中美芯片冲突加剧，北京通过美光禁令释放何种信号 - 纽约时报双语版
纽约时报双语版孟建国, JOHN LIU2023年5月23日
When cutting foreign technology companies from Chinese supply chains, Beijing has long chosen to work obliquely or even secretly. Regulators would give executives back-room lectures, weigh them down with excessive red tape or hit them with occasional office raids. Rarely did the government tell a firm outright it was no longer welcome.
长期以来，北京在从中国供应链中剔除外国科技公司时，往往选择拐弯抹角甚至暗箱操作的手法。监管机构会在私下训斥高管，用繁文缛节来打压这些公司，或者偶尔对它们的办公地点进行突击搜查。政府很少直接告诉一家公司它不再受欢迎。
But that is what it signaled to Micron Technology in a late-night announcement on Sunday.
但这正是中国政府在周日深夜发布的公告中向美光科技发出的信号。
The Chinese government barred companies that handle critical information from buying microchips made by the Boise, Idaho-based Micron. The company’s chips, which are used for memory storage in all kinds of electronics, like phones and computers, were deemed to pose “relatively serious cybersecurity problems” by China’s internet watchdog after a review.
中国政府禁止处理关键信息的公司购买总部位于爱达荷州博伊西的美光公司生产的微芯片。该公司的芯片用于手机和电脑等各种电子产品的内存存储，中国互联网监管机构在审查后认为，其构成了“相对严重的网络安全问题”。
Micron said it was “evaluating” the government’s finding and “assessing” what it would do next. Analysts said the company, which has been selling chips in China for years, could find itself cut out of future business from Chinese companies.
美光表示正在“评估”政府的调查结果，并在“权衡”下一步行动。分析人士表示，多年来一直在华销售芯片的美光可能会发现，自己未来会被中国公司排除在业务往来之外。
The openness and speed with which the Chinese authorities took action against Micron — they spent less than two months on the investigation — underscore how far apart the two sides are drifting on tech policy. Last year, the Biden administration took harsh steps to block Chinese chip makers’ access to crucial tools needed to make advanced chips, as well as access to the chips that run supercomputers and craft powerful artificial intelligence algorithms.
中国当局的调查进行了不到两个月的时间，对美光采取行动的公开性和速度突显出双方在技术政策上的分歧有多大。去年，拜登政府采取严厉措施，阻止中国芯片制造商获得制造先进芯片所需的关键工具，以及运行超级计算机和打造强大人工智能算法的芯片。
The Micron action, widely seen as a reprisal for those moves, shows some of China’s advantages over the United States: a speedy, and feared, authoritarian rule that can quickly pronounce and enforce absolute bans. It also offers a glimpse of new tactics by Beijing.
对美光的禁令被广泛视为对这些行动的报复，该禁令显示了中国相对于美国的一些优势：一个行动迅速且令人恐惧的威权统治，可以快速宣布并实施绝对禁令。禁令还让人得以一窥北京的新策略。
With the block of Micron, the authorities carved out a space in the industry that Chinese chip makers could fill. The move could also present a new wedge between the United States and its allies, whose companies could make billions of dollars in sales if they were to step in and pick up business that Micron might lose.
通过封杀美光，当局在该行业开辟了一个可以由中国芯片制造商填补的一个空间。此举还可能在美国及其盟友之间制造新的裂痕——如果盟友的公司介入并接手美光可能失去的业务，这些公司可能会获得数十亿美元的销售额。
For Beijing, hurting an American company that makes critical equipment advances the government’s goal of boosting its domestic tech sector.
对北京来说，伤害一家生产关键设备的美国公司有助于推进政府提振国内科技行业的目标。
“It may not be feasible or necessary to completely replace all products with domestic ones, but for these core products, we need to develop our own capabilities and avoid being overly dependent,” said Xiang Ligang, a director of a Beijing technology consortium who has advised the Chinese government on technology issues. “This applies not only to the chip industry but also to other sectors,” he added.
“完全替代所有的产品可能也做不到也没有必要，但是对于核心的这些产品，我们要发展自己不能变成被卡脖子这样的一个状态，”北京一个技术联盟的负责人项立刚说，他曾为中国政府提供技术问题方面的咨询。他还说：“不仅仅是芯片领域，其他领域可能也都会是这样。”
For the better part of a decade, China and the United States have jockeyed over global technological leadership. Chinese computer hacks of American firms, and policies designed to acquire closely held intellectual property, raised red flags in Washington. In Beijing, revelations from Edward J. Snowden, the former U.S. intelligence contractor, exposed the vulnerability in relying too much on American tech.
在过去十年的大部分时间里，中美一直在争夺全球技术领导地位。中国对美国公司发动计算机黑客攻击，以及旨在获取严加保护的知识产权的政策，在华盛顿引起了警惕。而在北京，前美国情报承包商斯诺登的爆料暴露了过度依赖美国技术的脆弱性。
拜登政府已采取重大措施，切断中国芯片制造商获得制造先进芯片所需的关键工具和专业知识的渠道。As each side maneuvered to find new advantages, both came to focus on the semiconductor industry. The tiny microchips that do the thinking for just about all electronics were a convenient choke point for the United States, which worked to cut off China’s access to the smallest and fastest chips. The hope was to make China’s supercomputers less smart and its smartphones less salable.
双方都想方设法寻找新的优势，均开始关注半导体行业。对美国来说，为几乎所有电子产品提供计算的微型芯片是一个合适的阻塞点，这样就能切断中国获得最小和最快芯片的途径，希望让中国的超级计算机不那么智能，让智能手机不那么畅销。
To counter Washington, China lavished subsidies on domestic chip leaders. While they failed to catch up to global rivals in the arena of the most advanced chips, some firms succeeded with less sophisticated parts, like memory chips and larger logic chips that work in cheaper smartphones and cars.
为了对抗华盛顿，中国向国内知名芯片商提供大量补贴。虽然他们未能在最先进的芯片领域赶上全球竞争对手，但一些公司在不那么精密的部件领域取得了成功，例如用于更便宜的智能手机和汽车的存储芯片和较大的逻辑芯片。
Then the Biden administration in October announced a major set of policies aimed at China’s most successful semiconductor companies. The move, along with billions in new subsidies for chip production in the United States, were viewed dimly by Chinese policymakers, said Paul Triolo, the senior vice president for China at Albright Stonebridge Group, a strategy advisement firm.
随后，拜登政府于10月宣布了一系列针对中国最成功的半导体公司的重大政策。战略咨询公司奥尔布赖特石桥咨询集团的中国高级副总裁崔奥罗(Paul Triolo)表示，中国决策者对此举以及美国为芯片生产提供数十亿美元的新补贴感到不满。
“Officials in Beijing over the past months have been complaining to anyone who will listen about U.S. actions,” he said. “Beijing views these moves as primarily politically driven and is now willing to go tit for tat,” Mr. Triolo added.
“过去几个月，北京的官员一直在向愿意倾听的人抱怨美国的行动，”他说。“北京认为这些举措主要是出于政治动机，现在愿意与其针锋相对，”崔奥罗补充道。
In some ways, China is better equipped for that exchange. China’s authoritarian system enables quick action and guarantees that few domestic firms will break with policy.
从某些方面看，中国更适合这种交锋。中国的威权体制可以迅速行动，并能确保几乎不会有国内企业违背政策。
In the United States, political debate and legal challenges can dull the sharpness of government efforts. Major American companies, for instance, found legal workarounds to Washington’s attempts to cut component sales to companies like the Chinese telecom equipment maker Huawei. Some multinationals successfully lobbied for licenses to allow them to keep selling to blacklisted companies.
在美国，政治辩论和法律挑战会削弱政府工作的力度。例如，华盛顿试图削减美国公司向中国电信设备制造商华为等公司的零部件销售，但一些大公司找到了法律上的变通办法。一些跨国公司成功游说获得许可，允许它们继续向列入黑名单的公司销售产品。
By targeting Micron specifically, China is hitting at one of the few sectors — memory chips — that it has a toehold in with its chip competition with the United States.
中国通过专门针对美光来打击存储芯片行业，这是它在与美国的芯片竞争中为数不多存在立足之地的行业之一。
While protecting such success by barring American competitors makes strategic sense, China remains very reliant on the United States for advanced chips, according to Teng Tai, an economist and the director of the Wanbo New Economic Research Institute in Beijing.
北京万博新经济研究院院长、经济学家滕泰表示，尽管通过禁止美国竞争对手来保护这种成功具有战略意义，但中国在先进芯片方面仍然非常依赖美国。
“The ultimate goal of retaliating against Micron is to urge certain American companies to restrain themselves, so we could further promote technology and trade cooperation, and avoid pursuing an isolated and self-reliant approach,” he wrote Monday on Weibo, a Chinese social media outlet.
他周一在微博上写道：“打美光的最终目的，还是为了让某些美资企业有所收敛，进一步推动扩大技术和贸易合作，不能关起门来走闭门造车之路。”
Another question that Sunday’s action against Micron raises is how the United States’ ally South Korea will respond. Its companies, in particular Samsung and SK Hynix, have the most to gain from the Micron ban. The two companies stand to pick up customers from Micron, which reported $3.3 billion in sales in China in 2022.
周日针对美光的行动提出了另一个问题，即美国的盟友韩国将如何应对。韩国公司从美光禁令中获益最多——尤其是三星和SK海力士。两家公司将获得美光的客户，据报道，美光2022年在中国的销售额为33亿美元。
Mr. Xiang, the Chinese government adviser, said: “Why should South Korea blindly follow the United States and harm its own interests? I don’t think South Korea has such an obligation.”
中国政府的顾问项立刚说：“韩国凭什么非要看美国的脸色说，因为你的利益说什么，我也跟着你的一起来损害我的利益嘛，我觉得韩国他也没有这个义务。”
孟建国(Paul Mozur)是时报科技记者。他主要报道亚洲科技和地缘政治的交叉议题。他曾两次入围普利策奖。欢迎在Twitter上关注他： @paulmozur。
John Liu于2021年加入时报，负责报道中国新闻。此前他在《缅甸时报》任记者，并为国际新闻机构报道台湾方面的新闻。欢迎在Twitter上关注他：@JohnLiuNN。
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