.

任何人喺法律、司法程序同法庭之前,都係平等。任何人都可以有一樣嘅機會喺法庭表述自己嘅申訴;當然喱個係formal equality。

除咗

Parliamentary Privilege 同 Substantive Inequality。

意思係話,喺法律之下,任何人都會受平等對待,就係formal equality;而喺資源上面嘅差距(例如你請唔起律師,對家有一個軍團咁多人嘅律師),係法治保障唔到。

第3點 —— Court is the guardian of individual rights and fundamental freedom.

法庭係維護市民權益同基本自由嘅地方。

除咗

事關重大到司法都不得干涉嘅事 —— Non-justiciability (National security),請睇GCHQ Case

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中場思考:

以上係A.V. Dicey定義嘅Rule of Law嘅非常雞精版。

你可以見到有「除咗」嘅字眼,喱個就係理想 vs 現實。

喺現實環境中實踐法治,並唔係一般嘅實踐出真知,而係實踐理念之後,發現喺人類嘅世界,往往係政府同執法機關,為咗方便自己處事(多數係行惡)而不斷衝擊法治。

經歷130年嘅變化,喱一種法治理念成為法律重要基石同歷史。

正如開頭所講,Rule of Law係與時並進,當中代表者係Lord Bingham,佢所撰嘅The Rule of Law一書好值得睇。

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以上嗰一本書,同以下喱條片,係Lord Bingham講佢對Rule of Law嘅8點見解。

喺下面都有人話版嘅文字解說。

Lord Bingham何解喺佢退休之後覺得有使命去update Rule of Law呢?其實係因為Constitutional Reform Act 2005,大家睇吓佢劈頭s.1講咩。


Lord Bingham in ‘The Rule of Law’ (2007) 66 CLJ 67, 69 argued that

‘The core of the existing principle is … that all persons and authorities within the state, whether public or private, should be bound by and entitled to the benefit of laws publicly and prospectively promulgated and publicly administered in the courts’.

Lord Bingham subsequently defined 8 sub-rules:

  1. Law should be accessible, clear and predictable;
  2. Questions of legal right and liability should be decided by application of the law;
  3. The law of the land should apply equally to all, except when objective difference requires differentiation;
  4. Public officials should exercise their powers in good faith, and not exceed their powers;
  5. The law must protect fundamental rights;
  6. A method should be provided, at reasonable cost, to resolve civil disputes;
  7. Adjudicative procedures must be provided by the state should be fair;
  8. The rule of law requires the state to comply with its obligations in international law.

This list was adopted by the European Commission on Democracy Through Law in 2011



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