The Janka hardness test measures the resistance of a sample of wood to denting and wear. It measures the force required to embed an 11.28 mm (.444 in) steel ball into wood to half the ball's diameter. This method leaves an indentation. A common use of Janka hardness ratings is to determine whether a species is suitable for use as flooring. The hardness of wood varies with the direction of the wood grain. Testing on the surface of a plank, perpendicular to the grain, is said to be of "side hardness". Testing the cut surface of a stump is called a test of "end hardness". The results are stated in various ways, which can lead to confusion, especially when the actual units employed are often not attached. Overall, the resulting measure is always one of force. In the United States, the measurement is in pounds-force (lbf). In Sweden it is in kilograms-force (kgf), and in Australia, either in newtons (N) or kilonewtons (kN). Sometimes the results are treated as units, for example "660 Janka".
The Janka Hardness test results tabulated below were done in accordance with ASTM D 1037-12 testing methods. Lumber stocks tested ranges from 1" to 2" thick. The tabulated Janka Hardness numbers are an average. There is a standard deviation associated with each species, but these values are not given.[] It is important to note no testing was done on actual flooring. Other factors affect how flooring performs: the type of core for engineered flooring such as pine, HDF, poplar, oak, birch; grain direction and thickness; floor or top wear surface, etc. The chart is not to be considered an absolute; it is meant to help people understand which woods are harder than others.Bamboo Flooring Buying Help Flooring The Janka Hardness Scale determines the hardness of a particular type of wood over another. The scale was invented in 1906 by Gabriel Janka, an Austrian wood researcher, and standardized in 1927 by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). Depending on the room where the flooring will be installed, a certain level of hardness may make it a more desirable choice.
Generally speaking, the higher the number on the scale, the harder and more scratch resistant a wood is. The harder a wood is, the more difficult it becomes to saw or run through a mill. Surprisingly enough, though, this does not impact price for flooring. Flooring prices are dictated by how readily available the species of wood is, rather than how hard it is. The scale was developed as a means for displaying the results of the Janka hardness test. The test uses a 2″ x 2″ x 6″ piece of wood and a 0.444″ steel ball to determine how hard the wood is. The test figures out how many pounds per square inch, or PSI, of force is needed to push the steel ball half way into the wood plank. When the Janka test is conducted on a specimen of wood, the results may vary slightly, depending on the grain of wood used for the test. For example, if the grain is flat, it is considered normal and is presented on the Janka scale. Though vertical wood grains are tested too, those results are not usually shown on the scale.
Wood is also tested on the sides or ends, because that provides a different hardness rating, but these ratings are not displayed on the typical hardness scale. The Janka Hardness Scale starts at zero, with this option being the softest wood choice, making it easy to dent and scratch. Though no wood on the scale has this rating, a rating like this would not make for a good floor. The highest rating on the scale is a 4000, making for an extremely hard wood, also not likely suitable for flooring because it would be so difficult to saw. This is where the Janka rating starts to get confusing for most. Stating the rating is done differently depending on the country. For instance, in the United States the Janka ranting is supplied in pounds force, whereas in Sweden it is stated in kilograms force, and in Australia it is stated in Newtons. When choosing flooring for a home, having an idea of the Janka scale rating will provide buyers with an indication of how strong the floor is and how much wear and tear it will be able to handle over the years before it requires repair or replacement.
Even still, a “good” Janka rating serves only as an indication, because it is not just the hardness that plays a role in the appearance and durability of a floor over time. It is also the traffic, the maintenance and prevention that dictates how well a floor will look years after it is installed. Balsa wood, a wood commonly used in crafts, ranks at 100 on the scale, making it the softest wood on many scales. While this type of wood would not be used for flooring, it is easy to see why a rating of 1000 or higher is the standard for flooring options. No rating is really “bad” when it comes to flooring options, for the very reasons we’ve already mentioned. Oak is the most popular wood flooring choice, but where does it rank on the scale? White oak has a rating of 1360 and red oak has a rating of 1260. Other flooring types rate harder and softer than this, so what makes oak so special? Most likely it is the abundance of oak available for saw mills leading to its mass production for flooring purposes that makes it an affordable option.
The more affordable something is to the general public, the more widely used it is likely to be. This isn’t to say that oak isn’t a strong wood that will hold up to wear and tear for some time, but going strictly by the Janka rating, there are other choices out there for harder woods. Where do engineered hardwoods stand on the Janka Hardness scale? Since these hardwoods are made with a layer of softer wood beneath them, their hardness cannot really be gauged correctly with the scale. Little information is available on how these engineered woods would fit into the scale because of the variances in materials used to build the layers of flooring from brand to brand. Logic and reason indicate that engineered flooring with a thicker veneer of solid hardwood would be stronger, but this may or may not be the case. To make things simple, do not focus on the Janka Hardness Scale when purchasing an engineered wood floor. Bamboo flooring, like any other material, has its advantages and disadvantages.
That being said, the strengths far outweigh the weaknesses. When it comes to looking at Bamboo performance on the Janka Scale, all the best quality strand woven bamboo can be found at the strongest end of the spectrum. Promising strength and hardness comparable to exotics like Eucalyptus (4000 – 5000 Janka rating), strand woven bamboo is rated as one of the strongest materials on the Janka Scale period. Depending on the quality of manufacturing, the best bamboo flooring products can range from 3,800 – 5,000. Let’s take a closer look at hardwood and softwood in a home to demonstrate how care and maintenance play a considerable role in the appearance of floors years down the road. Consider two homes by the beach, where sand will provide the means for scratching on the floor surface. Home A uses a soft wood, such as American Cherry (950 on the Janka Scale). The owners take extreme care in cleaning the floor and keeping the sand from the inside of the home. Ten years after the installation, the flooring looks as new as it did the day it was installed.
The residents of the home include children and pets, all of whom stay active. The Janka Hardness Scale may lead people to believe this would be a bad flooring choice, when in all actuality, it may be the perfect one! Home B uses a fairly hard wood, such as Brazilian Cherry (2820 on the Janka Scale). The owners are not known for cleaning up after themselves and maintain a highly active lifestyle. Six years after the installation, the floor looks terrible and may need replacement. The Janka Hardness Scale may lead people to believe this is a better choice of flooring, simply because it is harder than its American Cherry counterpart, when that’s not necessarily the case. Don’t confuse the hardness of the flooring with its strength. The hardness serves only as an indicator of how well the floor will withstand wear and tear day to day, rather than how strong the wood is. Do not relate the hardness or softness to the way the wood feels, as this has no bearing on that aspect of the flooring.