cracks in building | cracks in walls old house

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cracks in building | cracks in walls old house

cracks in building

Crack interactions among multiple cracks can have a strong influence on the
local stress field and crack driving force for a given crack, eventually
leading to damage localization by the forced closure of some cracks or the
coalescence of others. Many studies have examined the interaction effects of
multiple cracks in the fracturing process of concrete (Bazant and Wahab, 1980;
Ingraffea et al., 1984; Barpi and Valente, 1998; Bazant and Planas, 1998;
Carpinteri and Monetto, 1999).

In the continuum damage models, these effects are reflected through continuum
smearing of microcracks in the stress-and-strain fields, which leads to a
nonlocal continuum in which the stress at a point depends also on the strains
in the neighbourhood of that point. This approach provides an effective means
for investigating the gross effect of crack interaction on general cracking
behaviour.

Since the fracture of a plain concrete beam under bending is quasi-brittle, it
is difficult to detect crack propagations in the beam during a fracture test
by visual inspection prior to the beam failure.

Throughout the discussions of Cases 1 to 4, it has been demonstrated that the
effect of crack interaction can be clearly identified in various cracking
behaviours, including crack localization.

To provide experimental evidence on the crack activities at multiple initial
notches, four-point bending tests on notched simple beams were carried out,
and the crack-mouth-opening displacement (CMOD) at each of the notches was
carefully recorded.
The test arrangement and the notch arrangement are illustrated in Figure 5.11,
along with two FE models. As shown, three small notches of 10 mm were cut
below the two loading points (notches A and C) and at the midspan (notch B),
and a large notch of 50 mm (notch D; one-fourth of the beam depth) was further
introduced into the beam in the middle of the distance between notch C and the
nearest support.

The width of the cuts was 4 mm. The concrete composition is shown in Table
5.1, and the material properties are listed in Table 5.2. Prior to the
experiments, numerical analyses were performed to predict cracking behaviour,
using the FE beam models of Cases 5 and 6 in Figure 5.11.
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